Typhoon Percy (1990)

Typhoon Percy (Klaring)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
	Typhoon Percy late on June 24
Formed	June 20, 1990
Dissipated	June 30, 1990
Highest winds	10-minute sustained: 150 km/h (90 mph); 1-minute sustained: 215 km/h (130 mph);
Lowest pressure	950 hPa (mbar); 28.05 inHg
Fatalities	25 total
Areas affected	Caroline Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, south China
	Part of the 1990 Pacific typhoon season

Last updated January 12, 2023

Typhoon Percy, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Klaring, was the third tropical cyclone to affect the country in 1990. The fourth and the last tropical cyclone to be formed in June of the 1990 Pacific typhoon season,^[1] Typhoon Percy originated from an area of disturbed weather spawned by the Western Pacific monsoon trough on June 20. That same day, the disturbance was classified as a tropical depression as it slowly organized and on June 21, the depression obtained tropical storm intensity. After initially tracking westward, Percy turned towards the southwest while slowly deepening. During this time, Percy affected several of the Carolina Islands. Thirty homes were damaged and airline services were halted in and out of Yap. Farther south-southwest, seven homes were destroyed on the Ngulu Atoll. Furthermore, one boy was killed on Koror, where numerous homes lost their roofs and communication lines were downed. Percy then turned back to the west-northwest and became a typhoon on June 23. It then began to deepen at a faster rate, with Percy attaining its maximum intensity of 145 km/h (90 mph) on June 25. Two days later, on June 27, increased wind shear began to induce a weakening trend and the typhoon brushed Luzon, where eight people were killed and over 30,000 lost their homes. Despite that however, damages in the country was minor.

After tracking through the South China Sea, Percy made landfall southwest of Xiamen on June 29, and on the next day, dissipated inland. In the province of Quanzhou, four people were killed while 100,000 trees were damaged along with 1,000 power lines. One person was killed in Zhangzhou. In Dongshan, one individual died, four others suffered injuries, and a third of the trees were downed. Moreover, in the province of Shantou, 95 structures were destroyed and 201 were damaged. A total of 16 people were killed throughout southeastern China and more than 100 others sustained injuries. Damage was estimated at US$28 million (¥190 million).

Meteorological history

Typhoon Percy originated from the eastern end of the Western Pacific monsoon trough that spawned an area of disturbed weather that was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) on the morning of June 20. Satellite imagery showed signs of a well-defined low-level circulation and the disturbance was situated in a weakly divergent environment aloft along with persistent convection.^[1] On the same day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the system into a tropical depression.^[2]^{[nb 1]} The system gradually became more organized as its outflow expanded, and following a marked increase in convection, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system at 03:00 UTC on June 21. Following a ship report of 65 km/h (40 mph) winds,^[1] both the JTWC and JMA upgraded the system into Tropical Storm Percy.^[4]^{[nb 2]} After initially tracking westward, Percy turned and tracked southwestward for 36 hours, a move predicted by tropical cyclone forecast models but not foreseen by the JTWC. Meanwhile, the storm slowly intensified, aided by the development of an anticyclone caused aloft.^[1] As Percy continued to intensify, Percy began to track west-northwestward around another upper-level anticyclone that was formed in the southeast of Typhoon Ofelia which would later merge with a subtropical ridge to its north.^[1] By June 22, Percy was upgraded into a severe tropical storm by the JMA.^[4] Following the development of an outflow channel to its south, hints of an eye became visible on satellite imagery. Based on a Dvorak classification of T4.0/120 km/h (75 mph), the JTWC upgraded Percy into a typhoon on the evening of June 23,^[1] with the JMA subsequently following suit in the morning of June 24.^[2]

