Veronica (plant)

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Veronica
Veronica chamaedrys - Kulmamailane.jpg
Veronica chamaedrys
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Tribe: Veroniceae
Genus: Veronica
L.
Type species
Veronica officinalis
L.
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Agerella Fourr.
    • Aidelus Spreng.
    • Allopleia Raf.
    • Atelianthus Nutt. ex Benth.
    • Azurinia Fourr.
    • Beccabunga Hill
    • Besseya Rydb.
    • Bonarota Adans.
    • Cardia Dulac
    • Chionohebe B.G.Briggs & Ehrend.
    • Cochlidiosperma (Rchb.) Rchb.
    • Coerulinia Fourr.
    • Cymbophyllum F.Muell.
    • Derwentia Raf.
    • Detzneria Schltr. ex Diels
    • Diplophyllum Lehm.
    • Eustachya Raf.
    • Eustaxia Raf.
    • Hebe Comm. ex Juss.
    • Hebejeebie Heads
    • Hedystachys Fourr.
    • Heliohebe Garn.-Jones
    • Leonohebe Heads
    • Limnaspidium Fourr.
    • Lunellia Nieuwl.
    • Odicardis Raf.
    • Oligospermum D.Y.Hong
    • Omphalospora Bartl.
    • Paederotella (E.Wulff) Kem.-Nath.
    • Panoxis Raf.
    • Parahebe W.R.B.Oliv.
    • Petrodora Fourr.
    • Pocilla Fourr.
    • Ponaria Raf.
    • Pseudolysimachion Opiz
    • Pygmea Hook.f.
    • Synthyris Benth.
    • Uranostachys Fourr.
    • Veronicella Fourr.
    • Zeliauros Raf.

Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species. It was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Common names include speedwell, bird's eye, and gypsyweed.

Contents

Taxonomy for this genus was changed in the early 21st century, with the genus Hebe and the related Australasian genera Derwentia , Detzneria, Chionohebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe now included. [2] [3] Monophyly of the genus is supported by nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cpDNA. [4]

The taxa of the genus are herbaceous annuals or perennials, and also subshrubs, shrubs or small trees when Hebe is included. Most of the species are from the temperate Northern Hemisphere, though with some species from the Southern Hemisphere; Veronica sect. Hebe is mostly from New Zealand.

Taxonomy

The genus name Veronica used in binomial nomenclature was chosen by Carl Linnaeus based on preexisting common usage of the name veronica in many European languages for plants in this group. Such use in English is attested as early as 1572. [5] The name probably reflects a connection with Saint Veronica, whose Latin name is ultimately derived from Greek, Berenice. [6]

Hebe complex

In 1769, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander collected plants in the Southern Hemisphere that were later published in the genus Veronica, [7] such as Veronica pubescens [8] and Veronica stricta . [9] Although the genus Hebe was established in 1789, few botanists initially accepted it, continuing to use Veronica. From the 1920s onwards, New Zealand botanists in particular began to use other genera; [7] for example, V. pubescens was transferred to Hebe by Leonard Cockayne and Harry Allan in 1927, [10] and V. stricta to Hebe by Lucy Moore in 1961. [11] By the beginning of the 21st century, a range of genera were used for the "Hebe complex" consisting of Southern Hemisphere species related to Veronica, including Chionohebe, Derwentia, Detzneria, Hebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe. However, molecular phylogenetic studies from the early 21st century onwards showed that segregating Southern Hemisphere genera in this way rendered Veronica paraphyletic, since the segregated genera were all embedded within Veronica. To create monophyletic genera, either the Northern Hemisphere Veronica species would have to be divided among a substantial number of smaller genera, or Veronica would have to be expanded to include the Hebe complex. [7] The latter approach was chosen by Garnock-Jones et al. in 2007, and has been followed since in taxonomic databases such as Plants of the World Online [12] and the Flora of New Zealand Online. [13]

Selected species

As of October 2022, Plants of the World Online listed about 460 accepted species and hybrids in the genus Veronica. This includes species formerly placed in the genus Hebe. [1]

Uses

Food and medicine

Veronica americana is edible and nutritious, as are most species in the genus Veronica, and is reported to have a flavor similar to watercress. Native Americans used Veronica species as an expectorant tea to alleviate bronchial congestion associated with asthma and allergies. The plant can be confused with skullcap and other members of the mint family. Members of the mint family have square sided stems, and Veronica species have rounded stems. [14]

