Wineville Chicken Coop murders

Last updated
Wineville Chicken Coop murders
Nortcott house.jpg
Northcott's ranch
Riverside County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Mira Loma Highlighted.svg
Location in Riverside County and the state of California
Location6330 Wineville Ave Jurupa Valley, California 91752
Date1926 (1926)–1928 (1928)
Attack type
 Child murder by bludgeoning, serial murder, child abduction
Weapons Axe
Deaths3 confirmed, 10 confessed [lower-alpha 1]
Injured1 (Sanford Clark)
Perpetrators
No. of participants
3
Defenders
VerdictGordon:
Guilty on all counts
Sarah:
Pleaded guilty
Convictions First-degree murder (3 counts for Gordon, 1 count for Sarah)
SentenceGordon:
Death
Sarah:
Life imprisonment

The Wineville Chicken Coop murders, [2] also known as the Wineville Chicken murders, [3] were a series of abductions and murders of young boys that occurred in the city of Los Angeles and in Riverside County, California, United States between 1926 and 1928. The murders were perpetrated by Gordon Stewart Northcott, a 19-year-old farmer who had moved to the U.S. from Canada two years earlier, as well as his mother, Sarah Louise Northcott, and his nephew, Sanford Clark.

Contents

Northcott was arrested while visiting his sister in Canada in November 1928. The case received national attention because one of the assumed victims was Walter Collins, the nine-year-old son of Christine Collins, who had gone missing in March 1928. While authorities initially considered the possibility that the total number of boys killed might have been as high as 20, this theory was eliminated as the investigation began to unfold. Northcott was found guilty of three of the murders in February 1929 and was executed at San Quentin State Prison in October 1930.

Murders

Gordon Stewart Northcott was born in Bladworth, Saskatchewan, Canada and raised in British Columbia. He moved to Los Angeles, California with his parents in 1924. Two years later, at the age of 19, Northcott asked his father to purchase a plot of land in the community of Wineville, located in Riverside County, where he built a chicken ranch and a house with the help of his father and his nephew, 11-year-old Sanford Clark. It was under this pretext that Northcott brought Clark from Bladworth to the U.S. Upon Clark's arrival at the Wineville ranch, Northcott began to physically and sexually abuse him.

In August 1928, concerned for Clark's welfare, his 19-year-old older sister Jessie visited him at the Wineville ranch. Clark told her that he feared for his life and that Northcott had murdered four boys at his ranch. Upon her return to Canada a week later, Jessie informed an American consul of Northcott's crimes. The consul wrote a letter to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detailing Jessie's sworn complaint. Because there was initially some concern over an immigration issue, the LAPD contacted the United States Immigration Service to determine facts relating to the complaint.

On August 31, 1928, Immigration Service inspectors Judson F. Shaw and George W. Scallorn visited the ranch. Northcott, having seen the agents driving up the long road to his ranch, fled into the treeline at the edge of his property, telling Clark to stall them and threatening to shoot him from the treeline with a rifle if he did not comply. For the next two hours, while Clark stalled, Northcott continued running. Finally, when Clark felt that the agents could protect him, he told them that Northcott had fled. [4]

Northcott and his mother Sarah Louise fled to Canada but were arrested near Vernon, British Columbia on September 19, 1928. Clark testified at Sarah Louise's sentencing that Northcott had kidnapped, molested, beaten and killed three young boys with the help of his mother and Clark himself. Clark also testified about the murder of a fourth boy, a Mexican citizen (possibly Alvin Gothea). Northcott ordered Clark to burn the boy's severed head in a fire pit and crush the skull. Northcott stated that he "left the headless body by the side of the road near [La] Puente because he had no other place to put it." [5] He stated that quicklime was used for disposal of the remains and that the bodies were buried on the ranch.

Body parts found

Authorities found three shallow graves at the ranch in the exact location given by Clark. These graves did not contain complete bodies, but only parts. Clark and his sister Jessie testified that Northcott and his mother had exhumed the bodies on the evening of August 4, 1928, a few weeks before Clark was taken into protective custody. They had taken the bodies to a deserted area, where they were most likely burned in the night. [6] The complete bodies were never recovered.

