Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat

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Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat
Saccolaimus flaviventris Museum Victoria.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Emballonuridae
Genus: Saccolaimus
Species:
S. flaviventris
Binomial name
Saccolaimus flaviventris
Peters, 1867 [2]
Yellow-Bellied Pouched Bat area.png
Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat range

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat [3] (Saccolaimus flaviventris), also known as the yellow-bellied sheathtail or yellow-bellied pouched bat, is a microbat species of the family Emballonuridae found extensively in Australia and less commonly in parts of Papua New Guinea. [4] [5]

Contents

Although found throughout most parts of Australia, very little is known about its ecology due to the small size, nocturnal activity, and general elusiveness of most microbat species, making them difficult to study. [6] [7] [8] They are sometimes mistaken for the endangered and less widely distributed bare-rumped sheathtail bat where the two species occur sympatrically, as well as other similar Emballonuridae species, but upon inspection are quite distinct and easily identified [6] [9] [10]

At present, the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is the only member of the Microchiroptera that has been positively identified as a carrier of Australian bat lyssavirus. [11]

Taxonomy

The first description of the species was provided by Wilhelm Peters in 1867, [2] using a specimen that G. R. Waterhouse had proved to John Gould. [12] The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat belongs to the suborder Microchiroptera, or insectivorous microbats, and is the largest Australian member of the family Emballonuridae. [6] The Emballonuridae are distinguished by a partially membrane-enclosed tail that projects into a sheath, hence the descriptive term sheathtail, and is represented by eight known Australian species. [5] Within Australia, the family is divided into two genera: Taphozous and Saccolaimus , the latter of which the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is one of only four known representatives worldwide. [13]

Description

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is quite large with a mean body weight of 44 g that ranges from 28 to 60 g, and a mean head-body length of 81.8 mm that ranges from 72.3-91.9 mm. [5] [8] It has distinct fur colouration, with the dorsal back being a shiny jet black and the ventral underside a contrasting creamy white. [5] [6] Males of the species have a distinctive gular throat pouch that is believed to play a role in territorial marking. [6] [14] [15] The throat pouch is absent in females, which instead have naked folds of skin around their throats. [14] Unlike many other sheathtails, this species does not have a wing pouch in either sex. [5]

Other distinguishing features of the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat are a flattened head and sharply pointed muzzle, [16] a mean forearm length of 74–77 mm, [5] [6] and a mean outer canine width of 6.4 mm. [5]

Distribution and habitat

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat appears to be wide-ranging, occurring across most parts of eastern and northern Australia, [17] though in what densities remains uncertain due to the difficulties associated with capture and detection of the species. [7] [8] Much of the distribution understanding of this species has developed as a result of incidental sightings, [18] [19] such as one record from central western Queensland that was taken from a mummified bat found on a barbed-wire fence. [20] Though most common throughout the tropical regions of their range, [5] yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats are known to occur regularly in semi-arid environments including the Mallee region of north-western Victoria, [18] Gundabooka National Park in northwestern New South Wales, [19] and central-western Queensland. [20] This species likely migrates into its southerly range during summer, with seasonal records placing bats in most parts of Victoria, southwestern New South Wales, and the adjacent regions of South Australia. [16] Though less common, two specimens of yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats have been found in Papua New Guinea, one in the National Capital District and the other in Central Province. [4] [8]

This species occupies most wooded habitats, including both wet and dry sclerophyll forest, mallee and Acacia shrubland, desert, and open woodland. [5] [7] They are a hollow-roosting species, so tend to be found in proximity of adequate old-growth trees. [21]

Ecology

Roosting habits

Few studies have been carried out to determine the specific roosting habits of this species. [6] Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats are a cavity-roosting species and are generally reliant on old-growth forest hollows. [21] However, they have been known to opportunistically use abandoned animal burrows and human structures, and roost under dry clay and rock, though generally only solitary bats have been observed to do this. [5] [16]

Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats are mostly solitary, occasionally nesting in small, mixed-sex colonies of two to 10 individuals. [5] [8] A notable exception to this observation is the Brightview colony, found in southeast Queensland in 1996. The colony was discovered by accident during the felling of an old tree, and consisted of 29 individuals – the largest colony of yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats recorded. [6]

