Tricholoma portentosum

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Tricholoma portentosum
Tricholoma portentosum 181316.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae
Genus: Tricholoma
Species:
T. portentosum
Binomial name
Tricholoma portentosum
(Fr.) Quél. (1873)
Synonyms [1]
  • Agaricus portentosusFr. (1821)
  • Gyrophila portentosa(Fr.) Quél. (1886)
  • Gyrophila sejuncta var. portentosa(Fr.) Quél. (1896)
  • Melanoleuca portentosa(Fr.) Murrill (1914)
Tricholoma portentosum
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Adnate gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Tricholoma portentosum, commonly known as the charbonnier, [2] streaked tricholoma, [3] or sooty head, in North America, [4] is a grey-capped edible mushroom of the large genus Tricholoma . It is found in woodlands in Europe and North America.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was originally described as Agaricus portentosus by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, [5] before being placed in the genus Tricholoma by Lucien Quélet in 1872. [6] At least three varieties have been described: var. album has an all white cap, var. lugdunense has a paler cap, and var. boutevillei has a very dark cap and is the form which grows with oak and beech. [7]

The genus name Tricholoma comes from the Ancient Greek θρίξ (trix), τριχός (trichos), "hair", and λῶμα (lôma), "fringe", and refers to the fibrils on the caps of many species of the genus. [8] The species epithet, portentosum, comes from the Latin portentosus, meaning marvellous or prodigious, and describes its taste. [9]

Description

Tricholoma portentosum35.JPG

It is a large, imposing mushroom, [4] with a convex cap 3–11 cm (1–4.5 in) in diameter with a boss. [7] The cap is sticky when wet and has an irregularly lobed margin. It is dark grey in colour with darker grey to blackish streaks perpendicular to the margins. The grey colour fades towards the margins and may be tinged with yellow or purple. The crowded adnate gills are white, and the solid stipe is white with a yellow tinge at the top. It measures 3.5–12 cm (1.4–4.7 in) high and 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide. [7] The spore print is white. [10]

It has a farinaceous smell and taste. [7] Older specimens are often eaten by slugs, and the stem is recommended to be removed before cooking. It can be pickled.

Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies appear in late autumn in coniferous woodland in Europe and North America. [4] Ectomycorrhizal, it is most commonly associated with Pinus sylvestris , but also sometimes oak ( Quercus ) or beech ( Fagus ) on sandy soils. It has been declining since the 1980s in the Netherlands and is now rare there, [7] and uncommon in Britain [10] but is common in France where it is sometime seen in wild mushroom markets. [11]

Generally highly regarded as an edible mushroom, [12] [13] it is not recommended by some for its similarity to hazardous species. [4] The inedible Tricholoma virgatum has a silvery-grey cap and grows in mixed woodland, and smells of damp earth and has a bitter taste. [14] The poisonous Tricholoma pardinum has prominent grey scales giving the cap a shaggy or striped appearance. [11]

Tricholoma portentosum is a holarctic species, and, according to a 2017 study, has the same genetic profile on the three continents on which it is found. [15] In Western Europe, it remains common in Scotland, [16] France, [17] the Northern Iberian Peninsula, [18] and Italy. [19] It is equally common in Central Europe, specifically Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia, [20] and in Eastern Europe, where it is found in Estonia, [21] [22] Belarus, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Russia. [20] In North America, it is common in the east, [23] notably in Quebec, [24] New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, and in Connecticut. [25] In Asia, it is well represented in Russia, Kyrgyzstan, China, and Japan. [26] [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Tricholoma</i> Genus of fungi

Tricholoma is a genus of fungus that contains many fairly fleshy white-spored gilled mushrooms which are found worldwide generally growing in woodlands. These are ectomycorrhizal fungi, existing in a symbiotic relationship with various species of coniferous or broad-leaved trees. The generic name derives from Ancient Greek: τριχο-, romanized: tricho-, lit. 'hair' and Ancient Greek: λῶμα, romanized: loma, lit. 'fringe, border' although only a few species have shaggy caps which fit this description.

<i>Entoloma sinuatum</i> Species of poisonous fungus in the family Entolomataceae found across Europe and North America

Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<i>Tricholoma pardinum</i> Species of agaric fungus endemic to North America, Europe, and parts of Asia

Tricholoma pardinum, commonly known as spotted tricholoma, tiger tricholoma, tigertop, leopard knight, or dirty trich, is a gilled mushroom widely distributed across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. It is generally found in beech woodland in summer and autumn. Two subspecies have been described from southern Europe. First officially described by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, T. pardinum has had a confusing taxonomic history that extends over two centuries. In 1762, German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer described the species Agaricus tigrinus with an illustration corresponding to what is thought to be T. pardinum, and consequently, the name Tricholoma tigrinum has been used erroneously in some European field guides.