The evidence found in the graves consisted of "51 parts of human anatomy... those silent bits of evidence, of human bones and blood, have spoken and corroborated the testimony of living witnesses." [7]

Aftermath

Wineville changed its name to Mira Loma on November 1, 1930, in large part because of the negative publicity surrounding the murders. The new cities of Eastvale and Jurupa Valley took different parts of the area of Mira Loma in 2010 and 2011, respectively. [8] [9] Wineville Avenue, Wineville Road, Wineville Park and other geographic references provide reminders of the community's former name. [2]

Clark returned to Saskatoon, where city records indicate that he died on June 20, 1991. [10]

Imprisonment and execution

Canadian police arrested Northcott and his mother on September 19, 1928. [11] Because of errors in the extradition paperwork, they were not returned to Los Angeles until November 30, 1928. [12] [13]

While the two were being held in British Columbia awaiting extradition to California, Sarah confessed to the murders, [14] including the murder of nine-year-old Walter Collins. But before extradition, she retracted her confession, as did Northcott, who had confessed to killing more than five boys. [15]

After Northcott and his mother had been extradited from British Columbia to California, Sarah once again confessed and pleaded guilty to killing Collins. She was not tried, as upon her plea of guilty, Superior Court Judge Morton sentenced her to life imprisonment on December 31, 1928, sparing her a death sentence because she was a woman. During her sentencing hearing, she claimed that her son was innocent and offered numerous claims about his parentage, including that he was an illegitimate son of an English nobleman, [16] that she was Gordon's grandmother [17] and that he was the result of incest between her husband Cyrus George Northcott and their daughter. [9] She also stated that as a child, Gordon was sexually abused by the entire family. [18] [19] After sentencing, Sarah attempted to commit suicide and begged the authorities to spare her son's life. She said: "I got a square deal. If they'll just be good to my boy if they just won’t hang him!" After learning that her son would be hanged, Sarah begged the authorities to hang her as well. [20] She served her sentence at Tehachapi State Prison [21] and was paroled in 1940. She died in 1944.

Gordon Northcott was implicated in the murder of Collins, but because his mother had already confessed and been sentenced for it, the state did not prosecute Northcott for that murder. [22]

It was speculated that Northcott may have killed as many as 20 boys, but the state of California could not produce evidence to support that allegation. Ultimately, the state only brought an indictment against Northcott for the murders of an unidentified underage Mexican national (known as the "headless Mexican") and the brothers Lewis and Nelson Winslow (aged 12 and 10, respectively). [23] The brothers had been reported missing from Pomona on May 16, 1928. [24]

In early 1929, Northcott's trial was held before judge George R. Freeman in Riverside County, California. The jury heard that Northcott had kidnapped, molested, tortured and murdered the Winslow brothers and the "headless Mexican" in 1928. On February 8, 1929, the 27-day trial ended and Northcott was convicted of the murders.

On February 13, 1929, Freeman sentenced Northcott to death, [25] and Northcott was hanged on October 2, 1930 at San Quentin State Prison. He was 23 years old. [3] [26]

People involved

Gordon Stewart Northcott (November 9, 1906 – October 2, 1930)

Christine Collins (December 14, 1888 – December 8, 1964)

Sanford Clark (March 1, 1913 – June 20, 1991)

California State Reform School in Whittier, California, circa 1901 California State Reform School at Whittier, ca.1901 (CHS-1157).jpg
California State Reform School in Whittier, California, circa 1901

Clark was not tried for murder because assistant district attorney Loyal C. Kelley believed that he was innocent. [27] Kelley said that Clark had been a victim of Northcott's death threats and sexual abuse and was not a willing participant in the crimes. Kelley instead recommended that Clark be sent to the Whittier State School, where an experimental program for delinquent youths was under way. He assured Clark that the Whittier school was unique because of its compassionate mission of genuine rehabilitation. [28] Clark was sentenced to five years at the school (later renamed the Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility). His sentence was later commuted to 23 months, as he "had impressed the Trustees with his temperament, job skills and his personal desire to live a productive life during his nearly two years there." [29]

Clark died in 1991 at the age of 78 and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 1993. [30] [31]

Walter Collins (September 23, 1918 – 1928)