Veronica sp. herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea) for treatment of disorders of the nervous system, respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and metabolism. [15]

Ground cover

Several Veronica species and cultivars are cultivated for use as ground cover. [16]

As weeds

Several species of speedwell are sometimes considered weeds in lawns. [17] Some of the more common of these are Persian speedwell ( V. persica ), [18] creeping speedwell ( V. filiformis ), [19] corn speedwell ( V. arvensis ), [20] germander speedwell ( V. chamaedrys ), and ivy-leaved speedwell ( V. hederifolia ). It is often difficult to tell one species from another. There are five to seven species of speedwell in Michigan alone that are easily confused. [19]

Ecology

Species of Veronica are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera, including the grizzled skipper.

An annual life history is known to have evolved separately several times within the genus, with up to 10% of the genus now having an annual life cycle. [21] An annual life cycle, and associated morphological traits, is an adaptation thought to have developed in response to an extremely arid or generally unpredictable environment, and may persist in Veronica due to a historic concentration and radiation of members of the genus in and from the climatically volatile Balkan Peninsula. [21]

Related Research Articles

<i>Veronica <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Hebe</i> Genus of flowering plants

Veronica sect. Hebe is a group of plants within the genus Veronica, native to New Zealand, Rapa in French Polynesia, the Falkland Islands and South America. It was formerly treated as the separate genus Hebe. It includes about 90 species. Almost all species occur in New Zealand, apart from Veronica rapensis and Veronica salicifolia, found in South America. It is named after the Greek goddess of youth, Hebe. Informally, species in the section may be called shrubby veronicas or hebes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plantaginaceae</span> Family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales

Plantaginaceae, the plantain family, is a large, diverse family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as snapdragon and foxglove. It is unrelated to the banana-like fruit also called "plantain." In older classifications, Plantaginaceae was the only family of the order Plantaginales, but numerous phylogenetic studies, summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, have demonstrated that this taxon should be included within Lamiales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heath fritillary</span> Species of butterfly

The heath fritillary is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found throughout the Palaearctic from western Europe to Japan, in heathland, grassland, and in coppiced woodland. Its association with coppiced woodland earned it the name "woodman's follower" in parts of the UK. It is considered a threatened species in the UK and Germany, but not Europe-wide or globally.

<i>Veronica chamaedrys</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica chamaedrys, the germander speedwell, bird's-eye speedwell, or cat's eyes, is a herbaceous perennial species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae.

<i>Veronica stricta</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica stricta, synonym Hebe stricta, commonly called koromiko, is a flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, which is endemic to New Zealand.

<i>Veronica nivea</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica nivea, the milfoil speedwell or snow speedwell, is a flowering plant species of the family Plantaginaceae, endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is sometimes included in the genus Parahebe or Derwentia.

<i>Derwentia</i> (plant) Extinct genus of flowering plants

Derwentia is a genus of flowering plants that is endemic to Australia. The genus was formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae, but is currently included in Plantaginaceae, and is treated as a synonym of the genus Veronica.

<i>Veronica epacridea</i> Species of flowering plant

Veronica epacridea, synonym Hebe epacridea, is a plant of the family Plantaginaceae. It is endemic to altitudes above 3,000 feet from the Marlborough Region to Otago region on the South Island of New Zealand. It is a low-growing, evergreen shrub, reaching 10 cm in height, with thick, closely placed, recurved green leaves that are 5–7 mm long. Flowers are white.

<i>Veronica odora</i> Species of flowering plant

Veronica odora, known as the boxwood hebe, mountain-box, Hebe odora or Hebe buxifolia, is a plant in the family Plantaginaceae, and it is native to New Zealand. Veronica odora was discovered on the Auckland Islands by J.D Hooker in 1840. A certain amount of confusion later arose following its collection on mainland New Zealand by Ernst Dieffenbach and its naming as Veronica buxifolia by George Bentham. Even overseas, Veronica odora is still not infrequently known as Veronica buxifolia.

<i>Veronica salicifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica salicifolia, synonym Hebe salicifolia, the koromiko, or willow-leaf hebe, is a flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, which is found throughout the South Island of New Zealand and in Chile. It is a large, evergreen shrub, reaching 2 m in height, with light-green, spear-shaped leaves that are up to 12 cm long, and white or pale lilac flowers.