<i>Lepiota brunneoincarnata</i> Species of fungus

Lepiota brunneoincarnata, the deadly dapperling, is a gilled mushroom of the genus Lepiota in the order Agaricales. Widely distributed in Europe and temperate regions of Asia as far east as China, it grows in grassy areas such as fields, parks and gardens, and is often mistaken for edible mushrooms. The mushroom has a brown scaled cap up to 4 cm wide with a pinkish brown stem and white gills. It is highly toxic, with several deaths having been recorded as it resembles the edible grey knight and fairy ring champignon.

<i>Lactarius uvidus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius uvidus, commonly known as the purple staining milk cap, is a European and North American "milk-cap" mushroom, of which the milk turns violet when the flesh is damaged. The fungi generally identified as L. uvidus are part of a complex of closely related species and varieties which are difficult to delimit definitively.

<i>Tricholoma terreum</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma terreum, commonly known as the grey knight or dirty tricholoma, is a grey-capped mushroom of the large genus Tricholoma. It is found in coniferous woodlands in Europe, and has also been encountered under introduced pine trees in Australia and New Zealand. It is regarded as edible. A 2014 article speculated that it may be poisonous, but Sitta et al. in 2016 published in the same journal a counter article demonstrating the unfounded nature of such speculation.

<i>Ampulloclitocybe clavipes</i> Species of fungus

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, commonly known as the club-foot or club-footed clitocybe, is a species of gilled mushroom from Europe and North America. The grey brown mushrooms have yellowish decurrent gills and a bulbous stalk, and are found in deciduous and conifer woodlands. Although considered edible, disulfiram-like reactions have been reported after consumption of alcohol after eating this mushroom.

<i>Tricholoma saponaceum</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma saponaceum, also known as the soap-scented toadstool, soapy tricholoma, soapy knight or soap tricholoma is an inedible mushroom found in woodlands in Europe and North America.

<i>Amanita ceciliae</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ceciliae, commonly called snakeskin grisette, strangulated amanita, and the Cecilia's ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita. First described in 1854 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, it was given its current name by Cornelis Bas in 1984. It is characterized by bearing a large fruit body with a brown cap 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across. The cap has charcoal-grey patches, which are easily removable. The stipe is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, white in colour, and there is no ring on it. It is slightly tapered to the top, and has irregular cottony bands girdling the base. The universal veil is grey. Spores are white, spherical in shape, non-amyloid, and measure 10.2–11.7 micrometres. The mushrooms are considered edible, but field guides typically advise caution in selecting them for consumption, due to risks of confusion with similar toxic species. A. ceciliae is found in woods throughout Europe and North America, where it fruits during summer and autumn.

<i>Mycena arcangeliana</i> Species of fungus

Mycena arcangeliana is a species of Mycenaceae fungus. It has been known by a number of scientific names, and its taxonomy is still somewhat disputed. It produces small mushrooms with caps varying in colour from whitish to a darker grey-brown, and stems of an olive-greyish that fade with age. The mushrooms can be mistaken for the similar Mycena flavescens. They have a mild taste, but a strong smell of iodoform; they are not edible. The species grows on dead wood in autumn months, and can be found throughout Europe.

<i>Tricholoma album</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma album, commonly known as the white knight, is an all-white mushroom of the large genus Tricholoma. It is found in Europe, India, and possibly North America. The cap and gills are white. The whitish stipe has no ring.

<i>Tricholoma orirubens</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma orirubens, commonly known as blushing tricholoma, is an edible gilled mushroom native to Europe. The grey-capped fruit bodies are generally found singly or in small groups in deciduous and coniferous woodland in autumn.

<i>Tricholoma vaccinum</i> Fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma

Tricholoma vaccinum, commonly known as the russet scaly tricholoma, the scaly knight, or the fuzztop, is a fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma. It produces medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) that have a distinctive hairy reddish-brown cap with a shaggy margin when young. The cap, which can reach a diameter of up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) wide, breaks up into flattened scales in maturity. It has cream-buff to pinkish gills with brown spots. Its fibrous, hollow stipe is white above and reddish brown below, and measures 4 to 7.5 cm long. Although young fruit bodies have a partial veil, it does not leave a ring on the stipe.

<i>Tricholoma ustale</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma ustale, commonly known as the burnt knight, is a species of mushroom in the large genus Tricholoma. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, though those from North America may represent one or more different species.

<i>Tricholoma caligatum</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma caligatum is a mushroom of the agaric genus Tricholoma. It is a large species with a distinct sheathing ring on the stem, found in mycorrhizal association with various trees throughout the Mediterranean. It is sometimes referred to as the European Matsutake, though it is certainly gastronomically inferior to the true Matsutake, a related species highly prized in Japan.

<i>Tricholoma fulvum</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma fulvum is a mushroom of the agaric genus Tricholoma. One guide reports that the species is inedible, while another says the fruit bodies are edible.

