United Nations Security Council Resolution 841

UN Security Council ; Resolution 841
	Haiti
Date	16 June 1993
Meeting no.	3,238
Code	S/RES/841 (Document)
Subject	Haiti
Voting summary	15 voted for; None voted against; None abstained;
Result	Adopted
Security Council composition
Permanent members	China ; France ; Russia ; United Kingdom ; United States ;
Non-permanent members	Brazil ; Cape Verde ; Djibouti ; Hungary ; Japan ; Morocco ; New Zealand ; Pakistan ; Spain ; Venezuela ;

Last updated March 20, 2021

United Nations Security Council Resolution 841, adopted unanimously on 16 June 1993, after recognising the need for an urgent settlement to the situation in Haiti and the efforts of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali and the Secretary General of the Organization of American States João Clemente Baena Soares, the Council placed various international sanctions on Haiti.

Background

Jean-Bertrand Aristide won 1990–1991 general election, after years of a military dictatorship. However, in 1991, Aristide was overthrown in a military coup and General Raoul Cédras was made leader.^[1] Violent resistance to the coup in the country ensued.^[2] A number of sanctions were in place against Haiti by the Organization of American States (OAS) and General Assembly, however, these were not compulsory or legally enforceable.^[3]

Resolution

The situation was brought to the Security Council by representations from the OAS and Permanent Representative of Haiti. The Council regretted that the legitimate government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide had not been restored, expressing concern that the situation lead to a climate of fear and a possible influx of refugees to neighbouring countries. Considering a request by the Permanent Representative of Haiti, the resolution acknowledged that the situation was unique and warranted exceptional measures.^[4]

Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council affirmed that a solution should take into account all previous General Assembly and OAS resolutions. It then decided that, on 23 June 1993 at 0:01 hours (EST), the following trade embargo would take effect unless the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali reports to the Council that after negotiations such measures are not needed; if the authorities in Haiti did not comply, then the following measures would take effect:^[5]

(a) all states should prohibit the sale of petroleum, petroleum products, arms and related materiel including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, police equipment and spare parts for any of the aforementioned to Haiti;

(b) a ban on all traffic from entering the territory or territorial waters of the country carrying any of the aforementioned products;

(c) any foreign funds held by the authorities in Haiti would be frozen.

A Committee of the Security Council was also established which was authorised to decide any exceptional imports of petroleum to Haiti for humanitarian reasons.^[6] It was set the following tasks:

(a) to report on measures taken by states to implement the sanctions;

(b) consider any violations of the current resolution and recommend appropriate measures;

(c) decide expeditiously requests for the approval of imports of petroleum and petroleum products for essential humanitarian needs;

(d) report periodically on violations of Resolution 841;

(e) to make guidelines to ensure effective implementation of the current resolution.

All countries were asked to co-operate fully with the measures taken and bring proceedings against persons and entities violating the measures. It also requested states to report to the Secretary-General by 16 July 1993, on the measures they had initiated, while Boutros-Ghali was requested to report on the progress he and the Secretary-General of the OAS had made to find a political solution by 15 July 1993. At the same time, the Council committed itself to reviewing the sanctions if the de facto authorities in Haiti signed an agreement to reinstate the legitimate government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

Related Research Articles

United Nations Security Council resolution 940, adopted on 31 July 1994, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994) and 933 (1994), the Council permitted a United States-led force to restore President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and authorities of the Government of Haiti, and extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) for an additional six months.

United Nations Security Council resolution 781, adopted on 9 October 1992, after reaffirming Resolution 713 (1991) and all subsequent resolutions on the situation in the former Yugoslavia, the Council decided to impose a ban on military flights in the airspace over Bosnia and Herzegovina, acting in accordance with the provisions set out in Resolution 770 (1992).

United Nations Security Council resolution 787, adopted on 16 November 1992, after reaffirming Resolution 713 (1991) and all subsequent resolutions on the topic, the Council called upon the parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina to consider the draft outline constitution as a basis for negotiating a political settlement of the conflict in the country, and went on to impose further international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

United Nations Security Council resolution 862, adopted unanimously on 31 August 1993, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993) and an agreement between the President of Haiti and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti, the Council reaffirmed the international community's commitment to a solution in Haiti and discussed the establishment of a new police force in Haiti under a proposed United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).

United Nations Security Council resolution 864, adopted unanimously on 15 September 1993, after reaffirming resolutions 696 (1991), 747 (1992), 785 (1992), 793 (1992), 804 (1993), 811 (1993), 823 (1993), 834 (1993) and 851 (1993), the Council noted the continuing situation in Angola and went on to condemn and place international sanctions on UNITA.

United Nations Security Council resolution 867, adopted unanimously on 23 September 1993, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993) and 862 (1993) on the situation in Haiti, the Council reiterated its position of protecting international peace and stability and established the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).

United Nations Security Council resolution 873, adopted unanimously on 13 October 1993, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993) and 867 (1993), the Council noted the continued obstruction of the arrival of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) and the failure of the Armed Forces of Haiti to carry out their responsibilities and therefore reimposed international sanctions against Haiti that were previously suspended.

United Nations Security Council resolution 881, adopted unanimously on 4 November 1993, after reaffirming resolutions 849 (1993), 854 (1993), 858 (1993) and 876 (1993) concerning the Georgian–Abkhazian war, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) until 31 January 1994.