After moving away from the Caroline Islands, the typhoon began to intensify at a faster clip as an outflow channel to its north opened,^[1] even though the eye was initially ragged. On the evening of June 24, the JTWC raised the intensity of the system to 200 km/h (125 mph).^[4] Early on the next day, the JTWC estimated that Percy obtained its peak intensity based on the Dvorak estimate of T6.0/210 km/h (130 mph) and a clear eye.^[1] Meanwhile, the JMA reported that Percy attained its maximum intensity of 145 km/h (90 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 960 mbar (28.3 inHg).^[4] Increased vertical wind shear took toll on the storm,^[1] and by June 27, the JTWC dropped the intensity of the storm to 175 km/h (110 mph)^[4] as the storm passed over northeastern Luzon.^[6] Overland, the storm weakened slightly, but remained a typhoon upon entering the South China Sea.^[6] Both computer models and the JTWC expected Percy to begin recurvature; however, the subtropical ridge did not weaken as expected and Percy continued west-northwest instead.^[1] At 00:00 UTC on June 29, the JMA downgraded Percy to a severe tropical storm,^[2] although the JTWC suggested that Percy was still a typhoon at the time.^[4] Shortly thereafter, Percy moved onshore around 130 km (80 mi) southwest of Xiamen.^[6] At 06:00 UTC, the JTWC downgraded Percy into a tropical storm, noting that the storm had become less organized.^[1] By June 30, both the JTWC and JMA had ceased tracking the system, which had dissipated inland.^[1]^[2]

Impact

During its formative stages, Percy affected several of the Caroline Islands. The storm first passed about 75 km (45 mi) south of Sorol. The island of Pegelmol was nearly cut in half by the system by storm surge. Taro patches, coconut trees, and other crops were almost completely wiped out. Percy came within 100 km (60 mi) of Yap to the south-southwest, where gusts of up to 105 km/h (65 mph) were felt. There, widespread flooding was reported due to storm surge, with most roads on the island requiring closure^[1] and 30 homes being damaged.^[7] Airline services in and out Yap were halted.^[8] To the south-southwest of Yap, the island of Ngulu Atoll bore the brunt of the typhoon. Gusts of up to 130 km/h (80 mph) resulted in the destruction of all crops on the island. Furthermore, seven homes were demolished while many others only lost their roofs. However, there were no fatalities. The typhoon passed 230 km (145 mi) north of Koror,^[1] where a boy perished when he was swept by rain into mangrove trees near his home.^[9] Meanwhile, radio towers, power lines and television lines were downed as several houses lost their roofs.^[1]

Typhoon Percy was the third typhoon of 1990, and second within a week, after Typhoon Ofelia, to threaten the Philippines.^[10] In the province of La Union, landslides killed six people. In suburban Quezon City, police reported that a woman fell into a creek and drowned. The Philippine Red Cross indicated that a baby girl drowned and two other individuals were listed as missing in floods in the Ilocos Region. According to the social welfare department, 31,206 people in 6,143 families lost their homes.^[11] Overall, damage in the country was light.^[12]

The typhoon posed enough of a threat to Hong Kong to warrant a No 1. hurricane signal briefly, but it was dropped within 24 hours. Nevertheless, a pressure of 999.4 mbar (29.51 inHg) was measured at the Hong Kong Royal Observatory early on June 29. Waglan Island recorded a mean hourly wind of 31 km/h (19 mph), with a gust of 45 km/h (28 mph). High Island received 245 mm (9.6 in) of rain during the passage of the storm, the highest in the region, 193 mm (7.6 in) fell in a 24-hour period. These rains resulted in flooding, especially in the New Territories, where there was slight damage to crops. In Kwai Chung, floodwaters were 0.6 m (2.0 ft) deep, sweeping away a ten-year-old boy. Two other villages lost power and eleven people had to be evacuated.^[6]

In the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong of China, power lines were downed. Farm production was reduced by 400 million catties in Fujian. In Nan'ao, gales persisted for about 10 hours and more than 410 mm (15 in) of rainfall was recorded, the heaviest in 300 years. Floodwaters there were up to 2 m (6.6 ft) deep. In Quanzhou, four people were killed, another was injured, and 100,000 ha (250,000 acres) of crops were damaged. There, 100,000 trees were damaged along with 1,000 power lines. One person was killed and tens of millions in damage was reported in Zhangzhou. In Dongshan, one individual died and four others suffered injuries. A total of 30,000 ha (74,000 acres) of asparagus were damaged. One vessel was sunk and seven more were damaged. One third of the trees there were downed. Damage in Dongshan was estimated at ¥27 million (US$5.7 million).^{[nb 3]} Elsewhere, 270,000 ha (670,000 acres) of farmland was flooded, including 174,000 ha (430,000 acres) of rice in Shantou. Ninety-five structures were destroyed and two hundred and one were damaged. Roughly 20 km (12 mi) of a highway was destroyed. Damage totaled ¥49 million (US$10 million). Overall, greater than 6,650 homes were damaged and numerous fishing boats sunk. Sixteen people were killed throughout southeastern China^[13] and more than 100 others sustained injuries.^[6] Damage was estimated at US$28 million.^[13]

