Tulosesus impatiens

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Tulosesus impatiens
Tulosesus impatiens.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Psathyrellaceae
Genus:
Tulosesus
Species:
T. impatiens
Binomial name
Tulosesus impatiens
Synonyms [1]

Agaricus impatiens Fr. (1821)
Coprinarius impatiens Quél. (1886)
Coprinus impatiens Quél. (1888)
Pseudocoprinus impatiens Kühner (1936)
Psathyrella impatiens Gillet (1936)
Coprinellus impatiens J.E.Lange (1938)

Contents

Tulosesus impatiens
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Adnexed gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnexed
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is blackish-brown
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Inedible.pngEdibility is inedible

Tulosesus impatiens (formerly Coprinellus impatiens) is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described in 1821, it has been classified variously in the genera Psathyrella , Pseudocoprinus, Coprinarius, and Coprinus , before molecular phylogenetics reaffirmed it as a Coprinellus species in 2001. The fungus is found in North America and Europe, where the mushrooms grow on the ground in deciduous forests. The fruit bodies have buff caps that are up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter, held by slender whitish stems that can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall. Several other Coprinopsis species that resemble C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance, habit, or spore morphology.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The species was first described in 1821 as Agaricus impatiens by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in his Systema Mycologicum. [2] In 1886, Lucien Quélet transferred the species to Coprinarius [3] (a defunct genus now synonymous with Panaeolus [4] ) and then to Coprinus a couple of years later in his Flore Mycologique de la France. [5] In 1936, Robert Kühner segregated the genus Pseudocoprinus from Coprinus, including species that did not have deliquescent gills (that is, gills that "melt" into liquid), and he included Coprinus impatiens in this generic transfer. He later changed his mind about the taxonomic separation of Coprinus and Pseudocoprinus. [6] Gillet transferred the species to Psathyrella in 1936. [7] In 1938 Jakob Emanuel Lange published the new combination Coprinellus impatiens. [8] Despite the taxonomic shuffling, the species was popularly known as Coprinus impatiens until 2001, when a large-scale phylogenetic analysis resulted in the splitting of the genus Coprinus into several smaller genera, and the authors confirmed the validity of the generic placement in Coprinellus . [6] The specific epithet impatiens is derived from the Latin word for "impatient". [9]

A 2005 phylogenetics study proposed that C. impatiens was sister (closely related on the phylogenetic tree) to a large Psathyrella clade, and that consequently, the genus Coprinellus was polyphyletic. [10] A later (2008) study suggested, however, that these results were due to an artifact of taxon sampling—not enough species were analyzed to adequately represent the genetic variation in the genera. The 2008 study demonstrated that Coprinellus, including C. impatiens, was monophyletic, descended from a common ancestor. In their analysis, C. impatiens was most closely related to C. congregatus , C. bisporus , C. callinus , and C. heterosetulosus . [11]


The species was known as Coprinellus impatiens until 2020 when the German mycologists Dieter Wächter & Andreas Melzer reclassified many species in the Psathyrellaceae family based on phylogenetic analysis. [12]

Description

The cap surface has deep, narrow, radially arranged grooves. Coprinellus impatiens 87451.jpg
The cap surface has deep, narrow, radially arranged grooves.

The cap of the fruit bodies is initially egg-shaped, then conical to convex before flattening out, reaching diameters between 1.8 to 4 cm (0.71 to 1.57 in). It has deep narrow grooves reaching almost as far as the center of the cap. The surface color is a pale buff, tawny or cinnamon towards the center, but the color loses intensity when the mushroom is dry. The flesh is whitish, thin, fragile and barely deliquescent (auto-digesting). The gills are initially buff, then turn grayish brown. They are either free from attachment to the stem, or adnexed, meaning only a small portion of the gill is attached. The stem is whitish, very slender, and more or less equal in width throughout its length, or slightly thicker at the base; its dimensions are 7 to 10 cm (2.8 to 3.9 in) by 0.2 to 0.4 cm (0.08 to 0.16 in) thick. The stem surface of young specimens are pruinose—appearing to be coated with a minute layer of fine white particles; this eventually is sloughed off, leaving a smooth or silky surface. The odor and taste of the fruit bodies are not distinctive. The gills of this species do not autodigest with age, or barely do so; the fruit bodies tend to become more fragile with age. [13] [14]

The spore print is dark brown. The spores are smooth, ellipsoid or almond-shaped, with a germ pore; they measure 9–12 by 5–6  μm. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are four-spored and tetramorphic (the spores lie on several different levels, and mature at different times). The cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the gill edge) are roughly spherical, 20–35 μm broad, or lageniform (flask-shaped), 36–64 by 10–15 μm, with the apex often rather acute, about 3–5 μm wide. Pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the gill face) are absent in this species. [13]

Coprinellus impatiens young fruit bodies Tulosesus impatiens underside.jpg
Coprinellus impatiens young fruit bodies

Similar species

A potential lookalike species is C. disseminatus. P1050651 Coprinus disseminatus.JPG
A potential lookalike species is C. disseminatus.

