Walking bus

Last updated
A walking bus of children passing the entrance to the Prague Zoo Restaurace U Lisku, u vstupu do ZOO Praha, U Trojskeho zamku 9, Praha - Troja 01.JPG
A walking bus of children passing the entrance to the Prague Zoo
A walking bus in Czechia Trebic, Karlovo namesti, skolka na prechodu.jpg
A walking bus in Czechia

A walking bus (walking school bus) is a form of student transport for young schoolchildren who, chaperoned typically by two adults (a "driver" leads and a "conductor" follows), walk. The crocodile may walk to school along a set route, with some similarities to a school bus route, [1] with designated "bus stops" and "pick up times" at which they pick up and "drop off" children. In Britain a group of schoolchildren walking together in a long line of pairs on an activity without stops or pickups, escorted by teachers, has been referred to as a crocodile since at least 1870. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

History

In Britain a group of schoolchildren walking together in a long line of pairs on an activity without stops or pickups, escorted by teachers, has been referred to as a crocodile since at least 1870. [2] The concept of the walking bus as a way to travel to school was first introduced in Japan not later than 1962. [5] Australian transport activist David Engwicht [6] is often given credit for inventing the WSB system in the 1990s. It was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1998 by Hertfordshire County Council, first used by pupils of Wheatfields Junior School in St Albans. [7]

Walking buses have remained popular in the United Kingdom, [8] often for school trips rather than travelling to school, and have recently gained a level of popularity elsewhere in Europe, North America [9] and New Zealand. Proponents of walking buses say that its aims are to: [10]

Escorts and/or children on some walking buses are encouraged to wear brightly-coloured jackets or waistcoats. This has led to criticism that the walking bus is too regimented, and fails to achieve its original purpose of improving children's independent mobility. David Engwicht, whose 1992 book "Reclaiming our Cities and Towns" is credited by some as the origin of the Walking School Bus concept in New South Wales, has since stated that "The moment the Walking Bus turns into an official program, it creates some significant difficulties, particularly in litigious and risk-averse cultures." [6]

In Auckland, New Zealand, as of November 2007, one hundred schools ran 230 Walking School Buses with over 4,000 children and 1,500 adults participating. [11] As of 2023 the largest single walking bus according to the Guinness Book of Records had 1,905 participants, on 9 November 2012 in Newmarket, Suffolk. [12]

Public health

Walking bus stop sign in Letterston, Wales. (The Welsh language text is the name of the school.) Walking bus stop, Station Road - geograph.org.uk - 291411.jpg
Walking bus stop sign in Letterston, Wales. (The Welsh language text is the name of the school.)

The walking school bus can help to reduce childhood obesity rates by increasing active transportation to school. The American Public Health Association cites that participation in active transportation to school has reduced by a third in the last 40 years. [13] This reduction has coincided with an increase in childhood obesity rates. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in the USA, report that the prevalence of obesity among children has doubled and among adolescents has quadrupled in the past 30 years. In 2012, 18% of children and 21% of adolescents were obese. [14]

According to the Safe Routes to School National Partnership, walking one mile to and from school each day is two-thirds of the recommended sixty minutes of physical activity a day. [15] In addition to the potential health benefits, walking to school can help children arrive at school safely, on time, and ready to learn. A walking school bus study also found that participants had a 2% better attendance rate than non-participants. [16] Another benefit is the positive association between physical activity and improved academic performance. In a study by the CDC, they found that with a minimum of 60 minutes a day there were increases in academic behavior, cognitive skills and attitudes. [17] The communities that support walking buses may see reduced congestion around school grounds. The walking bus is a non-polluting and sustainable transport alternative to cars and buses. In regard to the safety of the walking bus, the section about Safe Routes to School below goes into more detail about improvements being made to increase the safety of commuting pedestrians. [18]

The built environment plays the biggest role in whether or not a community is walkable. The built environment consists of the human-made surroundings that affect one's life; including the availability and quality of sidewalks, crosswalks and parks, the amount of traffic and proximity to schools/parks/shops, etc. These factors determine the walkability of an area.

