Trithuria

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Trithuria
Trithuria submersa - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg
Complete Trithuria submersa specimen
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Hydatellaceae
Genus: Trithuria
Hook.f.
Type species
Trithuria submersa
Synonyms [1]
  • HydatellaDiels
  • JuncellaF.Muell. ex Hieron.

Trithuria is a genus of small ephemeral aquatic herb that represent the only members of the family Hydatellaceae found in India, Australia, and New Zealand. [1] [2] All 13 described species of Trithuria are found in Australia, with the exception of T. inconspicua and T. konkanensis, from New Zealand and India respectively. [3] [4] Until DNA sequence data and a reinterpretation of morphology proved otherwise, these plants were believed to be monocots related to the grasses (Poaceae). They are unique in being the only plants besides two members of Triuridaceae (Lacandonia schizmatica and L. braziliana) in which the stamens are centred and surrounded by the pistils; in Hydatellaceae the resulting 'flowers' may instead represent condensed inflorescences or non-flowers. [5]

Contents

These diminutive, superficially moss-like, aquatic plants are the closest living relatives of a clade comprising two closely related water-lily families Nymphaeaceae and Cabombaceae. [6] Together, these three families compose the order Nymphaeales in the APG III system of flowering plant classification. Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) diverged from the rest of Nymphaeales soon after Nymphaeales diverged from its sister taxon, although the crown clade evolved relatively recently, in the early Miocene (~19 Ma; [7] ). The order as a whole is the sister group of all flowering plants except Amborellales.

Trithuria exhibits a remarkable similarity to Centrolepis and species of both genera were mistaken for members of the other genus. [8]

Flowering Trithuria submersa Trithuria submersa in fruit.jpg
Flowering Trithuria submersa
Flowering Trithuria inconspicua Trithuria inconspicua iNat2.jpg
Flowering Trithuria inconspicua

Taxonomy

The genus Hydatella was subsumed into Trithuria as its members are phylogenetically nested in it. The family as a whole shares the following features (morphological synapomorphies [3] )

Species and distribution

Phylogeny of Trithuria [10] [11]
sect. Altofinia

T. cookeana

T. cowieana

sect. Hamannia

T. polybracteata

T. konkanensis

T. lanterna

sect. Trithuria

T. occidentalis

T. bibracteata

T. submersa

sect. Hydatella

T. austinensis

T. australis

T. filamentosa

T. inconspicua

  1. Trithuria austinensis D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall Western Australia
  2. Trithuria australis (Diels) D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
  3. Trithuria bibracteata Stapf ex D.A.Cooke - Western Australia
  4. Trithuria cookeana D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory of Australia
  5. Trithuria cowieana D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Northern Territory
  6. Trithuria filamentosa Rodway - Tasmania
  7. Trithuria fitzgeraldii D.D.Sokoloff, I.Marques, T.D.Macfarl., Rudall & S.W.Graham - Western Australia
  8. Trithuria inconspicua Cheeseman - North Island of New Zealand
    Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla K.A.Ford - endemic to South Island, New Zealand
  9. Trithuria konkanensis S.R.Yadav & Janarth. - Maharashtra
  10. Trithuria lanterna D.A.Cooke - Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland
  11. Trithuria occidentalis Benth. - Western Australia
  12. Trithuria polybracteata D.A.Cooke ex D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall - Western Australia
  13. Trithuria submersa Hook.f. - Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania

Etymology

The generic name Trithuria is composed of two parts: the Greek words treis meaning "three", and thyris meaning "window". It references the dehiscence of the fruit. [12] Specifically, it references the pericarp valves of some Trithuria species. [13]

Cytology

The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria inconspicua subsp. inconspicua is 2n = c. 24. The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria submersa is 2n = 56. [13] The diploid chromosome count of the tetraploid species Trithuria konkanensis 2n = 40. [14] The diploid chromosome count of Trithuria australis is 2n = 14. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nymphaeales</span> Order of flowering plants

The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae. It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales. One of the traits is the absence of a vascular cambium, which is required to produce both xylem (wood) and phloem, which therefore are missing. Molecular synapomorphies are also known.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cabombaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Cabombaceae are a family of aquatic, herbaceous flowering plants. A common name for its species is water shield. The family is recognised as distinct in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system (2016). The family consists of two genera of aquatic plants, Brasenia and Cabomba, totalling six species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydatellaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Hydatellaceae are a family of small, aquatic flowering plants. The family consists of tiny, relatively simple plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges, but has been reassigned to the order Nymphaeales as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing that it represents one of the earliest groups to split off in flowering-plant phylogeny, rather than having a close relationship to monocots, which it bears a superficial resemblance to due to convergent evolution. The family includes only the genus Trithuria, which has at least 13 species, although species diversity in the family has probably been substantially underestimated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basal angiosperms</span> Descendants of most extant flowering plants

The basal angiosperms are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. In particular, the most basal angiosperms were called the ANITA grade, which is made up of Amborella, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales.

<i>Trithuria inconspicua</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria inconspicua is a small aquatic herb of the family Hydatellaceae that is only found in New Zealand.

Terry Desmond Macfarlane is a botanist and taxonomist, who has worked in both Australia and Peru. A senior research scientist at the Western Australian Herbarium, Macfarlane is associate editor of its journal Nuytsia and currently collaborates with researchers across Australia and in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Russia, Spain and United Kingdom. He was also involved in the development of FloraBase, the Western Australian flora database.

