Trithuria submersa

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Trithuria submersa
Trithuria submersa - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg
Complete flowering Trithuria submersa specimen
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Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Hydatellaceae
Genus: Trithuria
Section: Trithuria sect. Trithuria
Species:
T. submersa
Binomial name
Trithuria submersa
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Trithuria submersa is endemic to Australia [1]
Synonyms [1]

Juncella submersa (Hook.f.) Hieron.

Trithuria submersa is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the Australian states New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. [1]

Contents

Description

Flowering Trithuria submersa Trithuria submersa in fruit.jpg
Flowering Trithuria submersa

Vegetative characteristics

It is a 8 cm tall, and 2-5 cm wide, [2] annual herb with glabrous, red, 15–40 [3] (–50) [4] mm long, and up to 1 mm wide leaves [3] and fibrous roots. [5] Individuals growing submerged in water are slender and green in colour. [2]

Generative characteristics

It is a monoecious species [6] with emergent, bisexual reproductive units ("flowers"). [7] The several 2–3 mm wide reproductive units [5] consist of (5–)10–32(–40) mm long stalks, [4] (2–)4–8 [8] ovate to lanceolate, 2–4 mm long bracts, 10–20(–35) carpels [5] with 3-6 stigmatic hairs, [9] [2] and 2–4 central stamens with 2 mm long red filaments and purple anthers, [5] which are 0.6 mm long. [9] The three-ribbed, [5] [9] obovoid, 0.5–0.8 mm long fruit [5] bears sculptured, [8] brown, 0.5 mm long, and 0.3 mm wide seeds. [9] It is a self-pollinating species. [7] Flowering and fruiting occurs from September to January. [10] Seed germination occurs in winter, once the seasonally dry habitat becomes wet. [11]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 56. [12]

Taxonomy

It was published by Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1858. [1] The lectotype was collected by R.C. Gunn in Macquarie River, Tasmania, Australia on the 6th of November 1845. It is the type species of its genus. [8] It is placed in Trithuria sect. Trithuria. [13] [14]

Etymology

The specific epithet submersa, meaning "underwater", refers to the species aquatic habitat. [9]

Distribution

It is endemic to the Australian states New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia. [1]

Conservation

Under the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995, it is classified as rare. [15]

Ecology

It occurs in temporary pools, at the edge of streams, and seasonal swamps. [6]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Trithuria submersa Hook.f." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 D.A.Cooke. Trithuria submersa, in (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Trithuria%20submersa [Date Accessed: 13 November 2024]
  3. 1 2 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. (n.d.). Trithuria submersa Hook.f. PlantNET (the NSW Plant Information Network System). Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Trithuria~submersa
  4. 1 2 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (2014, January 25). Trithuria submersa Hook.f. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/4b0fcf12-f7e0-4caa-9529-50b0f77be40c
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Duretto MF (2011) 1 Hydatellaceae, 2011:1. In MF Duretto (Ed.) Flora of Tasmania Online. 4 pp. (Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallery: Hobart). www.tmag.tas.gov.au/floratasmania
  6. 1 2 Western Australian Herbarium & Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. (n.d.-c). Trithuria submersa Hook.f. Florabase—the Western Australian Flora. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://florabase.dbca.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/1141
  7. 1 2 Taylor, M. L., Macfarlane, T. D., & Williams, J. H. (2010). Reproductive ecology of the basal angiosperm Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae). Annals of Botany, 106(6), 909-920.
  8. 1 2 3 Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Macfarlane, T. D., & Rudall, P. J. (2008). Classification of the early‐divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: One genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa. Taxon, 57(1), 179-200.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Government of South Australia Department for Environment and Water & Botanic Gardens of South Australia. (n.d.). Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae). Seeds of South Australia. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation.html?rid=4619
  10. ↑ Trithuria submersa Hook.f. (n.d.). Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/7022449
  11. ↑ Moschin, S., Nigris, S., Offer, E., Babolin, N., Chiappetta, A., Bruno, L., & Baldan, B. (2024). Reproductive development in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae: Nymphaeales): the involvement of AGAMOUS-like genes. Planta, 260(5), 1-13.
  12. ↑ Kynast, R. G., Joseph, J. A., Pellicer, J., Ramsay, M. M., & Rudall, P. J. (2014). Chromosome behavior at the base of the angiosperm radiation: Karyology of Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales). American Journal of Botany, 101(9), 1447–1455. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43826701
  13. ↑ Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Macfarlane, T. D., Conran, J. G., Yadav, S. R., & Rudall, P. J. (2013). Comparative fruit structure in Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales) reveals specialized pericarp dehiscence in some early–divergent angiosperms with ascidiate carpels. Taxon, 62(1), 40-61.
  14. ↑ Iles, W. J., Rudall, P. J., Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Macfarlane, T. D., Logacheva, M. D., & Graham, S. W. (2012). Molecular phylogenetics of Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): Sexual‐system homoplasy and a new sectional classification. American Journal of Botany, 99(4), 663-676.
  15. ↑ Threatened Species Section (2024). submerged watertuft (Trithuria submersa): Species Management Profile for Tasmania's Threatened Species Link. Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania. Accessed on 12/11/2024.
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