Walkability has been shown to be closely tied to childhood obesity. One study found that “the chances of a child being obese or overweight were 20-60 percent higher among children in neighborhoods where it was not safe to walk around or where there were no sidewalks.” [19] In addition, children in neighborhoods with sidewalks and safe places to cross the street are more likely to be physically active than children living in neighborhoods without those safe infrastructure elements. [20]

The walking bus depends on a walkable and safe built environment. Safe Routes to School is US government program that funds improvements in the built environment near schools.

Support for the walking bus

Sign for a walking bus stop in the Italian city of Zanica Cartello piedibus.jpg
Sign for a walking bus stop in the Italian city of Zanica
A walking bus stop in Germany Haltestellentafel eines Pedibus.jpg
A walking bus stop in Germany

Health benefits

Children who walk or bicycle to school have higher daily levels of physical activity and better cardiovascular fitness than do children who do not actively commute to school. [21] In a study of adolescents, 100% of the students who walked both to and from school met the recommended levels of 60 or more minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on weekdays. [22]

In a pilot, randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Houston, Texas, children who were assigned to a Walking School Bus group increased their weekly rate of active commuting by 38.0% over a five-week period, while children assigned to a no intervention group decreased their active commuting rate by a small margin. [23]

Policies and regulations

In 2005, the US Federal Transportation Reauthorization Bill—The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act (SAFETEA-LU 109-59) was passed which provided nearly $1 billion funding to all states for Safe Routes to School (SRTS) programs. [24] The program's purpose is to: “enable and encourage children, including those with disabilities, to walk and bicycle to school; to make walking and bicycling to school safe and more appealing; and to facilitate the planning, development and implementation of projects that will improve safety, and reduce traffic, fuel consumption, and air pollution in the vicinity of schools.” It is a 100% federally funded program which is administered by state departments of transportation. Money goes towards infrastructure-related programs in addition to non-infrastructure activities such as education and enforcement-year time period, restricting data to school-travel hours.

This law is central to the success of programs like the Walking Bus because it identifies the many components involved. Active transport to school and examples such as the walking school bus require collaboration from many different sectors (transportation, law enforcement, school policies, and local government to name a few). In addition, the ability to create an environment conducive to walkability is dependent on the built environment as well as numerous policies from these various sectors. [25]

According to the Institute of Medicine Report, Measuring Progress in Obesity Prevention, the environment people live in can have a profound effect on the amount of physical activity which they engage in. According to James Sallis in his workshop presentation, informal or formal policies issued by the government or private sector, can affect physical activity in four ways. First, zoning, building codes, public transportation and recreational facility policies affect the ability to engage in physical activity. Second, policies affecting physical activity in schools—physical education classes, recess, and walkability to and from school. Policies providing incentives such as parking and commuting in other ways, and insurance subsidies promote walkability and physical activity for adults. Finally, funding policies have a strong influence on physical activity. The 2005 federal law supporting safe Routes to School is meant to facilitate physical activity and increase walkability. [26]

Two national programs that focus on physical activity environment policies are the Health and Human Services Healthy People 2020 and the National Physical Activity Plan, sponsored by numerous organizations including the YMCA, the American Heart Association and the American Cancer Association. The plan is a public-private partnership to create policies that promote physical activity for all individuals. Healthy People 2020 lists objectives to boost physical activity and also supports the recording of national data to track interventions. These are two examples of policies to promote physical activity. The Walking School Bus fits into their programs because it increases activity and translates a sedentary time of the day (transport in car or bus to school) to an active one. [27] [28]

Risks

There are risks associated with travel by any means. International Origins of Walking School Buses and Child Fatalities in Japan and Canada is a study comparing the two countries, with discussion of Western countries in general. [5] Pedestrian injuries have found to be associated with the built environment elements, rather than with increased walking to school. [29] In the US Safe Routes to School (SRTS) provides federal funds for improvements of the built environment near schools with the goal of increasing walking and biking to school.

