Veronica salicifolia

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Veronica salicifolia
Hebe salicifolia - Berlin Botanical Garden - IMG 8749.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Veronica
Section: Veronica sect. Hebe
Species:
V. salicifolia
Binomial name
Veronica salicifolia
G.Forst.
Synonyms [1] [2]
  • Hebe fonkii(Phil.) Cockayne & Allan
  • Hebe salicifolia(G.Forst.) Pennell
  • Hebe salicifolia var. communisCockayne & Allan
  • Panoxis salicifolia(G.Forst.) Raf.
  • Veronica fonkiiPhil.
  • Veronica forsteriF.Muell, nom. superfl.
  • Veronica lindleyanaPaxton
  • Veronica salicifolia var. communisCockayne

Veronica salicifolia, synonym Hebe salicifolia, [1] the koromiko, [3] or willow-leaf hebe, is a flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, which is found throughout the South Island of New Zealand and in Chile. It is a large, evergreen shrub, reaching 2 m in height, with light-green, spear-shaped leaves that are up to 12 cm long, and white or pale lilac flowers.

Description

The overall form of V. salicifolia can be described as "willow-like" due to its drooping appearance, hence the name New Zealand willow. [4] Unlike most Hebes that contain erect seeding structures, it has downward hanging capsules that disperse via gravity. [5] V. salicifolia is one of the larger hebe species, its woody structure allowing it to grow to around one to five meters tall and it can have quite a wide spread foliage. [4] Its narrow, oblong shaped leaves are oppositely arranged and are a dark to yellowish green colour, they also have hairs situated on the mid rib of the leaf. [4] H. salicifolia is perennial and flowers in Summer and Autumn, producing [6] multiple white and/or violet flowers can be found clustered together on stems that grow up to 24 cm long. [4] It is also one of the few Hebes that have a pleasantly strong scent. [5] They also produce a generous amount of nectar in comparison to other Hebes. [5] Some of the less obvious structures that help distinguish it from other Hebes are its distinctive leaf buds, large nodules and shape and colour of its reproductive structures. [4] For example, the stamens are considered to be short and the anthers are violet in colour. [4]

Distribution and habitat

Veronica salicifolia is found in Chile, the South Island of New Zealand, as well as the Stewart and Auckland Islands. It has also been recorded as naturalised in Europe. As a form expressing a wide diversity in ecology and morphology, it inhabits regions from coastal margins to alpine regions up to 2800 meters above sea level, which is regarded to be the highest place for a flowering plant in New Zealand. [7]

Ecology

New Zealand moth S. rotuella, known to pollinate V. salicifolia. Scoparia rotuella female.jpg
New Zealand moth S. rotuella, known to pollinate V. salicifolia.

Veronica salicifolia attracts a wide range of unspecialized and promiscuous insects. Beetles and flies, especially syrphids, collect mainly pollen, whereas bees visited the flowers for both pollen and nectar, and tachinid flies and Lepidoptera primarily collect nectar. Especially at low altitudes, small native solitary bees and flies are common visitors. [5] More specific survey was made by Mark & Steve (2013), native butterflies of New Zealand have been feeding on nectar of Veronica spp. The New Zealand endemic moth Scoparia rotuella is known to pollinate this species. [8] As shown in the laboratory test, its flowers significantly increased the fitness of female butterflies. [9] The Australasian green shield bugs often sit their egg shells on a wide variety of native and naturalised trees and shrubs including Koromiko. Adults and juveniles of Australasian green shield bugs feed by inserting a stylet into the plant and then suck plant sap and berries. [10] As for diseases, leaf spot and downy mildew may occur in poor condition. [11]

Taxonomy

Veronica salicifolia is thought to be one of the first New Zealand hebe species to be described by the English during Captain Cook's second voyage in 1773, by botanist Georg Forster and his father Johann. Hebes found up North in the Waitākere Ranges were once mistaken for it due to their similar white and violet flowers, these are now distinguished as separate locally endemic Hebe. [5]

Cultivation

Veronica salicifolia is a hardy plant but isn't tolerant of shade and needs to be in grown in full sun and in a sheltered area with a well drained soil. It can, however, tolerate wet areas and can often be found on the edge of bush and wetlands. [5]

Once established, they have considerable drought tolerance [12] and also have been found to be tolerant of freezing. In the test, 50% damage to leaves was reported at -0.6 °C.Technically, H. salicifolia has closed vegetative buds, which could give protection from frost by covering the vulnerable apex, and only open when fully grown. [11] However, Dallimore (1913) pointed that most Hebe is only specialized in habitats similar to New Zealand. Hebe may not be hardy except when grown in the southern and western countries of England, the west of Scotland, Ireland and various islands off the west coast of Britain. [11]

