Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

Last updated
Romanian Cyrillic
Romanian Cyrillic alphabet chart.svg
Script type
Time period
14th–19th centuries
Languages Romanian
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Early Cyrillic alphabet
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language & Church Slavonic before the 1860s, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet.[ citation needed ] Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Russian-ruled Bessarabia. [1]

Contents

From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, the Romanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet. [2] The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881. [3]

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (which is based on the modern Russian alphabet) that was used in the Moldavian SSR for most of the Soviet era and that is still used in Transnistria.

Table of correspondence

The Cyrillic script
Slavic letters
А А̀ А̂ А̄ Ӓ Б В Г
Ґ Д Ђ Ѓ Е Ѐ Е̄ Е̂
Ё Є Ж З З́ Ѕ И І
Ї Ѝ И̂ Ӣ Й Ј К
Л Љ М Н Њ О О̀ О̂
Ō Ӧ П Р С С́ Т Ћ
Ќ У У̀ У̂ Ӯ Ў Ӱ Ф
Х Ц Ч Џ Ш Щ Ъ
Ъ̀ Ы Ь Ѣ Э Ю Ю̀ Я
Я̀
Non-Slavic letters
Ӑ А̊ А̃ Ӓ̄ Ӕ Ә Ә́ Ә̃
Ӛ В̌ Ԝ Г̑ Г̇ Г̣ Г̌ Г̂
Г̆ Г̈ г̊ Ҕ Ғ Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with stroke and descender.svg Ӻ Ғ̌
ғ̊ Ӷ Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with hook.svg Д́ Д̌ Д̈ Д̣ Д̆
Ӗ Е̃ Ё̄ Є̈ Ԑ Ԑ̈ Җ Ӝ
Ӂ Ж̣ Ҙ Ӟ З̌ З̣ З̆ Ӡ
И̃ Ӥ Ҋ Қ Ӄ Ҡ Ҟ Ҝ
К̣ к̊ қ̊ Ԛ Л́ Ӆ Ԯ
Ԓ Л̈ Ӎ Н́ Ӊ Ң Ԩ
Ӈ Ҥ О̆ О̃ Ӧ̄ Ө Ө̄ Ө́
Ө̆ Ӫ Ԥ П̈ Ҏ Р̌ С̌ Ҫ
С̣ С̱ Т́ Т̈ Т̌ Т̇ Т̣ Ҭ
Cyrillic capital letter Te Soft-sign.svg У̃ Ӳ У̊ Ӱ̄ Ұ Ү Ү́
Х̣ Х̱ Х̮ Х̑ Х̌ Ҳ Ӽ х̊
Ӿ ӿ̊ Һ Һ̈ Ԧ Ц̌ Ц̈ Ҵ
Ҷ Ҷ̣ Ӵ Ӌ Cyrillic capital letter Che with hook.svg Ҹ Ч̇ Ч̣
Ҽ Ҿ Ш̣ Ы̆ Ы̄ Ӹ
Ҍ Ҩ Э̆ Э̄ Э̇ Ӭ Ӭ́ Ӭ̄
Ю̆ Ю̈ Ю̄ Я̆ Я̄ Я̈ Ӏ ʼ
ˮ
Archaic or unused letters
Cyrillic capital letter script A.svg А̨ Б̀ Б̣ Б̱ В̀ Г̀ Г̧
Г̄ Г̓ Г̆ Ҕ̀ Ҕ̆ Cyrillic capital letter split by middle ring Ghe.svg Ԁ Д̓