The effectiveness of SRTS has been demonstrated in multiple studies. One US study analyzed data across 18 states over 16 years. The study compared rates of pedestrian/bicyclist injury in school-aged children to adults, restricting data to school-travel hours. While adult injury rates were largely unchanged over the study period, implementation of SRTS was associated with around a 20% reduction in both pedestrian/bicyclist injury and fatality risk in children. [30] In Texas, traffic crash data over 5 years showed that pedestrian and bicyclist injuries decreased about 40% after the implementation of SRTS. [31] In New York city, SRTS decreased pedestrian injury by one-third in school-age children. [32]

The benefits of SRTS may extend beyond children. While the national study showed adult pedestrian injury risk unchanged, both the Texas and New York studies found reduced pedestrian injury risk in adults with SRTS interventions. [31] [32]

SRTS programs are also effective in increasing walking and bicycling. In California, the effect of SRTS implementation varied widely but rates of observed walking and biking to school increased by 20 to 200%. [33]

Bike bus

Students in a bike bus Gastineau Elementary Bike to School Day (17392863542).jpg
Students in a bike bus

A bike bus (or bicycle train) is the same concept, but with all participants travelling by bicycle instead of on foot. [34]

Problems

In Japan, some traffic accidents have occurred that resulted in the death of multiple schoolchildren who were walking to school in a group. [35] [36] In response to these accidents, schools have chosen to let their students walk to school via different paths, and cities have chosen to reduce speed limits, install road guards, and paint pedestrian zones to reduce the chance of accidents occurring again. [37] [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycling</span> Riding a bicycle

Cycling, also known as bicycling or biking, is the activity of riding a bicycle or other type of cycle. It encompasses the use of human-powered vehicles such as balance bikes, unicycles, tricycles, and quadricycles. Cycling is practised around the world for purposes including transport, recreation, exercise, and competitive sport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pedestrian</span> Person traveling on foot

A pedestrian is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term usually refers to someone walking on a road or pavement, but this was not the case historically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle-friendly</span> Urban planning prioritising cycling

Bicycle-friendly policies and practices help some people feel more comfortable about traveling by bicycle with other traffic. The level of bicycle-friendliness of an environment can be influenced by many factors including town planning and cycling infrastructure decisions. A stigma towards people who ride bicycles and fear of cycling is a social construct that needs to be fully understood when promoting a bicycle friendly culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Utility cycling</span> Bicycling as transportation

Utility cycling encompasses any cycling done simply as a means of transport rather than as a sport or leisure activity. It is the original and most common type of cycling in the world. Cycling mobility is one of the various types of private transport and a major part of individual mobility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Car-free movement</span> Movement to reduce the use of private vehicles

The car-free movement is a broad, informal, emergent network of individuals and organizations, including social activists, urban planners, transportation engineers, environmentalists and others, brought together by a shared belief that large and/or high-speed motorized vehicles are too dominant in most modern cities. The goal of the movement is to create places where motorized vehicle use is greatly reduced or eliminated, by converting road and parking space to other public uses and rebuilding compact urban environments where most destinations are within easy reach by other means, including walking, cycling, public transport, personal transporters, and mobility as a service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safety in numbers</span> Hypothesis

Safety in numbers is the hypothesis that, by being part of a large physical group or mass, an individual is less likely to be the victim of a mishap, accident, attack, or other bad event. Some related theories also argue that mass behaviour can reduce accident risks, such as in traffic safety – in this case, the safety effect creates an actual reduction of danger, rather than just a redistribution over a larger group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Living street</span> Traffic calming in spaces shared between road users

A living street is a street designed with the interests of pedestrians and cyclists in mind by providing enriching and experiential spaces. Living streets also act as social spaces, allowing children to play and encouraging social interactions on a human scale, safely and legally. Living streets consider all pedestrians granting equal access to elders and those who are disabled. These roads are still available for use by motor vehicles; however, their design aims to reduce both the speed and dominance of motorized transport. The reduction of motor vehicle dominance creates more opportunities for public transportation. Living Streets achieve these strategies by implementing the shared space approach. Reducing demarcations between vehicle traffic and pedestrians create a cohesive space without segregating different modes of transportation. Vehicle parking may also be restricted to designated bays. These street design principles first became popularized in the Netherlands during the 1970s, and the Dutch word woonerf is often used as a synonym for living street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle safety</span> Safety practices to reduce risk associated with cycling