Nine-year-old Walter Collins was abducted when he went to a movie theater on March 10, 1928 and never returned. He lived in Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles. [32] Initially, his mother, Christine Collins, and the police believed that enemies of Walter Collins Sr. had abducted Walter. [33] Walter Collins Sr. had been convicted of eight armed robberies and was an inmate at Folsom State Prison. [34] [35]

Collins' disappearance received nationwide attention and the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) pursued hundreds of leads without success. [36] The police faced negative publicity and increasing public pressure to solve the case. [37] [ unreliable source? ]

Five months after Collins' disappearance, [36] a boy claiming to be Walter was found in DeKalb, Illinois. Letters and photographs were exchanged before Christine Collins paid for the boy to be transported to Los Angeles. A public reunion was organized by the police, who hoped to negate the bad publicity they had received for their failure to solve this case and others. The police also hoped that the uplifting story would deflect attention from a series of corruption scandals that had sullied the department's reputation. At the reunion, Christine stated that the boy was not her son. She was told by the officer in charge of the case, police captain J. J. Jones, to take the boy home to "try him out for a couple of weeks," to which she hesitantly agreed. [ additional citation(s) needed ] [37] [ unreliable source? ] Three weeks later, Christine returned to see Jones and persisted in her claim that the boy was not Walter. Although she had dental records proving her claim, Jones committed her to the psychiatric ward at Los Angeles County Hospital under "Code 12", a term used to jail or commit someone who was deemed difficult or inconvenient.[ additional citation(s) needed ] [37] [ unreliable source? ]

During Christine's incarceration, Jones questioned the boy, [36] who admitted to being 12-year-old Arthur Hutchens Jr., a runaway originally from Iowa. [38] [39] A drifter at a roadside café in Illinois had told Hutchens of his resemblance to the missing Walter, so Hutchens devised a plan to impersonate Walter. His motive was to reach Hollywood so that he could meet his favorite actor, Tom Mix. [ additional citation(s) needed ] [37] [ unreliable source? ]

Christine was released 10 days after Hutchens admitted that he was not her son. [40] She then filed a lawsuit against Jones and the LAPD. [36] On September 13, 1930, she won the suit against Jones and was awarded $10,800 (equivalent to $182,000in 2023), which Jones never paid. [36] The last newspaper account of Christine dates from 1941, when she attempted to collect a $15,562 judgment against Jones, who had since retired. [41]

Christine became hopeful that her son might still be alive after her first interview with Gordon Northcott. She asked Northcott if he had killed her son, and after listening to his repeated lies, confessions and recantations, she concluded that Northcott was insane. Because Northcott did not seem to know whether he had even met Walter, she clung to the hope that Walter was still alive. [42] Northcott sent Christine a telegram shortly before his execution, saying he had lied when he denied that Walter was among his victims. He promised to tell the truth if she came in person to hear it. Just a few hours before the execution, Christine visited Northcott. But upon her arrival, he balked. When she confronted him, Northcott said "I don't want to see you. I don't know anything about it. I'm innocent."

A news account said, "The distraught woman was outraged by Northcott's conduct... but was also comforted by it. Northcott's ambiguous replies and his seeming refusal to remember such details as Walter's clothing and the color of his eyes gave her continued hope that her son still lived." [43]

Lewis and Nelson Winslow

Lewis, 12, and Nelson, 10, were the sons of Nelson Winslow Sr. and his wife. The boys were abducted on May 16, 1928, from Pomona, California on their way home from a yacht club meeting. Northcott was convicted of kidnapping and killing them.

Mr. Winslow led a lynch mob to the Riverside County Jail, where Northcott was temporarily being held, with the intent of hanging Northcott after the completion of his trial but before his sentencing. Police convinced the mob to disband. [44]

Arthur J. Hutchens, Jr., the imposter

In 1933, Arthur J. Hutchens Jr. wrote about how and why he impersonated the missing boy, Walter Collins. Hutchens' biological mother had died in 1925 when he was nine years old, and he had been living with his stepmother, Violet Hutchens.

Hutchens pretended to be Walter Collins to get as far away as possible from his stepmother. After living on the road for a month, he arrived in DeKalb, Illinois. When police brought him in, they began to ask him questions about Walter Collins. Initially he stated that he did not know about Walter, but changed his story when he saw a chance of getting to California.

