Wood science

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Fichtenholz.jpg
Spruce wood (Picea abies) as shown in SEM
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Oak wood (Quercus robur) with characteristic rows of vessels
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Beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) with rays in the tangential direction
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Common fig (Ficus sycomorus) xylem with axial banded parenchyma in light microscopy

Wood science [1] is the scientific field which predominantly studies and investigates elements associated with the formation, the physical and chemical composition, and the macro- and microstructure of wood as a bio-based and lignocellulosic material. Wood science additionally delves into the biological, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties and characteristics of wood as a natural material. [2] [3]

Contents

Deep understanding of wood plays a pivotal role in several endeavors such as the processing of wood, the production of wood-based materials like particleboard, fiberboard, OSB, plywood and other materials, as well as the utilization of wood and wood-based materials in construction and a wide array of products, including pulpwood, furniture, engineered wood products, such as glued laminated timber, CLT, LVL, PSL, as well as pellets, briquettes, and numerous wood-derived products.

History

Initial comprehensive investigations in the field of wood science emerged at the start of the 20th century. In 1902, the Wood Processing Laboratory was founded in the Department of Forestry at Tokyo University and academic studies on wood processing were first initiated. The Forest and Forest Products Research Institute in Tokyo was also established in 1905. [4] In 1906 the Forest Products Research Institute was created in Dehradun, India.

The advent of contemporary wood research commenced in 1910, when the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) was established in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [5] The Forest Products Laboratory played a fundamental role in wood science providing scientific research on wood and wood products in partnership with academia, industry, local and other institutions in North and South America and worldwide. [6] [7] [8]

In the following years, many wood research institutes came into existence across almost all industrialized nations. A general overview of these institutes and laboratories is shown below: [9]

From the '60s, the founding of research institutes in the field of wood sciences continued in many universities, and also in universities of applied sciences and technological universities. Today, the International Academy of Wood Science (IAWS), a recognised and non-profit assembly of wood scientists, represents worldwide the scientific area of wood science and all of its associated technological domains. [10] [11]

Sub-areas

Wood of Castanea sativa - Photo by G-Lignum.jpg
In wood biology, different wood elements are studied under the microscope
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Through wood chemistry, pulp, is produced via the alkaline Kraft process

The field of wood science can be categorized into three distinct sub-areas, which include: [12]

Scientific journals

Below are some of the significant scientific journals within the areas of wood sciences: [15]

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forestry</span> Science and craft of managing woodlands

Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wood preservation</span> Treatment or process aimed at extending the service life of wood structures

Wood easily degrades without sufficient preservation. Apart from structural wood preservation measures, there are a number of different chemical preservatives and processes that can extend the life of wood, timber, and their associated products, including engineered wood. These generally increase the durability and resistance from being destroyed by insects or fungi.

Biorefining is the process of "building" multiple products from biomass as a feedstock or raw material much like a petroleum refinery that is currently in use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">B. S. Daya Sagar</span>

Behara Seshadri Daya Sagar also known as B. S. Daya Sagar is an Indian mathematical geoscientist specializing in mathematical morphology. He is a professor of computer science at the Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore. He is known as a specialist in mathematical morphology, fractal geometry. chaos theory, and their applications in geophysics, geographical information science, and computational geography. The Indian Geophysical Union awarded him the Krishnan Medal in 2002. He is the first Asian to receive the Georges Matheron Lectureship in 2011. In 2018, he received the IAMG Certificate of Appreciation by the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences for his work on the Handbook of Mathematical Geosciences. In 2020, Sagar was selected as an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer (DL) to represent the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. He, with Frits Agterberg, Qiuming Cheng, and Jennifer McKinley, led the monumental project on the Encyclopedia of Mathematical Geosciences to the completion. The first edition of two-volume 1756-page Encyclopedia of Mathematical Geosciences was published on 21 June 2023 by Springer International Publishers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Liese</span> German wood scientist (1926–2023)

Walter Liese was a German forestry and wood researcher and wood biologist.

The Institute of Wood Science (IWSc) was incorporated in 1955 as a professional body for the timber industries and allied professions. In 2009 it merged with the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3), and became known as The Wood Technology Society. Following restructuring and rebranding of the IOM3 it changed its name to the Wood Technology Group in 2021.