Bicycle safety is the use of road traffic safety practices to reduce risk associated with cycling. Risk can be defined as the number of incidents occurring for a given amount of cycling. Some of this subject matter is hotly debated: for example, which types of cycling environment or cycling infrastructure is safest for cyclists. The merits of obeying the traffic laws and using bicycle lighting at night are less controversial. Wearing a bicycle helmet may reduce the chance of head injury in the event of a crash.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Active living</span> Physically active way of life

Active living is a lifestyle that integrates physical activity into everyday routines, such as walking to the store or biking to work. Active living is not a formalized exercise program or routine, but instead means to incorporate physical activity, which is defined as any form of movement, into everyday life. Active living brings together urban planners, architects, transportation engineers, public health professionals, activists and other professionals to build places that encourage active living and physical activity. One example includes efforts to build sidewalks, crosswalks, pedestrian crossing signals, and other ways for children to walk safely to and from school, as seen in the Safe Routes to School program. Recreational opportunities close to the home or workplace, walking trails, and bike lanes for transportation also contribute to a more active lifestyle. Active living includes any physical activity or recreation activity and contributes to a healthier lifestyle. Furthermore, active living addresses health concerns, such as obesity and chronic disease, by helping people have a physically active lifestyle. Communities that support active living gain health benefits, economic advantages, and improved quality of life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Complete streets</span> Transportation policy and design approach

Complete streets is a transportation policy and design approach that requires streets to be planned, designed, operated and maintained to enable safe, convenient and comfortable travel and access for users of all ages and abilities regardless of their mode of transportation. Complete Streets allow for safe travel by those walking, cycling, driving automobiles, riding public transportation, or delivering goods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California Bicycle Coalition</span>

California Bicycle Coalition, also known as CalBike, is an advocacy organization based in Sacramento that seeks to expand bicycling in the U.S. state of California. A related organization, the California Bicycle Coalition Education Fund, conducts solely charitable functions. The California Bicycle Coalition was founded in 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walkability</span> How accessible a space is to walking

In urban planning, walkability is the accessibility of amenities by foot. It is based on the idea that urban spaces should be more than just transport corridors designed for maximum vehicle throughput. Instead, it should be relatively complete livable spaces that serve a variety of uses, users, and transportation modes and reduce the need for cars for travel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Street Trust</span> American non-profit organization

The Street Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit advocacy organization based in Portland, Oregon, United States. The Street Trust advocates for the safety and ease of biking, walking and riding public transit in communities. The organization does legislative work at the statewide and national levels and endorses legislation and ballot measures. It successfully lobbied Portland's mass transit company, TriMet, to accommodate bicycles on buses and prevailed in a lawsuit to uphold Oregon's Bicycle Bill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exercise trends</span> General trends of people doing exercise

Worldwide there has been a large shift towards less physically demanding work and a more sedentary lifestyle. This has been accompanied by increasing use of mechanized transportation, automobile dependency, a greater prevalence of labor saving technology in the home, and less active recreational pursuits. At least 31% of the world's population does not get sufficient physical exercise. This is true in almost all developed and developing countries, and among children. Some experts refer to sitting as "the new smoking" because of its negative effects on overall health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Active mobility</span> Unmotorised transport powered by activity

Active mobility, soft mobility, active travel, active transport or active transportation is the transport of people or goods, through non-motorized means, based around human physical activity. The best-known forms of active mobility are walking and cycling, though other modes include running, rowing, skateboarding, kick scooters and roller skates. Due to its prevalence, cycling is sometimes considered separately from the other forms of active mobility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bike East Bay</span>

Bike East Bay, formerly known as East Bay Bicycle Coalition, is a Californian non-profit organization that worked since 1972 toward "promoting bicycling as an everyday means of transportation and recreation" in Alameda and Contra Costa counties of the California's East Bay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycling in Portland, Oregon</span>

Bicycle use in Portland, Oregon has been growing rapidly, having nearly tripled since 2001; for example, bicycle traffic on four of the Willamette River bridges has increased from 2,855 before 1992 to over 16,000 in 2008, partly due to improved facilities. The Portland Bureau of Transportation says 6% of commuters bike to work in Portland, the highest proportion of any major U.S. city and about 10 times the national average.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle helmet laws</span>