Seasonality

Though no confirmatory studies have been carried out, yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats may be migratory based on local records that show the species occurring only at specific times of year. [7] [8] Though specific seasonal movements are unknown, observations have suggested migratory movements to the cooler southern Australian ranges during the summer. [5] [16] The possibility of seasonal migration is supported by studies of long, narrow wing shape in the species that appears suited to migration [6] and the seasonal appearance of apparently exhausted bats in Victoria and South Australia. [5] [6]

Diet and foraging

Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats are canopy feeders, meaning that they are capable of fast flight, but inefficient at rapid maneuvering. They generally feed at heights of 20–25 m, unless feeding in open spaces or at forest edges, where they forage lower. [5] [6] [16] Studies of stomach contents have found Orthoptera (grasshopper), Coleoptera (beetle), and Hemiptera (true bug) species, with beetles making up the bulk of the diet. [22] [23]

Reproduction

Breeding receptivity in the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat begins in August when the right uterine horn increases in diameter, achieving maximum size in November. [14] A single offspring is produced between December and March, with mammary glands regressing by the end of May. [6] [14]

Flight

Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats have a distinctive flight behaviour characterised by a fast, straight-line flight path with slow wing beats. [7] This distinctive flight pattern combined with the light-coloured fur of the ventral underside make the species easy to identify in flight. [6] The long, narrow wing shape and large body mass of the species allow for rapid flight with low maneuverability, making it best suited to canopy level and open-space flight. [6] [7]

Physiology

The yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is a nocturnal species that appears to be most active at least one hour after dark, but only maintains this activity briefly for a few hours. [6] Many Emballonuridae species have been shown to conserve energy through prolonged states of torpor. [24]

Behaviour and communication

Like all microbats, the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat communicates using echolocation, with only some sounds audible to the range of human hearing. Observational recordings have shown specific sequences of sounds to be associated with different behaviours, such as foraging, prey acquisition, and territoriality. [6] This species has been observed engaging in intraspecific aerial displays of aggression. [5] [6]

Conservation

Though infrequently encountered, the conservation status of the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat is categorised as of least concern, because the species is both widespread and versatile in its habitat selection, thus is considered unlikely to decline rapidly. [25] Conservation status at the state level is more cautious, most likely due to insufficient population data. In NSW, the species is listed as vulnerable under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995, [16] in South Australia as rare under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, [26] and in Victoria as threatened under the provisions of Part 3 of the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. [27]

The main threats to conservation of the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat are habitat loss, particularly of old-growth trees, disturbance to roosting sites, and prey depletion or secondary poisoning as a result of pesticides and herbicides. [16] [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emballonuridae</span> Family of bats

Emballonuridae is a family of microbats, many of which are referred to as sac-winged or sheath-tailed bats. They are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The earliest fossil records are from the Eocene.

<i>Australian bat lyssavirus</i> Species of virus

Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), originally named Pteropid lyssavirus (PLV), is a zoonotic virus closely related to the rabies virus. It was first identified in a 5-month-old juvenile black flying fox collected near Ballina in northern New South Wales, Australia, in January 1995 during a national surveillance program for the recently identified Hendra virus. ABLV is the seventh member of the genus Lyssavirus and the only Lyssavirus member present in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghost bat</span> Species of bat

The ghost bat is a species of bat found in northern Australia. The species is the only Australian bat that preys on large vertebrates – birds, reptiles and other mammals – which they detect using acute sight and hearing, combined with echolocation, while waiting in ambush at a perch. The wing membrane and bare skin is pale in colour, their fur is light or dark grey over the back and paler at the front. The species has a prominent and simple nose-leaf, their large ears are elongated and joined at lower half, and the eyes are also large and dark in colour. The first description of the species was published in 1880, its recorded range has significantly contracted since that time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little red flying fox</span> Species of bat

The little red flying-fox is a megachiropteran bat native to northern and eastern Australia. The species weighs about half a kilogram, one US pound, and is the smallest species of Pteropus in mainland Australia. P. scapulatus occurs at the coast and further inland, camping and flying to the tropical to temperate regions that provide them with an annual source of nectar. They exhibit an unusual method of obtaining drinking water during dry periods, skimming a stream's surface to gather it onto their fur while they are in flight.