He died in 1954. [45]

Reverend Gustav Briegleb

Briegleb was a Presbyterian minister and an early radio evangelist. He was the pastor of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church on Jefferson Boulevard at Third Avenue in Los Angeles, California.

He took up many important causes in the City of Los Angeles in the 1920s and 1930s, most notably the poor handling of the Walter Collins kidnapping case in 1928. He fought to have Christine Collins released from a mental hospital after she was committed there in retaliation for disagreeing with the Los Angeles Police Department's version of events. [46] He died in 1943 at the age of 61.

The boy who came forward

In 1935, five years after Northcott's execution, a boy and his parents came forward and spoke to authorities. [47] Seven years earlier, the boy had gone missing, and the parents had reported his disappearance to the police. At the time of the boy's disappearance, authorities speculated that he might have been a murder victim at Wineville.

Sanford Clark, however, never told authorities that a boy had escaped from the chicken coop. The historical record and Sanford Clark's own testimony indicate that only three boys were ever held in the chicken coop. These were Walter Collins and the two Winslow brothers, all of whom were murdered. [48]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Manson</span> American criminal and cult leader (1934–2017)

Charles Milles Manson was an American criminal, cult leader and musician who led the Manson Family, a cult based in California, in the late 1960s. Some of the members committed a series of at least nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. In 1971, Manson was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people, including the film actress Sharon Tate. The prosecution contended that, while Manson never directly ordered the murders, his ideology constituted an overt act of conspiracy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Los Angeles Police Department</span> Primary law enforcement agency of Los Angeles, California, United States

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), officially known as the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the primary law enforcement agency of Los Angeles, California, United States. With 8,832 officers and 3,000 civilian staff, it is the third-largest municipal police department in the United States, after the New York City Police Department and the Chicago Police Department.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patricia Krenwinkel</span> American mass murderer (born 1947)

Patricia Dianne Krenwinkel is an American convicted murderer and former member of the Manson Family. During her time with Manson's group, she was known by various aliases such as Big Patty, Yellow, Marnie Reeves and Mary Ann Scott, but to The Family, she was most commonly known as Katie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Dahlia</span> American murder victim (1924–1947)

Elizabeth Short, known as the Black Dahlia, was an American woman found murdered in the Leimert Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, on January 15, 1947. Her case became highly publicized owing to the gruesome nature of the crime, which included the mutilation of her corpse, which was bisected at the waist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joan Bennett</span> American actress (1910–1990)

Joan Geraldine Bennett was an American stage, film, and television actress, one of three acting sisters from a show-business family. Beginning her career on the stage, Bennett appeared in more than 70 films from the era of silent films, well into the sound era. She is best remembered for her film noir femme fatale roles in director Fritz Lang's films—including Man Hunt (1941), The Woman in the Window (1944), and Scarlet Street (1945)—and for her television role as matriarch Elizabeth Collins Stoddard in the gothic 1960s soap opera Dark Shadows, for which she received an Emmy nomination in 1968.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manson Family</span> Commune, gang, and cult in California led by Charles Manson

The Manson Family was a commune, gang, and cult led by criminal Charles Manson that was active in California in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The group at its peak consisted of approximately 100 followers, who lived an unconventional lifestyle, frequently using psychoactive drugs, including amphetamine and hallucinogens such as LSD. Most were young women from middle-class backgrounds, many of whom were attracted by hippie counterculture and communal living, and then radicalized by Manson's teachings. The group murdered at least 9 people, though they may have killed as many as 24.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George E. Cryer</span> American mayor

George Edward Cryer was an American lawyer and politician. A Republican, Cryer served as the 32nd Mayor of Los Angeles from 1921 to 1929, a period of rapid growth in the city's population. During his administration, the Los Angeles City Hall and Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum were built, and the city's population surpassed 1,000,000. Prior and subsequent to serving as mayor, he was a lawyer. Between 1929 and 1931, Cryer became engaged in a widely publicized libel court case with the Reverend Robert P. Shuler, a radio evangelist who accused Cryer of being a "grafter" who had entered office a poor man and left office a millionaire.