Nanjinganthus dendrostyla is a fossil plant known from Early Jurassic sediments in China and proposed by Fu, et al. to represent a pre-Cretaceous angiosperm. The material consists of numerous compression fossils which bear a resemblance to flowers. The segments bear prominent ridges, suggesting veins, and a few specimens have a branched axis perpendicular to the segments, interpreted by Fu, et al. as a branched style. Beneath the putative perianth, Fu, et al. interpret the existence of ovules enclosed in ovaries, however, the preservation of this region of the structure is poor.

<i>Trithuria austinensis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria austinensis is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria australis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria australis is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria bibracteata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria bibracteata is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria cookeana</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria cookeana is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the Northern Territory, Australia.

<i>Trithuria cowieana</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria cowieana is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the Northern Territory, Australia.

<i>Trithuria filamentosa</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria filamentosa is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Tasmania, Australia.

<i>Trithuria fitzgeraldii</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria fitzgeraldii is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria konkanensis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria konkanensis is a species of aquatic plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to India.

<i>Trithuria lanterna</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria lanterna is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Australia.

<i>Trithuria occidentalis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria occidentalis is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria polybracteata</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria polybracteata is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria submersa</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria submersa is a species of plant in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the Australian states New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia.

<i>Trithuria inconspicua <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> brevistyla</i> Species of aquatic plant

Trithuria inconspicua subsp. brevistyla is a subspecies of Trithuria inconspicua in the family Hydatellaceae endemic to the South Island of New Zealand.

References

  1. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ Marques, Isabel; Montgomery, Sean A.; Barker, Michael S.; Macfarlane, Terry D.; Conran, John G.; Catalán, Pilar; Rieseberg, Loren H.; Rudall, Paula J.; Graham, Sean W. (2016-04-01). "Transcriptome-derived evidence supports recent polyploidization and a major phylogeographic division in Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales)". New Phytologist. 210 (1): 310–323. doi: 10.1111/nph.13755 . ISSN   1469-8137. PMID   26612464.
  3. 1 2 Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Margarita V. Remizowa, Terry D. Macfarlane, and Paula J. Rudall. 2008. "Classification of the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: one genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa". Taxon57(1):179-200.
  4. ↑ Yadav SR, Janarthanam MK. 1995 Trithuria konkanensis (Hydatellaceae), eine neue Art aus Indien. Aqua Planta20. (3): 91-97 (1995).
  5. ↑ Rudall, Paula J. (February 4, 2016). "Inside-out flowers of Lacandonia brasiliana (Triuridaceae) provide new insights into fundamental aspects of floral patterning". PeerJ. 4: e1653. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1653 . PMC   4748704 . PMID   26870611.
  6. ↑ Else Marie Friis & Peter Crane (15 March 2007), "Botany: New home for tiny aquatics", Nature, 446 (7133): 269–270, Bibcode:2007Natur.446..269F, doi: 10.1038/446269a , PMID   17361167
  7. ↑ Iles, William J D; Lee, Christopher; Sokoloff, Dmitry D; Remizowa, Margarita V; Yadav, Shrirang R; Barrett, Matthew D; Barrett, Russell L; Macfarlane, Terry D; Rudall, Paula J; Graham, Sean W (2014). "Reconstructing the age and historical biogeography of the ancient flowering-plant family Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 102. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..102I. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-102 . ISSN   1471-2148. PMC   4030046 . PMID   24884487.
  8. ↑ Sokoloff, D. D., Remizowa, M. V., Linder, H. P., & Rudall, P. J. (2009). "Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: the most remarkable range of variation in Poales." American Journal of Botany, 96(11), 1925-1940.
  9. ↑ Jeffery M. Saarela1; et al. (15 March 2007), "Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree", Nature, 446 (7133): 312–315, Bibcode:2007Natur.446..312S, doi:10.1038/nature05612, PMID   17361182, S2CID   4415881 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Sokoloff, Dmitry D.; Remizowa, Margarita V.; Beer, Anton S.; Yadav, Shrirang R.; Macfarlane, Terry D.; Ramsay, Margaret M.; Rudall, Paula J. (May 2013). "Impact of spatial constraints during seed germination on the evolution of angiosperm cotyledons: A case study from tropical Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales)". American Journal of Botany. 100 (5): 824–843. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200620. PMID   23613353.
  11. ↑ Iles, Will; Rudall, Paula J.; Sokoloff, D. D.; Graham, Sean W (March 2012). "Molecular phylogenetics of Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales): Sexual-system homoplasy and a new sectional classification". American Journal of Botany. 99 (4): 663–676. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100524. PMID   22473977.
  12. ↑ Department for Environment and Water. (n.d.). Trithuria submersa (Hydatellaceae) | Seeds of South Australia - Species information. Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/speciesinformation.html?rid=4619
  13. 1 2 Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Trithuria. (n.d.). Retrieved July 26, 2023, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Trithuria.html
  14. ↑ Remizowa, M. V., Sokoloff, D. D., Macfarlane, T. D., Yadav, S. R., Prychid, C. J., & Rudall, P. J. (2008). "Comparative pollen morphology in the early‐divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae reveals variation at the infraspecific level." Grana, 47(2), 81-100.
  15. ↑ Sokoloff, D. D., Marques, I., Macfarlane, T. D., Remizowa, M. V., Lam, V. K. Y., Pellicer, J., … Graham, S. W. (2019). Cryptic species in an ancient flowering-plant lineage (Hydatellaceae, Nymphaeales) revealed by molecular and micromorphological data. TAXON, 68(1), 1–19. doi:10.1002/tax.12026
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