The northern cave bat is a vesper bat that occurs throughout most of Australia.

Finlayson's cave bat is a species of vesper bat found only in Australia.

<i>Saccolaimus</i> Genus of bats

Saccolaimus is a genus of the family Emballonuridae, small insectivorous bats with distinctive sheathtails and pouches at the wrist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papuan sheath-tailed bat</span> Species of bat

The Papuan sheath-tailed bat is a species of bat in the family Emballonuridae which occurs at the Cape York Peninsula and New Guinea. The poorly known species hunts in open forests for night flying insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naked-rumped pouched bat</span> Species of bat

The naked-rumped pouched bat, also known as the pouched tomb bat, is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae.

<i>Taphozous</i> Genus of bats

Taphozous is a genus of the family Emballonuridae. The wide distribution of the genus includes several regions of Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Africa. Taphozous comes from the Greek τάφος, meaning "a tomb". The common names for species include variants on sac-winged, sheathtail, or tomb bats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common sheath-tailed bat</span> Species of bat

The common sheathtail bat, is a bat in the family Emballonuridae, occurring in northern Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hildegarde's tomb bat</span> Species of bat

Hildegarde's tomb bat is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae. It is found near the coast in Kenya and Tanzania where it feeds in tropical dry forests and roosts in caves. It is a diurnal species and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as "endangered". The specific name hildegardeae was given in honour of anthropologist Hildegarde Beatrice Hinde.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hill's sheath-tailed bat</span> Species of bat

Hill's sheath-tailed bat is a bat of the family Emballonuridae. They are found in the deserts of central Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arnhem sheath-tailed bat</span> Species of bat

The Arnhem sheath-tailed bat, species is an emballonurid bat found at the Top End of Australia. The species is also referred to as the white-striped sheathtail for the distinguishing marks at the flank, a feature observable beneath the wing when the animal is in flight. Records of the species are rare.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mauritian tomb bat</span> Species of bat

The Mauritian tomb bat is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae that is found in central and southern Africa and Madagascar. It was discovered in 1818 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and is characterized by an all-white ventral surface, grizzled dorsal coloration, and conical face. It has exceptionally good eyesight, a trait which is common in old world bats and enables it to find roosting locations. It has adapted itself to a wide range of habitats including subarid scrub to semi-tropical savanna and can be found throughout much of Africa south of the Sahara, including many of the surrounding islands. They often seek out refuge in cool dry areas. Mauritian tomb bats help control pest populations, including insects that carry human diseases. These bats tend to be nocturnal hunters and their normal prey consists of moths, butterflies, and termites. Not prone to large-scale roosting, T. mauritianus is most often spotted on the sides of buildings or on the trunks of trees in groups of around five individuals. They breed on average once or twice a year and rear usually one pup, though twins are occasionally reported. They usually deposit their hungry offspring in areas where they can feed ferociously, most often in berry bushes. This species is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List due their wide distribution and stable population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Troughton's sheath-tailed bat</span> Species of bat

Troughton's sheath-tailed bat is a species of sheathtail bat in the family Emballonuridae, found only in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-striped free-tailed bat</span> Species of bat

The white-striped free-tailed bat is a species of bat in the family Molossidae. Its echolocation calls are audible to humans, which is a characteristic found in only a few microbat species. The species was formerly classified as Tadarida australis.