Notes

↑ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.^[3]
↑ Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10-minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1-minute winds.^[5]
↑ Currencies can be converted to United States Dollars using (New People's Currency) Yuan Measuring worth with an exchange rate of the year 1990.

Related Research Articles

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Typhoon Dan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Saling, was the third of a series of tropical cyclones that impacted the Philippines and Vietnam in October 1989. The storm developed on October 6, and tracked generally westward throughout its course. After crossing Luzon, the typhoon emerged into the South China Sea and reached its peak intensity, with sustained 10-minute winds of 140 km/h (85 mph), 1-minute winds of 130 km/h (80 mph), and a minimum barometric pressure of 960 millibars. The storm moved ashore in central Vietnam and dissipated after moving inland. The storm caused extensive damage throughout its course. In the Philippines, Dan left hundreds of thousands homeless and killed 58 people. Power outages were extensive in the Manila region. In Vietnam, the storm's high winds and heavy rains caused extensive damage and loss of life. More than 500,000 structures were damaged or destroyed and at least 43 people were killed across the country.

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Typhoon Amy was the second typhoon to strike China in a week during mid-July 1991. An area of convection was first observed on July 13 within the vicinity of Yap. A tropical depression developed the next day. While initially tracking westward, the system slowly deepened, becoming Tropical Storm Amy on July 16. After briefly turning northwestward, Amy intensified into a typhoon on July 17. Continuing to intensify as it tracked through the Luzon Strait, Amy reached its peak intensity of 175 km/h (110 mph) on July 18. That evening, the typhoon began to show signs of weakening, although it was still believed to have been a typhoon when it made landfall in the province of Guangdong on July 19, becoming the strongest tropical cyclone to hit the province in 22 years. Once inland, the storm rapidly weakened, and by late on July 20, had dissipated completely.

Typhoon Clara, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Rubing, left flooding in the northern Philippines and southern China during September 1981. An area of disturbed weather was first detected on September 11 near Ponape. After moving westward, the system gradually became better organized and thunderstorm activity increased. On September 16, the system attained tropical storm status. Two days later, Clara attained typhoon intensity and subsequently began to deepen at a faster rate. On September 19, Clara reached maximum intensity, before making landfall along the northern tip of Luzon. Clara steadily weakened after interacting with land, but by late on September 20, Clara leveled off in intensity over the South China Sea. The next day, Clara moved ashore to the east-northeast of Hong Kong while still at typhoon intensity before rapidly dissipating over land.

Typhoon Irma, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Daling, affected the Philippines in late June 1985. Typhoon Irma originated from a monsoon trough situated near Guam in the Western Pacific Ocean. It slowly developed, with insufficient organization delaying classification as a tropical cyclone. By June 24, organization improved as the system encountered favorable conditions aloft and the disturbance attained tropical storm intensity the next day. Moving west, Irma gradually deepened, and on June 28, it was believed to have attained typhoon intensity. On the morning of June 27, Irma was upgraded into a typhoon. After passing northeast of the Philippines, Typhoon Irma attained its peak intensity on June 29. Accelerating to the north and then the northeast, Irma steadily weakened as it encountered significantly less favorable conditions. The typhoon made landfall in central Japan on June 30. Irma weakened below typhoon intensity the next day, and later on July 1, Irma transition into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants of the cyclone were tracked until July 7, when it merged with an extratropical low south of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