Some countries and lower jurisdictions have enacted laws or regulations which require cyclists to wear a helmet in certain circumstances, typically when riding on the road or a road-related area. In some places this requirement applies only to children under a certain age, while in others it applies to cyclists of all ages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycling infrastructure</span> Facilities for use by cyclists

Cycling infrastructure is all infrastructure cyclists are allowed to use. Bikeways include bike paths, bike lanes, cycle tracks, rail trails and, where permitted, sidewalks. Roads used by motorists are also cycling infrastructure, except where cyclists are barred such as many freeways/motorways. It includes amenities such as bike racks for parking, shelters, service centers and specialized traffic signs and signals. The more cycling infrastructure, the more people get about by bicycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safety of cycling infrastructure</span> Overview of bicycle safety concerns

There is debate over the safety implications of cycling infrastructure. Recent studies generally affirm that segregated cycle tracks have a better safety record between intersections than cycling on major roads in traffic. Furthermore, cycling infrastructure tends to lead to more people cycling. A higher modal share of people cycling is correlated with lower incidences of cyclist fatalities, leading to a "safety in numbers" effect though some contributors caution against this hypothesis. On the contrary, Older studies tended to come to negative conclusions about mid-block cycle track safety.

References

  1. ↑ Moening, Kate (2016). "Step By Step: How to Start a Walking School Bus" (PDF). California Department of Public Health. p. 2. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  2. 1 2 Allen, Eleanor (27 April 2023). "Olden Life: What was a Crocodile?". The Oldie. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. I presume the strange nickname came about because of the column's wavy, side-to-side forward motion, combined with the head-up, shoulders-back posture usually adopted by the leading pair.
  3. ↑ "crocodile" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.(Subscription or participating institution membership required.) 4.
  4. ↑ Welford, Joanne (23 July 2017). "Boiled egg sandwiches, a bus trip in soggy shorts and a sick bag". TeessideLive.
  5. 1 2 Waygood, Edward Owen D.; Taniguchi, Ayako; Craig-St-Louis, Catherine; Xu, Xin (January 2015). "International Origins of Walking School Buses and Child Fatalities in Japan and Canada". 交通科学 (Journal). 46 (2): 30–42.
  6. 1 2 Engwicht, David. "Is the Walking Bus stalled?" . Retrieved 2009-06-16.
  7. ↑ BBC News Article
  8. ↑ "What are Crocodiles?!". School Travel Planning – Buckinghamshire Council. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  9. ↑ "Start a Walking School Bus", Partnership for a Walkable America
  10. ↑ The Official Website of International Walk to School
  11. ↑ "Auckland Regional Transport Authority School Travel Evaluation for the 2007 school year" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-13. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  12. ↑ "Largest walking bus". Guinness World Records. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  13. ↑ Association, American Public Health (2012), Safe Routes to School: Helping All Students Walk and Bike Safely (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-18, retrieved 2012-07-16
  14. ↑ "Obesity Prevention | Healthy Schools | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  15. ↑ "Why Safe Routes to School is an Essential Part of Reopening: Talking Points for Safe Routes Back to School" (PDF). Safe Routes Partnership. 2021.
  16. ↑ "The Evidence Is In: Safe Routes to School Benefits Children, Schools, Families, and Communities" (PDF). Safe Routes Partnership. 2017.
  17. ↑ "The Association Between School-Based Physical Activity, Including Physical Education, and Academic Performance" (PDF). July 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-12.
  18. ↑ Ragland, David R.; Cooper, Jill F.; Rice, Thomas M.; Gutierrez, Nicolas; Orenstein, Marla R. (April 2007). Safe Routes to School Safety and Mobility Analysis (Report). University of California.