<i>Chicken Ranch</i> (film) 1982 film

Chicken Ranch is a 1982 documentary film produced by Nick Broomfield about the famous legalized brothel, the Chicken Ranch, in Pahrump, Nevada. Co-directed and photographed by Sandi Sissel.

<i>The Strange Love of Martha Ivers</i> 1946 film

The Strange Love of Martha Ivers is a 1946 American film noir drama directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Barbara Stanwyck, Van Heflin and Lizabeth Scott. Kirk Douglas appears in his film debut. It follows a man who is reunited with his childhood friend and her husband; both the childhood friend and her husband believe that the man knows the truth about the mysterious death of the woman's wealthy aunt years prior. The screenplay was written by Robert Rossen, adapted from the short story "Love Lies Bleeding" by playwright John Patrick.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irene Rich</span> American actress (1891–1988)

Irene Frances Rich was an American actress who worked in both silent films, talkies, and radio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lita Grey</span> American actress (1908–1995)

Lita Grey, who was known for most of her life as Lita Grey Chaplin, was an American actress. She was the second wife of Charlie Chaplin, and appeared in his films The Kid, The Idle Class, and The Gold Rush.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murder trial of O. J. Simpson</span> 1995 US criminal trial

The People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson was a criminal trial in Los Angeles County Superior Court, in which former NFL player and actor O. J. Simpson was tried and acquitted for the murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman, who were stabbed to death outside Brown's condominium in Los Angeles on June 12, 1994. The trial spanned eight months, from January 24 to October 3, 1995.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Suff</span> American serial killer on death row

William Lester Suff, also known as The Riverside Prostitute Killer and The Lake Elsinore Killer, is an American serial killer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mack Ray Edwards</span> American child molester and serial killer (1918-1971)

Mack Ray Edwards was an American child molester and serial killer who molested and murdered at least six children in Los Angeles County, California, between 1953 and 1970. Sentenced to death, he hanged himself in his prison cell.

<i>Changeling</i> (film) 2008 film by Clint Eastwood

Changeling is a 2008 American mystery crime drama film directed, produced, and scored by Clint Eastwood and written by J. Michael Straczynski. The story was based on real-life events, specifically the 1928 Wineville Chicken Coop murders in Mira Loma, California. It stars Angelina Jolie as a woman united with a boy who she realizes is not her missing son. When she tries to demonstrate that to the police and city authorities, she is vilified as delusional, labeled as an unfit mother and confined to a psychiatric ward. The film explores themes of child endangerment, female disempowerment, political corruption, and mistreatment of mental health patients.

Walter B Collins was a nine-year-old boy who went missing in 1928. The state of California concluded that Collins had been murdered by Gordon Stewart Northcott as part of the Wineville Chicken Coop murders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gordon Stewart Northcott</span> Canadian serial killer (1906–1930)

Gordon Stewart Northcott was a Canadian serial killer, child rapist, and child abductor who was convicted of the murders of three young boys in California, U.S., and confessed to the murders of nine in total. Sentenced to death, he was executed on October 2, 1930.

"Devil's Night" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the anthology television series American Horror Story. It aired on October 28, 2015, on the cable network FX. This episode was written by Jennifer Salt and directed by Loni Peristere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Craine</span> American serial killer

Louis Craine was an American serial killer who committed at least four rape-murders in South Los Angeles, in the period between 1985 and 1987. He was convicted for these crimes in 1989, and was sentenced to death. It was later determined that at least five other serial killers operated in the area during the 1980s and 1990s, Craine was suspected of several more murders by police. At the same time, his guilt was controversial, as he was diagnosed with signs of intellectual disability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anise Boyer</span> American dancer and actress

Anise Margaret Boyer (1914–2008) was an American dancer and actress known for her work during the Harlem Renaissance. She joined the Cotton Club chorus line when she was a teenager and starred in the 1932 film Harlem is Heaven. She also danced in the duo Anise and Åland, travelling extensively with Cab Calloway's band. She retired from the entertainment industry in 1948.