References

  1. ↑ Armstrong, K.; Lumsden, L. (2017). "Saccolaimus flaviventris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T19799A22006694. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T19799A22006694.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Peters, W. (1867). "On Taphozous flaviventris, Gould, a new Species of Bat from Australia". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1866: 417–556. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1866.tb00426.x.
  3. ↑ Van Dyke, S. and Strahan, R. (eds.) (2008) The Mammals of Australia, 3rd Edition, New Holland / Queensland Museum, Brisbane ISBN   978-1-877069-25-3
  4. 1 2 Flannery, T. F. 1995. The Mammals of New Guinea, 2nd edition. Reed Books, Sydney, Australia.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Churchill, Sue. 2008. Australian bats, 2nd ed. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Rhodes, M. P., and Hall, L. S. 1997. Observations on Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bats Saccoliamus flaviventris (Peters, 1867)(Chiroptera: Emballonuridae). Australian Zoologist 30:351-357.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reardon, T. B., and Flavel, S. C. 1987. A guide to the bats of South Australia. South Australian Museum.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Richards, G. C. 2008. Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat, Saccolaimus flaviventris. In: S. Van Dyck and R. Strahan (eds), The mammals of Australia. Third Edition, pp. 472-473. Reed New Holland, Sydney, Australia.
  9. ↑ Schulz, M. and Thomson, B. 2007. National recovery plan for the bare-rumped sheathtail bat Saccolaimus saccolaimus nudicluniatus . Report to Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Canberra. Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Brisbane.
  10. ↑ Milne, D. J., Jackling, F. C., Sidhu, M., and Appleto B. R. 2009. Shedding new light on old species identifications: morphological and genetic evidence suggest a need for conservation status review of the critically endangered bat, Saccolaimus saccolaimus. Wildlife research 36:496-508.
  11. ↑ Barrett, J. L. 2004. Australian Bat Lyssavirus. PhD Thesis, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland.
  12. ↑ Ramsay, E.P. (1879). "Contributions to the zoology of New Guinea. Parts I and II". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 3: 241–305 [243]. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.22241.
  13. ↑ Troughton, E. Le G. 1925. A revision of the genera Taphozous and Saccolaimus (Chiroptera) in Australia and New Guinea, including a new species, and a note on two Malayan forms. Records of the Australian Museum 14:313-341
  14. 1 2 3 4 Chimimba, C.T. and Kitchener, D.J. 1987. Breeding in the Australian yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat, Saccolaimus flaviventris (Peters, 1867) (Chiroptera Emballonuridae). Records – Western Australian Museum 13:241-248.
  15. ↑ Hall, L. S. and Gordon. G. 1982. The throat-pouch of the yellow-bellied bat, Taphozous flaviventris. Mammalia 46:247-252
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat – profile, Office of Environment and Heritage, accessed 7 October 2014
  17. 1 2 Dickman, C. R., Pressey, R. L., Lim, L., and Parnaby, H. E. 1993. Mammals of particular conservation concern in the Western Division of New South Wales. Biological Conservation 65:219-248.
  18. 1 2 Lumsden, I. F. and Bennet, A. F. 1995. Bats of a semi-arid environment in south-eastern Australia: biogeography, ecology and conservation. Wildlife Research 22:217-239.
  19. 1 2 Pennay, M. n.d. Ecological study of the endangered bristle-nosed bat (Mormopterus ‘species 6’) and survey of Microchiropteran bats in Gundabooka National Park - Report for NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service Upper Darling Region. NSW Department of Environment & Conservation.
  20. 1 2 Young, R. A. and Ford, G. I. 2000. Bat fauna of a semi-arid environment in central western Queensland, Australia. Wildlife Research 27:203-215.
  21. 1 2 Hall, L. S. and Richards, G. C. 1979. Bats of eastern Australia. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
  22. ↑ Vestjens, W. J. M. and Hall, L. S. 1977. Stomach contents of forty-two species of bats from the Australasian region. Wildlife Research 4:25-35.
  23. ↑ Coles, R. B. and Lumsden, L. 1993. Report on the survey of bats in the Heathlands area of Cape York Peninsula. Cape York Peninsula Scientific Expedition Wet Season 1992 Report 2:247-259.
  24. ↑ Geiser, F; Turbill, C (2009). "Hibernation and daily torpor minimize mammalian extinctions". Naturwissenschaften. 96 (10): 1235–40. Bibcode:2009NW.....96.1235G. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0583-0. PMID   19578825. S2CID   11344266.
  25. ↑ McKenzie, N. and Pennay, M. 2008. Saccolaimus flaviventris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 12 October 2014.
  26. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia Accessed 7 October 2014.
  27. ↑ Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria. 2013, The State of Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment, accessed 7 October 2014

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