In Māori culture

Before the English conquest, the Māori had been utilizing the plants medicinal properties for centuries. [5] [13] The leaves were chewed to help cure diarrhoea and applied to the skin to aid ulcers and wounds. [13] Koromiko is the general name for the hebes in the Māori language and is shared over a range of New Zealand Hebe species such as the shore koromiko (Veronica elliptica) and varnished koromiko ( Veronica vernicosa ), for example. [5]

Related Research Articles

<i>Veronica <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Hebe</i> Genus of flowering plants

Veronica sect. Hebe is a group of plants within the genus Veronica, native to New Zealand, Rapa in French Polynesia, the Falkland Islands and South America. It was formerly treated as the separate genus Hebe. It includes about 90 species. Almost all species occur in New Zealand, apart from Veronica rapensis and Veronica salicifolia, found in South America. It is named after the Greek goddess of youth, Hebe. Informally, species in the section may be called shrubby veronicas or hebes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hoverfly</span> Family of insects

Hoverflies, also called flower flies or syrphids, make up the insect family Syrphidae. As their common name suggests, they are often seen hovering or nectaring at flowers; the adults of many species feed mainly on nectar and pollen, while the larvae (maggots) eat a wide range of foods. In some species, the larvae are saprotrophs, eating decaying plant and animal matter in the soil or in ponds and streams. In other species, the larvae are insectivores and prey on aphids, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects.

<i>Pieris rapae</i> Species of butterfly

Pieris rapae is a small- to medium-sized butterfly species of the whites-and-yellows family Pieridae. It is known in Europe as the small white, in North America as the cabbage white or cabbage butterfly, on several continents as the small cabbage white, and in New Zealand as the white butterfly. The butterfly is recognizable by its white color with small black dots on its wings, and it can be distinguished from P. brassicae by its larger size and the black band at the tip of its forewings.

<i>Roridula</i> Insect-trapping shrublet from South Africa

Roridula is a genus of evergreen, insect-trapping shrubs, with two species, of about 1⅓–2 m. It is the only genus in the family Roridulaceae. It has thin, woody, shyly branching, upright, initially brown, later grey stems, with lance- to awl-shaped leaves crowded at their tips. The star-symmetrical flowers consist from the outside in of five, green or reddish, free sepals, alternating with five white, pink or purple, free petals. Further to the middle and opposite the sepals are five stamens with the anthers initially kinked down. These suddenly flip up if the nectar-containing swelling at its base is being touched. The center of the flower is occupied by a superior ovary. The leaves and sepals carry many sticky tentacles of different sizes, that trap insects. Roridula does not break down the insect proteins, but bugs of the genus Pameridea prey on the trapped insects. These later deposit their feces on the leaves, which take up nutrients from the droppings. The species can be found in the Western Cape province of South Africa. They are commonly known as dewstick or fly bush in English and vlieëbos or vlieëbossie in Afrikaans.

<i>Drosera capensis</i> Species of carnivorous plant

Drosera capensis, commonly known as the Cape sundew, is a small rosette-forming carnivorous species of perennial sundew native to the Cape in South Africa. Because of its size, easy-to-grow nature, and the copious amounts of seed it produces, it has become one of the most common sundews in cultivation, and thus, one of the most frequently introduced and naturalised invasive Drosera species.

<i>Dianthus armeria</i> Species of flowering plant

Dianthus armeria, the Deptford pink or grass pink, is a species of Dianthus ("pink") native to most of Europe, from Portugal north to southern Scotland and southern Finland, and east to Ukraine and the Caucasus. It is naturalised in North America.

<i>Hakea salicifolia</i> Species of plant in the family Proteaceae endemic to eastern Australia

Hakea salicifolia commonly known as the willow-leaved hakea, is species of flowering plant that is endemic to eastern Australia. It is an adaptable, fast growing small tree or shrub with attractive foliage and cream white flowers.

<i>Pittosporum tenuifolium</i> Species of tree

Pittosporum tenuifolium is a small evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand – up to 10 m (33 ft) – commonly known as kōhūhū and black matipo, and by other Māori names kohukohu and tawhiwhi. Its small, very dark, reddish-purple flowers generally go unnoticed, and are scented only at night. The Latin tenuifolium means "slender-leaved"

<i>Asclepias purpurascens</i> Species of flowering plant

Asclepias purpurascens, the purple milkweed, is a herbaceous plant species. It is in the genus Asclepias, making it a type of milkweed. It is native to the Eastern, Southern and Midwestern United States similar to the range of the common milkweed. The plant gets its name from the flowers that first develop a pink color but then turn darker purple as they mature. Unlike common milkweed, purple milkweed prefers some shade and is considered a plant of partial shade. It is also considered an indicator of oak savanna, especially in Wisconsin. The species rarely produces seed pods which are smooth, instead of the rough warty ones produced by common milkweed.

