Trithuria submersa

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Trithuria submersa
Trithuria submersa - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg
Complete flowering Trithuria submersa specimen
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Hydatellaceae
Genus: Trithuria
Species:
T. submersa
Binomial name
Trithuria submersa
Australia in the world (de-facto) (W3).svg
Trithuria submersa is endemic to Australia [1]
Synonyms [1]

Juncella submersa (Hook.f.) Hieron.

Trithuria submersa is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the Australian states New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. [1]

Contents

Description

Flowering Trithuria submersa Trithuria submersa in fruit.jpg
Flowering Trithuria submersa

Vegetative characteristics

It is a 8 cm tall, and 2-5 cm wide, [2] annual herb with glabrous, red, 15–40 [3] (–50) [4] mm long, and up to 1 mm wide leaves [3] and fibrous roots. [5] Individuals growing submerged in water are slender and green in colour. [2]

Generative characteristics

It is a monoecious species [6] with emergent, bisexual reproductive units ("flowers"). [7] The several 2–3 mm wide reproductive units [5] consist of (5–)10–32(–40) mm long stalks, [4] (2–)4–8 [8] ovate to lanceolate, 2–4 mm long bracts, 10–20(–35) carpels [5] with 3-6 stigmatic hairs, [9] [2] and 2–4 central stamens with 2 mm long red filaments and purple anthers, [5] which are 0.6 mm long. [9] The three-ribbed, [5] [9] obovoid, 0.5–0.8 mm long fruit [5] bears sculptured, [8] brown, 0.5 mm long, and 0.3 mm wide seeds. [9] It is a self-pollinating species. [7] Flowering and fruiting occurs from September to January. [10] Seed germination occurs in winter, once the seasonally dry habitat becomes wet. [11]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 56. [12]

Distribution

It is endemic to the Australian states New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. [1]

Taxonomy

It was published by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1858. [1] The lectotype was collected by R.C. Gunn in Macquarie River, Tasmania, Australia on the 6th of November 1845. It is the type species of its genus. [8] It is placed in Trithuria sect. Trithuria. [13] [14]

Etymology

The specific epithet submersa, meaning "underwater", refers to the species aquatic habitat. [9]

Conservation

Under the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995, it is classified as rare. [15]

Ecology

It occurs in temporary pools, at the edge of streams, and seasonal swamps. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae. It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales. One of the traits is the absence of a vascular cambium, which is required to produce both xylem (wood) and phloem, which therefore are missing. Molecular synapomorphies are also known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeaceae</span> Family of plants

Nymphaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 known species. Water lilies are rooted in soil in bodies of water, with leaves and flowers floating on or rising from the surface. Leaves are oval and heart-shaped in Barclaya. Leaves are round, with a radial notch in Nymphaea and Nuphar, but fully circular in Victoria and Euryale.

<i>Nymphaea</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Nymphaea is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants, and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduced species where they are not native, and some are weeds. Plants of the genus are known commonly as water lilies, or waterlilies in the United Kingdom. The genus name is from the Greek νυμφαία, nymphaia and the Latin nymphaea, which means "water lily" and were inspired by the nymphs of Greek and Latin mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cabombaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Cabombaceae are a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants. A common name for its species is water shield. The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016). The family consists of two genera of aquatic plants, Brasenia and Cabomba, totalling six species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydatellaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Hydatellaceae are a family of small, aquatic flowering plants. The family consists of tiny, relatively simple plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges, but has been reassigned to the order Nymphaeales as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing that it represents one of the earliest groups to split off in flowering-plant phylogeny, rather than having a close relationship to monocots, which it bears a superficial resemblance to due to convergent evolution. The family includes only the genus Trithuria, which has at least 13 species, although species diversity in the family has probably been substantially underestimated.

<i>Trithuria</i> Genus of aquatic plants

Trithuria is a genus of small ephemeral aquatic herb that represent the only members of the family Hydatellaceae found in India, Australia, and New Zealand. All 13 described species of Trithuria are found in Australia, with the exception of T. inconspicua and T. konkanensis, from New Zealand and India respectively. Until DNA sequence data and a reinterpretation of morphology proved otherwise, these plants were believed to be monocots related to the grasses (Poaceae). They are unique in being the only plants besides two members of Triuridaceae in which the stamens are centred and surrounded by the pistils; in Hydatellaceae the resulting 'flowers' may instead represent condensed inflorescences or non-flowers.