Д̀ Д̨ Cyrillic capital letter archaic Dje.svg Ԃ Е̇ Е̨
Ж̀ Ж̑ Cyrillic small letter Zhe with stroke.svg Cyrillic capital letter Je with inverted belt.svg Cyrillic small letter Dje with high right breve serif.svg Џ̆
Ꚅ̆ З̀ З̑ Ԅ Ԇ
Ԫ Cyrillic capital letter Shha with Cil top.svg Cyrillic capital letter Shha with high right breve serif.svg І̂ І̣ І̨
Cyrillic capital letter byelorussian-ukrainian I with curve at bottom.svg Ј̵ Ј̃ К̓ К̀ К̆ Ӄ̆
К̑ К̇ К̈ К̄ Ԟ К̂ Cyrillic capital letter Ka with loop.svg Cyrillic small letter ka with ascender.svg
Л̀ Ԡ Ԉ Л̑ Л̇ Ԕ Cyrillic small letter El with retroflex hook.svg
Cyrillic small letter El Er.svg Cyrillic small letter Te El with retroflex hook.svg М̀ М̃ Н̀ Н̄ Н̧
Н̃ Ԋ Ԣ Н̡ Ѻ
Cyrillic small letter O with notch at top.svg Cyrillic capital letter O with notch at bottom.svg Cyrillic capital letter O with left notch.svg П̓ П̀
П́ Ҧ П̧ П̑ Ҁ Ԛ̆ Cyrillic capital letter Shha with hook.svg Р́
Р̀ Р̃ Cyrillic small letter split at right Er.svg Ԗ С̀ С̈ Ԍ Ҫ̓
Cyrillic capital letter long Es.svg Т̓ Т̀ Ԏ Т̑ Т̧
Ꚍ̆ Cyrillic small letter Te El.svg Cyrillic small letter voiceless L.svg Cyrillic small letter voiceless L with comma above.svg ОУ Cyrillic capital letter script U.svg У̇
У̨ ꙋ́ Ф̑ Ф̓ Х́ Х̀ Х̆ Х̇
Х̧ Х̾ Х̓ Cyrillic capital letter bashkir Ha.svg һ̱ Ѡ Ѽ
Ѿ Ц̀ Ц́ Ц̓ Cyrillic capital letter Tse with long left leg.svg Ꚏ̆
Cyrillic capital letter Cil.svg Cyrillic capital letter Cil with bar.svg Ч́ Ч̀ Ч̆ Ч̑ Ч̓
Cyrillic capital letter Char.svg Cyrillic small letter Char with high right breve serif.svg Ԭ Ꚇ̆ Ҽ̆ Ш̀
Ш̆ Ш̑ Щ̆ Ꚗ̆ Cyrillic capital letter Che Sha.svg Ъ̄ Ъ̈
Ъ̈̄ Ы̂ Ы̃ Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting stroke.svg Ѣ́ Ѣ̈ Ѣ̆
Э̨ Э̂ Ю̂ Cyrillic capital letter iotified monograph uk.svg Cyrillic capital letter iotified monograph uk with breve.svg
Я̈ Я̂ Я̨ Ԙ Ѥ Ѧ Ѫ
Ѩ Ѭ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ
Ѷ