<i>Veronica speciosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Veronica speciosa, synonym Hebe speciosa, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, known by the common names New Zealand hebe, showy hebe, showy-speedwell, and the Māori names titirangi and napuka. Like most hebes, it is native to New Zealand but it can be found in other parts of the world where it is grown as an ornamental for its showy flowers.

<i>Leucopogon parviflorus</i> Species of plant

Leucopogon parviflorus, commonly known as coast beard-heath or native currant, is a shrub or small tree in the family Ericaceae. It is native to all Australian states and territories excluding the Northern Territory and the ACT and also grows in New Zealand. The species can grow to between 1 and 5 metres in height and has leaves that are 11 to 29 mm long and 2.4 to 7.5 mm in width, often with curved tips. The white flowers are around 15 mm long and are produced in spikes of 7 to 13. These occur throughout the year.

<i>Veronica stricta</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica stricta, synonym Hebe stricta, commonly called koromiko, is a flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, which is endemic to New Zealand.

H. salicifolia may refer to:

<i>Amblyptilia falcatalis</i> Species of plume moth, endemic to New Zealand

Amblyptilia falcatalis, the common Hebe plume moth, is a species of moth of the family Pterophoridae. This species was first described by Francis Walker and is endemic to New Zealand. This species can be found in both the North and South Islands. The larval host plants are in the Veronica genus and include Veronica stricta,Veronica salicifolia,Veronica elliptica, Veronica macrocarpa and Veronica speciosa. This moth likely has two broods a year and adults have been observed all year round.

<i>Veronica odora</i> Species of flowering plant

Veronica odora, known as the boxwood hebe, mountain-box, Hebe odora or Hebe buxifolia, is a plant in the family Plantaginaceae, and it is native to New Zealand. Veronica odora was discovered on the Auckland Islands by J.D Hooker in 1840. A certain amount of confusion later arose following its collection on mainland New Zealand by Ernst Dieffenbach and its naming as Veronica buxifolia by George Bentham. Even overseas, Veronica odora is still not infrequently known as Veronica buxifolia.

<i>Veronica pimeleoides</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica pimeleoides, synonym Hebe pimeleoides, is a flowering plant of the family Plantaginaceae. It is endemic to the dry mountains of Marlborough and Canterbury, in South Island of New Zealand. It is a low-growing, evergreen shrub, reaching 60 cm in height, with grey-green, spear-shaped leaves that are 7–10 mm long. Flowers are pale lilac.

<i>Veronica strictissima</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica strictissima, the Banks Peninsula hebe, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is only found on Banks Peninsula in New Zealand.

<i>Cleora scriptaria</i> Species of moth

Cleora scriptaria, the kawakawa looper moth, is a moth in the family Geometridae endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Veronica bishopiana</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica bishopiana, the Waitākere rock koromiko, is a flowering plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. It is native to West Auckland in New Zealand, and was first described by Donald Petrie in 1926.

<i>Veronica brachysiphon</i> Species of flowering plant

Veronica brachysiphon, is a species of shrubby plant in the family Plantaginaceae, endemic to New Zealand.

References

  1. 1 2 "Veronica salicifolia G.Forst." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
  2. "Veronica salicifolia". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network.
  3. BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Metcalf, L. (2006).Hebes. A guide to Species, Hybrids, and Allied Genera. Oregon: Timber Press.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bayley, J.M., & Kellow, V.A. (2006). An Illustrated Guide to New Zealand Hebes. New Zealand: Te Papa Press.
  6. "Southland Community Nursery" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  7. "NEW ZEALAND PLANT CONSERVATION NETWORK: Veronica salicifolia".
  8. Richard B. Primack (July 1983). "Insect pollination in the New Zealand mountain flora". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 21 (3): 317–333. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1983.10428561. ISSN   0028-825X. Wikidata   Q54669862.
  9. "Butterfly Breeding Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  10. Interesting Insects & other Invertebrates. Australasian green shield bug - Glaucias amyoti.
  11. 1 2 3 Metcalf L. J. (2001). International register of hebe cultivations. Canterbury: The Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture.
  12. Bayly M., Kellow A. (2006) An illustrated guide to New Zealand hebes. Wellington: Te Papa Press.
  13. 1 2 Ngā Tipu Whakaoranga database. (2017). Plant Use Details, Hebe salicifolia, Hebe stricta and similar spp. Koromiko. Kōkōmuka. Main reference Retrieved from http://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?PKey=5B284386-E5E5-40D3-B677-5094A18152B6