Coprinellus disseminatus resembles C. impatiens, but may be distinguished by its slightly larger fruit body, somewhat deliquescent gills, and tendency to fruit in smaller groups on the ground, rather than on or around rotting wood. [15] Also, C. disseminatus has smaller spores than C. impatiens, typically 6.6–9.7 by 4.1–5.8 μm. [16] C. eurysporus is similar to C. disseminatus but usually grows in groups on fallen branches, and has broader spores that measure 8.3–10.3 by 6.7–8.4 µm. [17] C. hiascens usually grows in small dense clumps, has narrower spores (typically 9–11 by 4.5–5.5 μm, and produces smaller fruit bodies. [13]

Habitat and distribution

Tulosesus impatiens is found in North America and Europe [18] (including Germany, [19] Poland, [20] and Ukraine [21] ) including northern Turkey. [22] In the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, it is found in Oregon and Idaho. [23] Fruit bodies grow solitarily, or rarely in small bundles, on forest litter in deciduous forests, especially ones dominated by beech. [18] [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psathyrellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Psathyrellaceae are a family of dark-spored agarics that generally have rather soft, fragile fruiting bodies, and are characterized by black, dark brown, rarely reddish, or even pastel-colored spore prints. About 50% of species produce fruiting bodies that dissolve into ink-like ooze when the spores are mature via autodigestion. Prior to phylogenetic research based upon DNA comparisons, most of the species that autodigested were classified as Coprinaceae, which contained all of the inky-cap mushrooms. However, the type species of Coprinus, Coprinus comatus, and a few other species, were found to be more closely related to Agaricaceae. The former genus Coprinus was split between two families, and the name "Coprinaceae" became a synonym of Agaricaceae in its 21st-century phylogenetic redefinition. Note that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the family name Agaricaceae had far broader application, while in the late 20th century it had a narrower application. The family name Psathyrellaceae is based on the former Coprinaceae subfamily name Psathyrelloideae. The type genus Psathyrella consists of species that produce fruiting bodies which do not liquify via autodigestion. Psathyrella remained a polyphyletic genus until it was split into several genera including 3 new ones in 2015. Lacrymaria is another genus that does not autodigest its fruiting bodies. It is characterized by rough basidiospores and lamellar edges that exude beads of clear liquid when in prime condition, hence the Latin reference, lacryma (tears).

<i>Coprinellus</i> Genus of fungi

Coprinellus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by the Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1879. Most Coprinellus species were transferred from the once large genus Coprinus. Molecular studies published in 2001 redistributed Coprinus species to Psathyrella, or the segregate genera Coprinopsis and Coprinellus.

<i>Coprinopsis lagopus</i> Species of fungus

Coprinopsis lagopus is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Until 2001, the species was known as Coprinus lagopus; advances in the understanding of phylogenetic relationships between the various coprinoid species led to a major reorganization of that genus. It is a delicate and short-lived fungus, the fruit bodies lasting only a few hours before dissolving into a black ink – a process called deliquescence. The vague resemblance of the young fruit body to the paw of a white rabbit has earned this species the common name harefoot mushroom.

<i>Tulosesus amphithallus</i> Species of fungus

Tulosesus amphithallus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Tulosesus angulatus</i> Species of fungus

Tulosesus angulatus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Coprinellus disseminatus</i> Species of fungus

Coprinellus disseminatus, formerly known as Coprinus disseminatus and commonly known as the fairy inkcap, fairy bonnet, or trooping crumble cap, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Unlike most other coprinoid mushrooms, C. disseminatus does not dissolve into black ink (deliquesce) in maturity. The species was given its current name in 1939 by Jakob Emanuel Lange.

Tulosesus callinus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Tulosesus bisporus</i> Species of fungus

Tulosesus bisporus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

Tulosesus plagioporus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Tulosesus pellucidus</i> Species of fungus

Tulosesus pellucidus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Coprinellus micaceus</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution

Coprinellus micaceus, commonly known as the mica cap, glistening inky cap, or shiny cap, is a common species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution. The fruit bodies of the saprobe typically grow in clusters on or near rotting hardwood tree stumps or underground tree roots. Depending on their stage of development, the tawny-brown mushroom caps may range in shape from oval to bell-shaped to convex, and reach diameters up to 3 cm. The caps, marked with fine radial or linear grooves that extend nearly to the center, rest atop whitish stipes up to 10 cm (4 in) long. In young specimens, the entire cap surface is coated with a fine layer of reflective mica-like cells. Although small and with thin flesh, the mushrooms are usually bountiful, as they typically grow in dense clusters. A few hours after collection, the gills will begin to slowly dissolve into a black, inky, spore-laden liquid—an enzymatic process called autodigestion or deliquescence. The fruit bodies are edible before the gills blacken and dissolve, and cooking will stop the autodigestion process.