<i>Yakisugi</i> Traditional Japanese wood preservation technique

Yakisugi is a traditional, very old Japanese method of wood preservation. It is referred to in the West as burnt timber cladding and is also available as shou sugi ban (焼杉板), a term which uses the same kanji characters, but an alternative pronunciation. The ban character means "plank".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Academy of Wood Science</span>

The International Academy of Wood Science (IAWS) is an international academy and a non-profit assembly of wood scientists, recognizing all fields of wood science with their associated technological domains and securing a worldwide representation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Mantanis</span> Greek university professor and wood scientist

George Mantanis is a Greek wood scientist and professor at the University of Thessaly in Greece, who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetylated wood</span> Type of modified wood

Acetylated wood is a type of modified wood that is produced through a chemical modification process and does not contain any toxic substances. It produced from a chemical reaction, involving acetic anhydride and a modification process to make wood highly resistant to biological attacks by fungi and wood-boring insects and durable to environmental conditions. It is a new wood product in the field of wood science, following decades of research and experimentation.

John Ralph is a New Zealand-born, American chemist, wood scientist, and professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (FAAAS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger M. Rowell</span> American academic and wood scientist (born 1939)

Roger M. Rowell is an American biochemist and wood scientist of the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison and emeritus professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who is an elected fellow (FIAAM) of the International Association for Advanced Materials and an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holger Militz</span> German professor and wood scientist (born 1960)

Holger Militz is a German wood scientist and professor at the University of Goettingen, who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Niemz</span> German-born Swiss professor and wood scientist (born 1950)

Peter Niemz (1950) is a German-born Swiss materials engineer, retired wood scientist and emeritus professor of the Institute of Building Materials at ETH Zurich, who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thujaplicinol</span> A natural terpenoid belonging to tropolones

Thujaplicinol is either of two isomeric tropolone-related natural products. They are found in tree species primarily in bark, needles, xylem, of the family of Cupressaceae like the Cupressus, Thuja, Juniperus and Thujopsis. The thujaplicinols are structurally equivalent to the thujaplicins with an additional hydroxyl group. They belong to the class of natural terpenoids having two free hydroxyl groups at C3 and C5 position.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dick Sandberg</span> Swedish professor and wood scientist (born 1967)

Dick Sandberg is a Swedish mechanical engineer and wood scientist at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Teischinger</span> Austrian professor and wood scientist (born 1954)

Alfred Teischinger is an Austrian wood scientist and technologist and emeritus professor at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) of the International Academy of Wood Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerald Koch</span> German wood scientist and professor

Gerald Koch is a German wood scientist and professor, senior researcher and research scientific director at the Thünen-Institute of Wood Research at Hamburg, who is an elected fellow of the International Academy of Wood Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edmone Roffael</span> Palestinian-German professor, chemist and wood scientist

Edmone Roffael (1939–2021) was a Palestinian-German chemist and wood scientist, and former professor at the Georg-August University of Göttingen, who made noteworthy contributions to clarifying the release of formaldehyde from particleboard and MDF products, and its emission reduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robinetin</span> Type of a flavone

Robinetin is an organic compound which belongs to flavones and has the molecular formula C15H10O7.