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Typhoon Kim, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Osang, was the second typhoon in a week to directly affect the Philippines during July 1980. Like Typhoon Joe, Kim formed from the near equatorial monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean on July 19. The disturbance tracked quickly westward-northwest underneath a subtropical ridge, reaching tropical storm strength on the July 21 and typhoon strength on July 23. After developing an eye, Kim began to rapidly intensify, and during the afternoon of July 24, peaked in intensity as a super typhoon. Several hours later, Kim made landfall over the Philippines, but the storm had weakened considerably by this time. Throughout the Philippines, 40 people were killed, 2 via drownings, and 19,000 others were directly affected. A total of 12,000 homes were destroyed and 5,000 villages were flooded. Less than a week earlier, the same areas were affected by Joe; however, Kim was considered the more damaging of the two typhoons. Land interaction took its toll on Kim, and upon entering the South China Sea, the storm was down below typhoon intensity. Kim continued northwestward but its disrupted circulation prevented re-intensification, and it remained a tropical storm until hitting southern China July 27 to the northeast of Hong Kong, where only slight damage was reported. Later that day, Kim dissipated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Dinah (1987)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1987

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Typhoon Betty, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Aring, was the strongest typhoon to strike the Philippines in ten years. An area of disturbed weather developed on October 27, 1980, near Truk Atoll. After turning east from south, the disturbance was classified as a tropical storm on October 29 as it passed near Guam, causing only minor damage. Following a turn to the west-northwest, Betty attained typhoon intensity the next day. On November 4, Betty peaked in intensity. Later that day, Betty moved ashore over Luzon, introducing a rapid weakening trend. Over land, Betty then began to turn north due to a weakening subtropical ridge to its north and a trough offshore Taiwan. By November 8, Betty, after moving offshore, had completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone, and dissipated that same day.

Typhoon Faith, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Norming, struck both the Philippines and Vietnam during December 1998. A tropical disturbance developed within the vicinity of the western Caroline Islands during early December. At midday on December 8, the system developed into a tropical depression. Tracking northwest at a brisk pace, the depression gradually intensified, and was upgraded into a tropical storm at noon on December 9. Quickly intensifying, Faith turned to the west-northwest, and after tracking near Samar Island on the evening of December 10, Faith attained typhoon intensity. After clipping the northern tip of Palawan Island, the typhoon entered the South China Sea at peak intensity. Across the Philippines, 33 people were killed, with 30 others wounded and 36 others listed missing. A total of 6,423 homes were damaged and 3,234 houses were destroyed, leaving more than 20,000 homeless. Damage was estimated at $25.9 million, with $6.82 million from crops, $15.9 million from public infrastructure, and $3.37 million from private infrastructure.

Typhoon Robyn, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Openg, was a mid-season tropical cyclone that brushed Japan during August 1993. Typhoon Robyn originated from a near equatorial monsoon trough in the eastern Caroline Islands in late July. Tracking west-northwest, a tropical depression developed on August 1, and became a tropical storm the next day. Following an increase in organization, Robyn obtained typhoon intensity on August 5. The typhoon briefly tracked west before veering to the northwest while intensifying. On August 7, Robyn attained its peak intensity of 160 km/h (100 mph), with a barometric pressure of 940 mbar (27.8 inHg). After passing through the Ryukyu Islands, Robyn skirted past western Kyushu on August 9 while steadily weakening. Midday on August 10, Robyn lost typhoon intensity over the Sea of Japan. The next day, the system was declared an extratropical cyclone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Warren</span> Pacific typhoon in 1988

Typhoon Warren, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Huaning, struck the Philippines and China during July 1988. An area of disturbed weather developed within the vicinity of the Caroline Islands during the second week of July. A tropical depression developed southeast of Guam on July 12, and on the next day, intensified into a tropical storm. Tracking generally west-northwest, Warren deepened into a typhoon on July 14. The storm subsequently entered a period of rapid intensification, commencing with Warren reaching its highest intensity on July 16. The following evening, the typhoon brushed Luzon, resulting in a weakening trend, although Warren was still a typhoon when it made landfall near Shantou. Warren rapidly dissipated inland.