References

  1. ↑ "During the 1920s, Boys Became the Prey of a Brutal Killer". Los Angeles Times . 31 October 2004. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  2. 1 2 Johnson, Kim Jarrell (2006). Jurupa. Arcadia Publishing. p. 67. ISBN   0-7385-3082-4.
  3. 1 2 Kurz, John (1988-12-15). "Mira Loma History, Riverside County, California: Wineville Chicken Murders". Rubidoux Historical Society. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  4. ↑ Paul, James Jeffrey, Nothing Is Strange with You, p.88
  5. ↑ Paul, James Jeffrey, Nothing Is Strange with You, p. 43
  6. ↑ Paul, James Jeffrey, Nothing Is Strange with You, p. 81
  7. ↑ Paul, James Jeffrey, Nothing is Strange With You, p. 224
  8. ↑ "Jurupa Valley History: Mira Loma History". Riverside County Planning Department. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  9. 1 2 Rasmussen, Cecilia (October 31, 2004). "During the 1920s, Boys Became the Prey of a Brutal Killer". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  10. ↑ "Northcott Murders: James Jeffrey Paul's Research Materials". Riverside Public Library. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  11. ↑ "Murder Farm' Fugitive Held: Young Northcott Arrested by Canadian Police Mother Also Believed to be in Their Custody Blood Found on Suspects' Ranch Called Human". Los Angeles Times . 1928-09-20. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
  12. ↑ "Error in Extradition Papers to Delay Northcott's Return: Officers Go On To See Suspect State Aides Discover Flaws in Legal Documents Burying Alive Charge Laid to Sanford Clark Examination Continues of "Death Farm" Clews". Los Angeles Times . 1928-09-26. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
  13. ↑ "Youth's Nerves At High Tension: Northcott Embarrassed on Debarking from Train Request for Picture Brings Defiant Refusal Prisoner Lodged in Cell That Housed Hickman". Los Angeles Times . 1928-11-30. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
  14. ↑ Blair, Elizabeth (October 24, 2008). "Behind 'Changeling,' A Tale Too Strange For Fiction". NPR . Washington, DC. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  15. ↑ "NORTHCOTT SLEW FIVE, 'CONFESSION' ADMITS; California officer States Alleged Chicken Ranch Murderer Told of Killing Youths". The New York Times . December 4, 1928. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  16. ↑ Webb, William (2013). 'Til Murder Do Us Part: 15 Couples Who Killed (Volume 2). New York City: Absolute Crime Books.
  17. ↑ "Ring". Time magazine . New York City. February 11, 1929. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved October 3, 2008. In Riverside, Calif., Gordon Stewart Northcott, while on trial for abusing and murdering three boys, heard his mother testify that she was not his mother, but his grandmother.
  18. ↑ "Mother of Gordon Northcott, Wineville Boy Slayer, Paroled". Los Angeles Times . 1940-05-22. p. A1.
  19. ↑ "Mrs. Northcott Reported in East; Whereabouts of Ax Murderess Under Parole Disclosed". Los Angeles Times . 1941-01-09. p. 1A.
  20. ↑ "Healdsburg Tribune 2 October 1930 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  21. ↑ "San Joaquin Valley; Northcott Plea in Vain. No Hope for Woman's Parole for Many Years to Come, Chairman Says". Los Angeles Times . 1936-02-14. p. 9. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  22. ↑ Paul, James Jeffrey, Nothing Is Strange with You, p. 141
  23. ↑ "Northcott Convicted of Slaying Three Boys; His Last Dramatic Plea Fails to Move Jury". The New York Times . 1929-02-07. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  24. ↑ Wetsch, Elisabeth (1995). "Chicken Murders". Serial Killer Crime Index. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  25. ↑ "Northcott put in Doomed Row: Slayer Becomes No. 46,597 at San Quentin Meeting With "Mother" May be Arranged Later Youth "Wisecracks" About Forthcoming Hanging". Los Angeles Times . 1929-02-13. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  26. ↑ Gribben, Mark (2007-02-27). "Poetic Justice". The Malefactor's Register. Archived from the original on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2023-06-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  27. ↑ Anthony Flacco, The Road Out of Hell, p. 208
  28. ↑ Anthony Flacco, The Road Out of Hell, p. 221
  29. ↑ Anthony Flacco, The Road Out of Hell, pp. 226, 228