<i>Tricholoma pessundatum</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma pessundatum is a mushroom of the agaric genus Tricholoma. First described as Agaricus pessundatus by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, it was transferred to the genus Tricholoma by Lucien Quélet in 1872.

<i>Tricholoma sejunctum</i> Species of fungus

Tricholoma sejunctum is a mushroom that appears across much of the Northern Hemisphere and is associated with pine forests.

<i>Inocybe rimosa</i> Species of fungus

Inocybe rimosa, commonly known as straw-colored fiber head, is a poisonous mushroom native to Europe. Its toxic ingredient is muscarine, discovered during the 1930s. Serious poisoning can result from consuming any quantity of the mushroom.

References

  1. ↑ "Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) Quél. 1873". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
  2. ↑ "Proposed English names June 2010". British Mycological Society. 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
  3. ↑ Thiers, Harry D.; Arora, David (September 1980). "Mushrooms Demystified". Mycologia. 72 (5): 1054. doi:10.2307/3759750. ISSN   0027-5514.
  4. 1 2 3 4 McKnight, Kent H.; McKnight, Vera B.; Peterson, Roger Tory (1998). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN   0-395-91090-0.
  5. ↑ Fries, Elias Magnus (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 39.
  6. ↑ Quélet, Lucien. "Les champignons du Jura et des Vosges. IIe Partie". Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard (in French). 5 (2): 333–427.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Noordeloos M.E.; Kuyper, Th.W.; Vellinga, E.C. (1999). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Taylor & Francis. p. 116. ISBN   90-5410-493-7.
  8. ↑ Borgarino, D.; Hurtado, C. (2006). Le guide des champignons en 900 photos et fiches (in French). Aix-en-Provence. ISBN   978-2-7449-0917-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ↑ Galli, Roberto (1999). Edinatura (ed.). I Tricolomi. Atlante pratico-monografico per la determinazione del genere Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude (in Italian). Milano.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. 1 2 Phillips, Roger (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. p. 107. ISBN   0-330-44237-6.
  11. 1 2 Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie (2005). The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Könemann. p. 88. ISBN   3-8331-1239-5.
  12. ↑ Mishra, S.R. (2005). Morphology of Fungi. Discovery Publishing House. p. 111. ISBN   81-7141-980-1.
  13. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p.  50. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  14. ↑ Nilson, Sven; Persson, Olle (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 30. ISBN   0-14-063006-6.
  15. ↑ Heilmann-Clausen, J.; Christensen, M.; Frøslev, T. G.; Kjøller, R. (Jun 2017). "Taxonomy of Tricholoma in northern Europe based on ITS sequence data and morphological characters". Persoonia. 38: 38–57. doi:10.3767/003158517X693174. ISSN   0031-5850. PMC   5645187 . PMID   29151626.
  16. ↑ Geoffrey Kibby, "The genus Tricholoma in Britain", Field Mycology, vol. 11, no 4, November 2010, p. 113-140.
  17. ↑ Courtecuisse, Régis,. (2013). Champignons de France et d'Europe. Bernard,. Duhem. Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé. ISBN   978-2-603-02038-8. OCLC   879649455.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Dı́ez, V. A; Alvarez, A (2001-12-01). "Compositional and nutritional studies on two wild edible mushrooms from northwest Spain". Food Chemistry. 75 (4): 417–422. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00229-1. ISSN   0308-8146.
  19. ↑ Riva, Alfredo (2003). Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude. Alassio, Italy: Candusso. ISBN   88-901057-1-2. OCLC   173845217.
  20. 1 2 3 Boa, E. R. (2006). Champignons comestibles sauvages: vue d'ensemble sur leurs utilisations et leur importance pour les populations (in French). Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN   978-92-5-205157-2.
  21. ↑ Kalamees, Kuulo (2010). "Checklist of the species of the genus Tricholoma (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia" (PDF). Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 47: 27–36.
  22. ↑ Kalamees, K. (2010). "Checklist of the species of the genus Tricholomopsis (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes) in Estonia" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-09-13.
  23. ↑ Trudell, Steve (2013), "The Genus Tricholoma in North America" (PDF), Fungi
  24. ↑ "Les champignons du Québec". www.mycoquebec.org. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  25. ↑ Webster, H. (1900). "Tricholoma Portentosum". Rhodora. 2 (24): 243–246. ISSN   0035-4902. JSTOR   23293786.
  26. ↑ Yamada, Akiyoshi; Kobayashi, Hisayasu; Ogura, Takeo; Fukuda, Masaki (2007-04-01). "Sustainable fruit-body formation of edible mycorrhizal Tricholoma species for 3 years in open pot culture with pine seedling hosts". Mycoscience. 48 (2): 104–108. doi:10.1007/S10267-006-0338-0. ISSN   1340-3540. S2CID   54586506.
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