<i>Trithuria inconspicua</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria inconspicua is a small aquatic herb of the family Hydatellaceae that is only found in New Zealand.

Terry Desmond Macfarlane is a botanist and taxonomist, who has worked in both Australia and Peru. A senior research scientist at the Western Australian Herbarium, Macfarlane is associate editor of its journal Nuytsia and currently collaborates with researchers across Australia and in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Russia, Spain and United Kingdom. He was also involved in the development of FloraBase, the Western Australian flora database.

<i>Trithuria austinensis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria austinensis is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria australis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria australis is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria bibracteata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria bibracteata is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria cookeana</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria cookeana is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the Northern Territory, Australia.

<i>Trithuria cowieana</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria cowieana is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the Northern Territory, Australia.

<i>Trithuria filamentosa</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria filamentosa is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Tasmania, Australia.

<i>Trithuria fitzgeraldii</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria fitzgeraldii is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria konkanensis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria konkanensis is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to India.

<i>Trithuria lanterna</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria lanterna is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Australia.

<i>Trithuria occidentalis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria occidentalis is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria polybracteata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria polybracteata is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria inconspicua <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> brevistyla</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla is a subspecies of Trithuria inconspicua in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the South Island of New Zealand.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Trithuria submersa Hook.f." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 D.A.Cooke. Trithuria submersa, in (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Trithuria%20submersa [Date Accessed: 13 November 2024]
  3. 1 2 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. (n.d.). Trithuria submersa Hook.f. PlantNET (the NSW Plant Information Network System). Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Trithuria~submersa
  4. 1 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (2014, January 25). Trithuria submersa Hook.f. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/4b0fcf12-f7e0-4caa-9529-50b0f77be40c
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Duretto MF (2011) 1 Hydatellaceae, 2011:1. In MF Duretto (Ed.) Flora of Tasmania Online. 4 pp. (Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery: Hobart). www.tmag.tas.gov.au/floratasmania
  6. 1 2 Western Australian Herbarium & Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. (n.d.-c). Trithuria submersa Hook.f. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/1141
  7. 1 2 Taylor, M. L., Macfarlane, T. D., & Williams, J. H. (2010). Reproductive ecology of the basal angiosperm Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae). Annals of Botany, 106(6), 909-920.
  8. 1 2 3 Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Macfarlane, T. D., & Rudall, P. J. (2008). Classification of the early‐divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: One genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa. Taxon, 57(1), 179-200.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Government of South Australia Department for Environment and Water & Botanic Gardens of South Australia. (n.d.). Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae). Seeds of South Australia. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation.html?rid=4619
  10. ↑ Trithuria submersa Hook.f. (n.d.). Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/7022449
  11. ↑ Moschin, S., Nigris, S., Offer, E., Babolin, N., Chiappetta, A., Bruno, L., & Baldan, B. (2024). Reproductive development in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae: Nymphaeales): the involvement of AGAMOUS-like genes. Planta, 260(5), 1-13.
  12. ↑ Kynast, R. G., Joseph, J. A., Pellicer, J., Ramsay, M. M., & Rudall, P. J. (2014). Chromosome behavior at the base of the angiosperm radiation: Karyology of Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales). American Journal of Botany, 101(9), 1447–1455. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43826701
  13. ↑ Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Macfarlane, T. D., Conran, J. G., Yadav, S. R., & Rudall, P. J. (2013). Comparative fruit structure in Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales) reveals specialized pericarp dehiscence in some early–divergent angiosperms with ascidiate carpels. Taxon, 62(1), 40-61.
  14. ↑ Iles, W. J., Rudall, P. J., Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Macfarlane, T. D., Logacheva, M. D., & Graham, S. W. (2012). Molecular phylogenetics of Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): Sexual‐system homoplasy and a new sectional classification. American Journal of Botany, 99(4), 663-676.
  15. ↑ Threatened Species Section (2024). submerged watertuft (Trithuria submersa): Species Management Profile for Tasmania's Threatened Species Link. Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania. Accessed on 12/11/2024.
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