References

  1. ↑ "Wood science". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  2. ↑ "Springer Handbook of Wood Science and Technology". Springer Handbooks. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2023. p. 25-26. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81315-4. ISBN   978-3-030-81314-7. ISSN   2522-8692. S2CID   257902863.
  3. ↑ Mai, Carsten; Schmitt, Uwe; Niemz, Peter (2021-12-31). "A brief overview on the development of wood research". Holzforschung. 76 (2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 102–119. doi: 10.1515/hf-2021-0155 . hdl: 20.500.11850/524024 . ISSN   0018-3830. S2CID   245594339.
  4. ↑ Bowyer, J. L. (2000-10-05). "Wood science in a changing world - Where are we headed?". Wood Science and Technology. 34 (3): 175–181. doi:10.1007/s002260000049. ISSN   0043-7719.
  5. ↑ "Forest Products Laboratory". US Forest Service Research and Development. 2023-10-12. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  6. ↑ Köstler, J.N.; Kollmann, F.; v. Massov, V. (1960). Denkschrift zur Lage der Forstwirtschaft und Holzforschung. Wies-baden: Wiesbaden: Steiner. pp. 2–3.
  7. ↑ Mai, Carsten; Schmitt, Uwe; Niemz, Peter (2021-12-31). "A brief overview on the development of wood research". Holzforschung. 76 (2). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 102. doi: 10.1515/hf-2021-0155 . hdl: 20.500.11850/524024 . ISSN   0018-3830. S2CID   245594339.
  8. ↑ Bowyer, J. L. (2000-10-05). "Wood science in a changing world - Where are we headed?". Wood Science and Technology. 34 (3): 176–177. doi:10.1007/s002260000049. ISSN   0043-7719.
  9. ↑ Sonderegger, Walter; Niemz, Peter (2021). Physik des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe. Carl Hanser. pp. 27–35. doi:10.3139/9783446445468.002. S2CID   187780277.
  10. ↑ "The International Academy of Wood Science". The International Academy of Wood Science. 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  11. ↑ "International Academy of Wood Science UIA Yearbook Profile". 1966-06-02. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  12. ↑ "Springer Handbook of Wood Science and Technology". Springer Handbooks. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2023. p. 25. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81315-4. ISBN   978-3-030-81314-7. ISSN   2522-8692. S2CID   257902863.
  13. ↑ "Welcome". Inside Wood. 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  14. ↑ Wood handbook—Wood as an engineering material (PDF). Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL–GTR–113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.: Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. p. 463.
  15. ↑ "Wood Science & Technology". Google Scholar Metrics. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  16. ↑ "Holzforschung". De Gruyter (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  17. ↑ "European Journal of Wood and Wood Products". Springer. 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  18. ↑ "Wood Science and Technology (Journal of The International Academy of Wood Science)". Springer. 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  19. ↑ "Wood Material Science & Engineering". Taylor & Francis. 2023-10-09. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  20. ↑ "Cellulose". Springer. 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  21. ↑ http://www.jwrs.org/english/journals/mkz-e/ In japanese, Wood Science and Technology, Japanese Scientific Journal of Wood Sciences (The Japan Wood Research Society)
  22. ↑ "Journal of Wood Science". SpringerOpen. 2023-09-19. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  23. ↑ "BioResources". BioResources. 2023-10-21. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  24. ↑ "IAWA Journal". Brill. 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  25. ↑ "Home Page". Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología. 1990-01-06. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  26. ↑ "Wood Research – Slovak Forest Products Research Institute". woodresearch.sk. 2023-10-21. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  27. ↑ "Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology". Taylor & Francis. 2023-10-04. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  28. ↑ "Forest Products Journal - Forest Product Society".
  29. ↑ "Forest Products Journal". meridian.allenpress.com. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  30. ↑ Morrell, Jeffrey (2023-08-16). "Wood and Fiber Science". Wood and Fiber Science. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  31. ↑ "Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology". Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  32. ↑ "International Wood Products Journal". Taylor & Francis. 2023-08-21. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  33. ↑ "Scientific journal of wood technology". DRVNA INDUSTRIJA. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  34. ↑ https://www.drewno-wood.pl/ Drewno (Wood), Polish Scientific Journal of Wood (Poznan Institute of Technology)
  35. ↑ "Iranian Journal of Wood and Paper Industries". مجله صنایع چوب و کاغذ ایران. 2022-09-11. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  36. ↑ Yadav, Ronak; Gupta, Sangeeta; Verma, P. K.; Sharma, Upasna (2024-03-11). "Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science". SpringerLink. Retrieved 2024-03-12.
  37. ↑ "Springer Handbook of Wood Science and Technology". Springer Handbooks. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2023. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81315-4. ISBN   978-3-030-81314-7. ISSN   2522-8692. S2CID   257902863.
  38. ↑ "Science and Technology of Wood – Structure, Properties, Utilization (Tsoumis, G.) – Verlag Kessel". Verlag Kessel – Wir machen Bücher. (in German). Retrieved 2023-10-27.
  39. ↑ Hill, Callum A. S. (2006-01-13). Wood Modification. Wiley. doi:10.1002/0470021748. ISBN   978-0-470-02172-9.
  40. ↑ Kollmann, Franz F. P.; Kuenzi, Edward W.; Stamm, Alfred J. (1975). Principles of Wood Science and Technology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-87931-9. ISBN   978-3-642-87933-3. S2CID   40781396.
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