Tulosesus marculentus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

Tulosesus hiascens is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

Tulosesus heterosetulosus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

Tulosesus subpurpureus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

Tulosesus subimpatiens is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

Tulosesus subdisseminatus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

Tulosesus sassii is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae.

<i>Parasola auricoma</i> Species of fungus

Parasola auricoma is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described scientifically in 1886, the species is found in Europe, Japan, and North America. The mushroom was reported in February 2019 in Colombia, in the city of Bogota by the mycologist Juan Camilo Rodriguez Martinez. The small, umbrella-shaped fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus grow in grass or woodchips and are short-lived, usually collapsing with age in a few hours. The caps are up to 6 cm (2.4 in) wide, initially elliptical before flattening out, and colored reddish-brown to greyish, depending on their age and hydration. They are pleated with radial grooves extending from the center to the edge of the cap. The slender, whitish stems are up to 12 cm (4.7 in) long and a few millimeters thick. Microscopically, P. auricoma is characterized by the presence of setae in its cap cuticle. This characteristic, in addition to the relatively large, ellipsoid spores can be used to distinguish it from other morphologically similar Parasola species.

<i>Tulosesus</i> Genus of fungi

Tulosesus is a genus of fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae.

References

  1. ↑ "Coprinellus impatiens (Fr.) J.E. Lange". Index Fungorum. CAB International . Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  2. ↑ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lund: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 302.
  3. ↑ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). Paris: O. Doin. p. 119.
  4. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 169. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  5. ↑ Quélet L. (1888). Flore mycologique de la France et des pays limitrophes (in French). Paris: O. Doin. p. 42.
  6. 1 2 Redhead SA, Vilgalys R, Moncalvo J-M, Johnson J, Hopple JS Jr (2001). "Coprinus Pers. and the disposition of Coprinus species sensu lato". Taxon. 50 (1): 203–41. doi:10.2307/1224525. JSTOR   1224525.
  7. ↑ Gillet CC. (1936). Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France. 52: 33.{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ Lange JE. (1938). "Studies in the agarics of Denmark. Part XII. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Tubaria, Galera, Bolbitius, Pluteolus, Crepidotus, Pseudopaxillus, Paxillus". Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. 9 (6): 1–104.
  9. ↑ Davidson GD, Robinson M (1996). Chambers 21st Century Dictionary . Edinburgh: Chambers. p.  676. ISBN   978-0-550-10625-4.
  10. ↑ Walther G, Garnica S, Weiß M (2005). "The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales". Mycological Research. 109 (5): 525–44. doi:10.1017/S0953756205002868. PMID   16018308.
  11. ↑ Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Dentinger BTM, McLaughlin DJ (2008). "The mushroom family Psathyrellaceae: Evidence for large-scale polyphyly of the genus Psathyrella". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (2): 415–29. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.004. PMID   18248744.
  12. ↑ Wächter, Dieter; Melzer, Andreas (2020-11-01). "Proposal for a subdivision of the family Psathyrellaceae based on a taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis with iterative multigene guide tree". Mycological Progress. 19 (11): 1151–1265. doi:10.1007/s11557-020-01606-3. ISSN   1861-8952. S2CID   228976812.
  13. 1 2 3 Orton PD, Watling R (1979). Coprinaceae: Coprinus. Edinburgh, Scotland: Royal Botanic Garden. p. 93. ISBN   978-0-11-491565-0.
  14. ↑ Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 232. ISBN   978-0-7112-2378-3.
  15. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 535. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  16. ↑ Burel J. (2004). "Nekoprofilni druhy hnojniku subsekce Setulosi" [Profiles of species from Coprinus subsection Setulosi]. Mykologicky Sbornik (in Czech). 81 (3): 94–7. ISSN   0374-9436.
  17. ↑ "Coprinus eurysporus M. Lange & A.H. Smith". Coprinus Studies by Kees Uljé. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  18. 1 2 Phillips R. "Coprinus impatiens". Rogers Mushrooms. Archived from the original on 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  19. ↑ Enderle M, Krieglsteiner GJ, Bender H (1986). "Studies in the genus Coprinus West Germany III". Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 52 (1): 101–32.
  20. ↑ Sadowska B. (1988). "Fungi of the genus Coprinus Pers. ex Fr. S.F. Gray". Biuletyn Lubelskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego Biologia (in Polish). 30 (1–2): 35–38.
  21. ↑ Prydiuk MP. (2003). "Rare for the territory of Ukraine finds, of basidial macromycetes (Agaricales s. l, Lycoperdales) from Dnipropetrovsk region". Ukrayins'kyi Botanichnyi Zhurnal (in Russian). 60 (2): 138–45.
  22. ↑ Türkekul I. (2003). "A contribution to the fungal flora of Tokat Province" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Botany. 27: 313–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  23. ↑ "Pacific Northwest Distributions for Macrofungi". South Vancouver Island Mycological Society. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  24. ↑ Lange M, Smith AH (1953). "The Coprinus ephemerus group". Mycologia. 45 (5): 747–80. doi:10.1080/00275514.1953.12024313. JSTOR   4547754.

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