Typhoon Ofelia, known as Typhoon Bising in the Philippines, was the first of two typhoons in 1990 to directly affect the Philippines within a week. Typhoon Ofelia originated from an area of disturbed weather embedded in the monsoon trough situated near the Caroline Islands. Slowly organizing, the disturbance tracked westward, and was designated a tropical depression on June 15. After an increase in convection, the depression was upgraded into a tropical storm on June 17. On June 19, Ofelia turned northwest and after development of a central dense overcast, Ofelia was upgraded into a typhoon late on June 20. After turning north, Ofelia obtained its maximum intensity following the development of an eye. The typhoon skirted past the northeastern tip of Luzon and near the east coast of Taiwan, commencing a rapid weakening trend. On the evening on June 23, Ofelia struck the southern portion of Zhejiang. The storm then began to track north, recurving towards the Korean Peninsula. The storm tracked through the province of Jiangsu, and at 00:00 UTC on June 24, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, only to merge with a frontal zone on June 25.

Typhoon Zeke, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Etang, was the first of two typhoons to make landfall in China within a week during mid-July 1991. An area of disturbed weather developed east of the Philippines towards the end of the first week of July. Tracking west-northwestward, the disturbance organized into a tropical depression on July 9. After tracking across the Philippines, where it left two people missing and injured three others, the depression intensified into a tropical storm on July 10. The storm steadily deepened as it moved across the South China Sea, and on July 12 it strengthened into a typhoon. While at its peak intensity of 120 km/h (75 mph), Zeke moved onshore at Hainan, where it began to weaken. The system tracked across Vietnam on July 13, and dissipated within two days after moving inland.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1992). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1990 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
1 2 3 4 Japan Meteorological Agency (October 10, 1992). RSMC Best Track Data – 1990–1999 (.TXT) (Report). Retrieved January 16, 2019.
↑ "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1990 Typhoon Percy (1990171N11148). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
↑ Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
1 2 3 4 5 Hong Kong Observatory (1991). "Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Meteorological Results: 1990 (PDF). Meteorological Results (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
↑ "Typhoon Batters Eastern China, Another Gains Strength in Pacific". Associated Press. June 25, 1990. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
↑ "High Wind, Heavy Rain Leave Boy Dead, Palau Battered". Associated Press. June 24, 1990. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
↑ "Typhoon Percy Heads For Philippines, Gains Speed After Striking Palau". Associated Press. June 24, 1990. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
↑ "Powerful typhoon Percy roars toward Philippines". United Press International. June 25, 1990.
↑ "Typhoon kills eight in Philippines". United Press International. June 28, 1990. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
↑ "Earthweek: A Diary of the Planet". Toronto Star. July 1, 1990. p. B6. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
1 2 Disaster History: Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900–Present (PDF) (Report). United States Agency for International Development. August 1993. p. 51. Retrieved May 26, 2019.

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[4] The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.^[3]

[7] Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10-minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1-minute winds.^[5]

[15] Currencies can be converted to United States Dollars using (New People's Currency) Yuan Measuring worth with an exchange rate of the year 1990.

[JTWC_ATCR-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1992). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1990 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved January 16, 2019.

[JMA-2] 1 2 3 4 Japan Meteorological Agency (October 10, 1992). RSMC Best Track Data – 1990–1999 (.TXT) (Report). Retrieved January 16, 2019.

[3] "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved January 16, 2019.

[IBTRACS-5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1990 Typhoon Percy (1990171N11148). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved January 16, 2019.

[FAQD4-6] Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved January 16, 2019.

[HKO-8] 1 2 3 4 5 Hong Kong Observatory (1991). "Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Meteorological Results: 1990 (PDF). Meteorological Results (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.

[AP3-9] "Typhoon Batters Eastern China, Another Gains Strength in Pacific". Associated Press. June 25, 1990. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[AP2-10] "High Wind, Heavy Rain Leave Boy Dead, Palau Battered". Associated Press. June 24, 1990. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[AP1-11] "Typhoon Percy Heads For Philippines, Gains Speed After Striking Palau". Associated Press. June 24, 1990. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[UPi1-12] "Powerful typhoon Percy roars toward Philippines". United Press International. June 25, 1990.

[UPI2-13] "Typhoon kills eight in Philippines". United Press International. June 28, 1990. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[TS-14] "Earthweek: A Diary of the Planet". Toronto Star. July 1, 1990. p. B6. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

[USAID-16] 1 2 Disaster History: Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900–Present (PDF) (Report). United States Agency for International Development. August 1993. p. 51. Retrieved May 26, 2019.

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Typhoon Percy (1990)

Contents

Meteorological history

Impact

See also

Notes

Related Research Articles

References