United Nations Security Council resolution 905, adopted unanimously on 23 March 1994, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993) and 875 (1993), on the situation in Haiti, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) until 30 June 1994.

United Nations Security Council resolution 917, adopted unanimously on 6 May 1994, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993) and 875 (1993) and 905 (1994) on the situation in Haiti, the Council imposed further international sanctions on the country after the military authorities refused to implement the Governors Island Agreement to hand over power and instances of violations of human rights.

United Nations Security Council resolution 933, adopted unanimously on 30 June 1994, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994) and 917 (1994), the Council noted the deteriorating situation in Haiti and extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) until 31 July 1994.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 944, adopted on 29 September 1994, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994), 933 (1994) and 940 (1994), the Council affirmed its willingness to suspend sanctions against Haiti once the legitimate President Jean-Bertrand Aristide had returned following the removal of the military junta.

United Nations Security Council resolution 948, adopted on 15 October 1994, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994), 933 (1994), 940 (1994) and 944 (1994), the Council welcomed the return of the legitimate President of Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide and lifted sanctions imposed on the country.

United Nations Security Council resolution 964, adopted on 29 November 1994, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994), 933 (1994), 940 (1994), 944 (1994) and 948 (1994), the Council noted the progress in Haiti and strengthened the advance team of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH).

United Nations Security Council resolution 975, adopted on 30 January 1995, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994), 933 (1994), 940 (1994), 944 (1994), 948 (1994) and 964 (1994), the Council discussed the transfer of responsibility from the Multinational Force (MNF) to the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) and extended the mandate of UNMIH for a further six months until 31 July 1995.

United Nations Security Council resolution 1007, adopted unanimously on 31 July 1995, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994), 933 (1994), 940 (1994), 944 (1994), 948 (1994), 964 (1994) and 975 (1995), the Council discussed the election process and extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) for a further seven months.

United Nations Security Council resolution 1012, adopted unanimously on 28 August 1995, after considering the situation in an African landlocked country, Burundi. The council established an international inquiry over the assassination of President Melchior Ndadaye during a military coup in October 1993.

United Nations Security Council resolution 1013, adopted unanimously on 7 September 1995, after recalling resolutions 918 (1994), 997 (1995) and 1011 (1995) on the situation in Rwanda, established an international commission of inquiry concerning arms flows to former Rwandan government forces in the Great Lakes region of Africa.

United Nations Security Council resolution 1048, adopted unanimously on 29 February 1996, after recalling resolutions 841 (1993), 861 (1993), 862 (1993), 867 (1993), 873 (1993), 875 (1993), 905 (1994), 917 (1994), 933 (1994), 940 (1994), 944 (1994), 948 (1994), 964 (1994), 975 (1995) and 1007 (1995) on Haiti, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) for four months until 30 June 1996, and reduced its size.

United Nations Security Council resolution 1086, adopted unanimously on 29 November 1996, after recalling all relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions on Haiti, the Council decided to extend the United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) for a final time, until 31 May 1997, unless it could make further progress, in which case, it would be extended until 31 July 1997.

References

↑ "Leader of Haiti Ousted Military Takes Over After Seizing Aristide". St. Louis Post-Dispatch . 1 October 1991. Archived from the original (reprint) on 10 November 2012.
↑ Kurtz, Lester R.; Turpin, Jennifer E. (1999). Encyclopedia of violence, peace and conflict, Volume 2. Academic Press. p. 750. ISBN 978-0-12-227010-9.
↑ Gibbons, Elizabeth D.; Center for Strategic and International Studies (1999). Sanctions in Haiti: human rights and democracy under assault . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-275-96606-5.
↑ Brysk, Alison (2002). Globalization and human rights. University of California Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-520-23238-9.
↑ Sarooshi, Danesh (2000). The United Nations and the development of collective security: the delegation by the UN Security Council of its chapter VII powers. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-829934-9.
↑ Gowlland-Debbas, Vera; Tehindrazanarivelo, Djacoba Liva (2004). National implementation of United Nations sanctions: a comparative study. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 359. ISBN 978-90-04-14090-5.

External links

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Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

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[coup-1] "Leader of Haiti Ousted Military Takes Over After Seizing Aristide". St. Louis Post-Dispatch . 1 October 1991. Archived from the original (reprint) on 10 November 2012.

[2] Kurtz, Lester R.; Turpin, Jennifer E. (1999). Encyclopedia of violence, peace and conflict, Volume 2. Academic Press. p. 750. ISBN 978-0-12-227010-9.

[3] Gibbons, Elizabeth D.; Center for Strategic and International Studies (1999). Sanctions in Haiti: human rights and democracy under assault . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-275-96606-5.

[4] Brysk, Alison (2002). Globalization and human rights. University of California Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-520-23238-9.

[5] Sarooshi, Danesh (2000). The United Nations and the development of collective security: the delegation by the UN Security Council of its chapter VII powers. Oxford University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-19-829934-9.

[6] Gowlland-Debbas, Vera; Tehindrazanarivelo, Djacoba Liva (2004). National implementation of United Nations sanctions: a comparative study. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 359. ISBN 978-90-04-14090-5.

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