  30. ↑ Gonzales, Ruby (2008-12-21). "Clark, chief witness in '20s child murders led exemplary life". Whittier Daily News. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  31. ↑ "City of Saskatoon Woodlawn Cemetery Alphabetical Listing (C)". Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
  32. ↑ "New Kidnapping Clew Furnished in Hunt for Missing Collins Boy: Glendale Man Helps Police". Los Angeles Times . 1928-04-04. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
  33. ↑ Harnisch, Larry (2009-02-06). "Walter Collins in an undated prison photo". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  34. ↑ Harnisch, Larry (1926-11-16). "Robbery 1st Degree, 8 Counts, Consecutively (Violation of Section 211a of the Penal Code)". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  35. ↑ Harnisch, Larry (1928-04-06). "Police suspect kidnapping is retaliation against boy's father, a Folsom inmate". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010-04-25.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 Howells, Sacha (2008-11-07). "Spoilers: Changeling – The Real Story Behind Eastwood's Movie". film.com. RealNetworks. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "'Changeling' production notes". universalpicturesawards.com. Universal Pictures. Archived from the original (Microsoft Word document) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
  38. ↑ "Hoax Discussed in Collins Suit: Hutchens Boy's Deception Subject of Argument Witnesses Tell of Seeming Truth of His Story Capt. Jones Lays Damage Action to Politics". Los Angeles Times . 1929-07-13. Archived from the original on 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  39. ↑ "Hutchens' confession". photograph: b&w. Los Angeles Public Library Photo Collection. 1928. Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2008-09-14. "The written confession of the boy who finally revealed he was Arthur Hutchens, Jr., not Walter Collins, then later told juvenile authorities he was not Billy Fields. He was later identified as Arthur Hutchens."
  40. ↑ "Enigma Boy Identified:Youth Impersonating Walter Collins Now Declared to be Arthur Hutchens, Jr., of Iowa". Los Angeles Times . 1928-09-21. Archived from the original on 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  41. ↑ "Suit to Renew Old Judgment Recalls Northcott Murders: Mother of Supposed Victim Who Was Imprisoned as Insane in Imposter Mixup Tries to Collect Damages". Los Angeles Times . 1941-01-29. Archived from the original on 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  42. ↑ Paul, James Jeffrey, Nothing Is Strange with You, pp. 131–132
  43. ↑ Paul, James Jeffrey, Nothing Is Strange with You, pp. 239–240
  44. ↑ "Northcott in Terror: Mob's Jail Visit Arouses Fear". Los Angeles Times . 1929-02-11. Retrieved 2009-07-13. Reprinted in The Los Angeles Times, The Daily Mirror: Changeling – Part IX, 2008-11-05.
  45. ↑ Jones, Oliver (2008-11-14). "Inside Story: How a Boy Became the Changeling Impostor". People . Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  46. ↑ Harnisch, Larry (2008-12-27). "Voices – Christine Collins, November 6, 1930: The Christine Collins letters". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009-05-07. Republished letter dated 1930-11-06 from Dr. Gustav A. Briegleb to Mr. Charles L. Neumiler, President, State Prison Board, Represa, California.
  47. ↑ Paul, Jeffrey, Nothing Is Strange with You, p. 252
  48. ↑ Flacco, Anthony, The Road Out of Hell
  49. ↑ King, Susan (7 September 2008). "Changeling actor reveres his boss: Clint Eastwood". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  50. ↑ Foundas, Scott (December 19, 2007). "Clint Eastwood: The Set Whisperer – Shooting quietly on the Changeling set". LA Weekly . Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  51. ↑ Paige, Rachel (October 28, 2015). "The Wineville Chicken Coop Murders On 'AHS: Hotel' Are Real & Provide A Sad Backstory For Ms. Evers". Bustle . Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  52. ↑ "Body Farm". IMDb. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  53. ↑ ""Criminal Minds" Haunted (TV Episode 2009) - IMDb". IMDb .

Notes

  1. ↑ Confirmed victims:
    • Headless Mexican (as referred to in court case; possibly Alvin Gothea) [1]
    • Lewis Winslow
    • Nelson Winslow
    Sarah Louise Northcott confessed and was convicted of the murder of Walter Collins, but his death is not confirmed.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.