| White-browed tit-spinetail | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Leptasthenura |
| Species: | L. xenothorax |
| Binomial name | |
| Leptasthenura xenothorax Chapman, 1921 | |
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The white-browed tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura xenothorax) is an Endangered species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru. [2] [1]
The white-browed tit-spinetail is 16 to 18 cm (6.3 to 7.1 in) long and weighs about 13 g (0.46 oz). It is a small-bodied, long-tailed furnariid with a short bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a white supercilium with a narrow black border above it on an otherwise blackish and whitish streaked face. Their crown is bright rufous. Their upperparts are dull grayish brown, with narrow black-outlined white streaks that become more prominent on the lower back, then fainter on the rump, and become more obvious but still pale on the uppertail coverts. Their wings are dark fuscous with dull rufescent edges on the coverts and a pale tawny patch across the flight feathers. Their tail is mostly dark fuscous to black; the feathers have bare shafts on their tips giving a spiny appearance. Their throat and upper breast are whitish with coarse black mottling and the rest of their underparts are unmarked pale gray-brown. Their iris is brown to blackish gray, their bill black with a pinkish base to the mandible, and their legs and feet black. [3]
The white-browed tit-spinetail is found only in the Peruvian Andes. It is only known from a few locations in the departments of Cuzco and Apurímac. It primarily inhabits Polylepis woodlands but occasionally occurs in montane scrublands. It favors large areas of primary forest but will forage in smaller patches. In elevation it occurs between 3,700 and 4,550 m (12,100 and 14,900 ft) but is most common in the lower part of that range. [3]
The white-browed tit-spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range. [3]
The white-browed tit-spinetail feeds on arthropods but its diet is not known in detail. It forages in pairs or small family groups and regularly joins mixed-species foraging flocks. It typically forages acrobatically in dense foliage near the top and on the outermost branches of Polylepis trees, where it gleans the foliage for prey. [3]
The white-browed tit-spinetail's breeding season has not been fully defined but is known to include October and November. It is monogamous. Only one nest is known; it was a cup of moss, lichen, and bark fibers in a natural cavity in a Polylepis racemosa tree and contained two eggs. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known. Both parents build the nest and provision nestlings. [3]
The white-browed tit-spinetail is very vocal and often sings while foraging. Its song is "a rapid, dry descending trill, sometimes with some 1-4 shorter introductory notes tjit tjit trrrrrrreeeeeeeeuuu and lasting two seconds". Its contact call is "a check or tjit note", and it also makes "a series of tleet notes". [3]
The IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the white-browed tit-spinetail as Threatened, then in 1994 as Critically Endangered and since 2000 as Endangered. "This species has a very small and severely fragmented range and population, which continue to decline with habitat loss and a lack of habitat regeneration." "Uncontrolled fires and heavy grazing prevent Polylepis regeneration." [1] "High-Andean Polylepis forest ecosystems represent one of the most threatened woodland ecosystems in the world...which continues to decline in quantity and quality." On the brighter side, "[c]ommunity-based woodland habitat restoration efforts are currently underway at three locations in the Cordillera Vilcanota (Abra Malaga, Hulloc and Cancha-Cancha) under the guidance of the Peruvian non-governmental organization Asociación Ecosistemas Andinos (ECOAN)." [3]
The royal cinclodes is a Critically Endangered passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.
The great xenops is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to eastern Brazil.
The Alagoas foliage-gleaner is an extinct passerine bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It was endemic to Brazil.
The plain-mantled tit-spinetail is a small passerine bird of South America in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.
The common miner is a passerine bird in the subfamily Sclerurinae, the leaftossers and miners, of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay.
Tit-spinetails are small passerine birds of the genus Leptasthenura, belonging to the ovenbird family Furnariidae. They are found in South America, particularly the southern and Andean parts of the continent. They are somewhat similar to birds of the tit family in their shape and feeding behaviour, hence the first part of their name. The "spinetail" part of their name refers to their long, pointed tail feathers. Tit-spinetails have short rounded wings, short pointed bills and are mainly brown in colour. Their nests are built in holes or in the old nests of other birds.
The white-browed foliage-gleaner is a Near Threatened species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and possibly Paraguay.
The white-winged cinclodes is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.
The band-tailed earthcreeper is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina and Chile.
The brown-capped tit-spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia.
The rusty-crowned tit-spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Peru.
The tufted tit-spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and possibly Paraguay.
The streak-backed tit-spinetail, or streaked tit-spinetail, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Chile and Peru.
The striolated tit-spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is endemic to Brazil.
The tawny tit-spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.
The pearled treerunner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and possibly Argentina.
The black-capped foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
The rufous-necked foliage-gleaner is a Vulnerable species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.
The buff-browed foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay.
The straight-billed earthcreeper is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.