<i>Veronica filiformis</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica filiformis is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is known by many common names, including slender speedwell, creeping speedwell, threadstalk speedwell and Whetzel weed. It is native to eastern Europe and western Asia, and it is known in many other regions as an introduced species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antirrhineae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

The Antirrhineae are one of the 12 tribes of the family Plantaginaceae. It contains the toadflax relatives, such as snapdragons.

<i>Veronica strictissima</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica strictissima, the Banks Peninsula hebe, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is only found on Banks Peninsula in New Zealand.

<i>Veronica alaskensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Veronica alaskensis, known as Alaska speedwell or northern kittentails, is a flowering plant in the genus Veronica of the family Plantaginaceae. It was first formally named in 1933 by Francis W. Pennell and was transferred to the genus Veronica in 2004. Veronica alaskensis is native to Alaska and Yukon.

<i>Veronica jovellanoides</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Veronica jovellanoides, commonly known as Riverhead speedwell, is a threatened flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. Endemic to New Zealand, only three plants are known in the wild. All are found within the Ernest Morgan Reserve, a 20 ha forest northwest of Auckland. Its discovery is accredited to a retired plant nursery owner, Geoff Davidson, who organised the land's protection a few decades prior, and found it by chance on a walk in November 2007.

<i>Veronica pinguifolia</i> Species of plant in the genus Veronica

Veronica pinguifolia, the disk-leaved hebe or thick-leaved speedwell, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, native to the South Island of New Zealand. Under its synonym Hebe pinguifolia, its cultivar 'Pagei' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

<i>Veronica catarractae</i> Species of plant in the genus Veronica

Veronica catarractae, the waterfall parahebe, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, native to New Zealand. Under its synonym Parahebe catarractae, its cultivar 'Delight' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Veronica panormitana is a species of plants in the family Plantaginaceae.

Veronica besseya, commonly known as Alpine coral drops and Alpine kitten tails, is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus Veronica in the family Plantaginaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 "Veronica L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  2. Thompson, Ken (20 Jan 2011). "Don't judge a plant by appearances". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  3. "Hebe or Veronica". RNZ. Radio New Zealand. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  4. Albach & Meudt, D.C. & H.M. (2010). "Phylogeny of Veronica in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres based on plastid, nuclear ribosomal and nuclear low-copy DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (2): 457–471. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.030. PMID   19796701.
  5. "veronica", Oxford English Dictionary, online edition.
  6. Ernest Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Elsevier 1967
  7. 1 2 3 Garnock-Jones, Phil; Albach, Dirk & Briggs, Barbara G. (2007), "Botanical names in Southern Hemisphere Veronica (Plantaginaceae): sect. Detzneria, sect. Hebe, and sect. Labiatoides", Taxon, 56 (2): 571–582, retrieved 2023-04-05
  8. "Veronica pubescens Banks & Sol. ex Benth." The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  9. "Veronica stricta Banks & Sol. ex Benth." The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  10. "Hebe pubescens (Banks & Sol. ex Benth.) Cockayne & Allan". The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  11. "Hebe pubescens (Benth.) L.B.Moore". The International Plant Names Index . Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  12. "Hebe Comm. ex Juss." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  13. Breitwieser, I.; Brownsey, P.J.; Nelson, W.A.; Smissen, R. & Wilton, A.D., eds. (2010–2023). "Search for "Hebe"". Flora of New Zealand Online. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
  14. Tilford, G. L. Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. ISBN   0-87842-359-1 [ page needed ]
  15. Vogl, Sylvia; Picker, Paolo; Mihaly-Bison, Judit; Fakhrudin, Nanang; Atanasov, Atanas G.; Heiss, Elke H.; Wawrosch, Christoph; Reznicek, Gottfried; Dirsch, Verena M.; Saukel, Johannes; Kopp, Brigitte (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine—An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC   3791396 . PMID   23770053.
  16. Klett, J. E. and R. A. Cox. Ground Cover Plants. Fact Sheet no. 7.400. Colorado State University Extension. 2009.
  17. Corn Speedwell. TurfFiles.
  18. Persian speedwell. Weed Gallery. U.C. Davis.
  19. 1 2 Creeping Speedwell. MSU Turf Weeds. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University.
  20. Corn Speedwell. MSU Turf Weeds. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University.
  21. 1 2 Wang, J.C.; Pan, B.R.; Albach, D.C. (2016). "Evolution of morphological and climatic adaptations in Veronica L. (Plantaginaceae)". PeerJ. 4: e2333. doi:10.7717/peerj.2333. PMC   4991887 . PMID   27602296.