  19. ↑ Khan, Fazal (2011), "Combating Obesity through the Built Environment: Is There a Clear Path to Success", The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 39 (3): 387–393, doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2011.00608.x, PMID   21871036, S2CID   205925603
  20. ↑ Davison, Kirsten; Lawson, Catherine (2006), "Do attributes in the physical environment influence children's physical activity? A Review of the literature", International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3: 19, doi:10.1186/1479-5868-3-19, PMC   1557665 , PMID   16872543
  21. ↑ Davison, Kirsten K.; Werder, Jessica L.; Lawson, Catherine T. (2008), "Children's Active Commuting to School: Current Knowledge and Future Directions", Preventing Chronic Disease, 5.3 (A100): A100, PMC   2483568 , PMID   18558018
  22. ↑ Alexander, Leslie M.; Inchley, Jo; Currie, Candace (2005), "The Broader Impact of Walking to School Among Adolescents: Seven Day Accelerometry Based Study", British Medical Journal, 331 (7524): 1061–1062, doi:10.1136/bmj.38567.382731.ae, PMC   1283187 , PMID   16107430
  23. ↑ Mendoza, J.A.; Watson, K.; Baranowski, T.; Nicklas, T.A.; Uscanga, D.K.; Hanfling, M.J., "The walking school bus and children's physical activity: A pilot cluster randomized control trial", Pediatrics, 128 (3): 537–544
  24. ↑ "SRTS Guide: History of Safe Routes to School". guide.saferoutesinfo.org. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  25. ↑ Eyler, A.A.; Brownson, R.C.; Doescher, M.P.; Evenson, K.R.; Fesperman, C.E.; Litt, J.S.; Pluto, D.; Steinman, L.E.; Terpstra, J.L.; Troped, P.J.; Schmid, T.L. (2008), "Policies related to active transport to and from school: A multisite case study", Health Education Research, 23 (6): 963–975, doi: 10.1093/her/cym061 , PMID   17956883
  26. ↑ Report, Workshop (2012), Measuring Progress in Obesity Prevention, archived from the original on 2012-12-14, retrieved 2012-07-18
  27. ↑ Healthy People 2020, 2010, retrieved 2012-07-18
  28. ↑ National Physical Activity Plan, 2012, retrieved 2012-07-18
  29. ↑ Rothman, Linda; Macarthur, Colin; To, Teresa; Buliung, Ron; Howard, Andrew (2014-05-01). "Motor Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions and Walking to School: The Role of the Built Environment". Pediatrics. 133 (5): 776–784. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2317 . ISSN   0031-4005. PMID   24709929.
  30. ↑ DiMaggio, Charles; Frangos, Spiros; Li, Guohua (2016-06-01). "National Safe Routes to School program and risk of school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injury". Annals of Epidemiology. 26 (6): 412–417. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.04.002. ISSN   1873-2585. PMC   5248654 . PMID   27230492.
  31. 1 2 DiMaggio, Charles; Brady, Joanne; Li, Guohua (2015-12-01). "Association of the Safe Routes to School program with school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injury risk in Texas". Injury Epidemiology. 2 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/s40621-015-0038-3. PMC   5005687 . PMID   27747747.
  32. 1 2 Dimaggio, Charles; Li, Guohua (2013-02-01). "Effectiveness of a safe routes to school program in preventing school-aged pedestrian injury". Pediatrics. 131 (2): 290–296. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-2182. ISSN   1098-4275. PMC   3557410 . PMID   23319533.
  33. ↑ R., Orenstein, Marla; Nicolas, Gutierrez; M., Rice, Thomas; F., Cooper, Jill; R., Ragland, David (2007-04-01). "Safe Routes to School Safety and Mobility Analysis". Safe Transportation Research & Education Center.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ SRTS Guide: Walking School Buses and Bicycle Trains Archived 2011-01-04 at the Wayback Machine - National Center for Safe Routes to School
  35. ↑ "無免許運転の少年、懲役5-8年判決 亀岡10人死傷". Asahi Shimbun. 2013-02-19. Archived from the original on 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  36. ↑ クレーン車元運転手に懲役7年 6児童死亡で宇都宮地裁 47NEWS 2011年12月19日
  37. ↑ "通学路の安全 模索". 朝日新聞デジタル. 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2012-05-23.[ dead link ]
  38. ↑ "亀岡の事故現場、速度制限を30キロに". 朝日新聞. 2012-05-29. Archived from the original on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.