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of the Early Cyrillic alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic liturgical language.

Letter Numerical
value
Romanian
Latin
equivalent
Transitional
alphabet
Moldovan
Cyrillic
equivalent
PhonemeRomanian
name [4]
Slavonic
equiv.
name
А а 1aA aа/a/azазъ (azŭ)
Б Б bБ Бб/b/bucheбꙋкꙑ (buky)
В в 2vВ вв/v/vedeвѣдѣ (vĕdĕ)
Г г 3gh (before e, i)

g (elsewhere)

G gг/ɡ/glagolглаголи (glagoli)
Д д 4dD dд/d/dobruдобро (dobro)
Є є, Е е [lower-alpha 1] 5eE eе/e/estєстъ (estŭ)
Ж ж jЖ жж/ʒ/juveteживѣтє (živěte)
Ѕ ѕ 6dzḐ ḑдз/d͡z/zaluꙃѣло (dzělo)
З з 7zZ zз/z/zemleзємл҄ꙗ (zemlja)
И и 8iI iи/i/ijeижє (iže)
Й й [lower-alpha 2] iĬ ĭй/j/,/ʲ/
І і [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4] 10iI iи/i/iи (i)
К к 20ch (before e, i)

c (elsewhere)

К к
or
K k
к/k/kakuкако (kako)
Л л 30lЛ лл/l/liudeлюдиѥ (ljudije)
М м 40mM mм/m/misleteмꙑслитє (myslite)
Н н 50nN nн/n/nașнашь (našĭ)
Ѻ ѻ, О о [lower-alpha 1] 70oO oо/o̯/onонъ (onŭ)
П п 80pП пп/p/pocoiпокои (pokoi)
Р р 100rР рр/r/râțăрьци (rĭci)
С с 200sS sс/s/slovăслово (slovo)
Т т 300tT tт/t/tferduтврьдо (tvrĭdo)
ОУ оу [lower-alpha 1] 400u Ꙋ ꙋ [5] (Ȣ, ȣ, ɣ)у/u/upsilonꙋкъ (ukŭ)
Оу Ȣ, У Ȣ [lower-alpha 1] ucu
Ф ф 500fF fф/f/fârtaфрьтъ (frĭtŭ)
Х х 600hХ хх/h/heruхѣръ (xěrŭ)
Ѡ ѡ [lower-alpha 5] 800oO oо/o/omegaотъ (otŭ)
Щ щ ștЩ щшт/ʃt/șteaща (šta)
Ц ц 900țЦ цц/t͡s/țiци
Ч ч 90c (before e, i)

ci (elsewhere)

Ч чч/t͡ʃ/cervuчрьвь (črĭvĭ)
Ш ш șШ шш/ʃ/șaша (ša)
Ъ ъ ă, ŭ [lower-alpha 6] Ъ ъэ/ə/ierѥръ (jerŭ)
Ы ы, Ꙑ  â, îÎ îы/ɨ/ieriѥрꙑ (jery)
Ь ь ă, ŭ, ĭ [lower-alpha 6] Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆ьѥрь (jerĭ)
Ѣ ѣ eaEa eaя/e̯a/eati(u)ѣть (ětĭ)
Ю ю iuĬꙋ ĭꙋю/ju/Io / iuю (ju)
  [lower-alpha 1] iaĬa ĭaиа/ja/ia (ja)
Ѥ ѥ [lower-alpha 1] ieĬe ĭeие/je/ѥ (je)
Ѧ ѧ ĭa, ea [lower-alpha 6] Ĭa ĭa, Ea eaя/ja/iaѧсъ (ęsŭ)
Ѫ ѫ îÎ îы/ɨ/iusѫсъ (ǫsŭ)
Ѯ ѯ [lower-alpha 7] 60xKs ksкс/ks/csiѯи (ksi)
Ѱ ѱ [lower-alpha 7] 700psПs пsпс/ps/psiѱи (psi)
Ѳ ѳ [lower-alpha 7] 9th, ftT t, Ft ftт, фт/t/ and approx. /θ/ or /f/thitaфита (fita)
Ѵ ѵ [lower-alpha 7] 400i, uI i; Ꙋ ꙋи, у/i/,/y/,/v/ijițaижица (ižica)
 ꙟ, ↑  în îmÎn în Îm îmын, ым/ɨn/, /ɨm/în
Џ џ g (before e, i)

gi (elsewhere)

Џ џӂ/d͡ʒ/gea

Unregulated transitional alphabets

Starting with the 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print.

Pre-18301833 [6] 1838 [7] 1846 (1) [8] 1846 (2) [9] 1848 [10] 1858 [11] 1860 [12]
А а А аА аА аА аА аA aA a
Б Б Б ББ ББ ББ ББ БB bБ Б
В в В вВ вВ вВ вВ вV vВ в
Г г Г гГ гГ гГ гГ гG gГ г
Д д Д дД дD dД дD dD dD d
Є є, Е e Є єЄ єE eΕ εE eE eE e
Ж ж Ж жЖ жЖ жЖ жЖ жJ jЖ ж
Ѕ ѕ Ѕ ѕДз дзḐ ḑДз дзDz dzDz dzDz dz
З з З зЗ зZ zЗ зZ zZ zZ z
И и И иI iI iІ іI iI iI i
І і Ї їI iI iІ іI iI iI i
К к К кК кK kК кК кK kK k
Л л Л лЛ лЛ лЛ лЛ лL lL l
М м М мМ мM mМ мM mM mM m
Н н Н нН нN nN ɴN nN nN n
Ѻ ѻ, О o О оО оO oО оО оО оO о
П п П пП пП пП пП пП пП п
Р р Р рР рР рР рР рR rР р
С с С сС сS sС сС сS sS s
Т т Т тТ тT tТ тТ тT tT t
Оу оу У у (initial)
Ꙋ ꙋ (mid and final)
Ꙋ ꙋꙊ ꙋꙊ ꙋꙊ ꙋꙊ ꙋꙊ ꙋ
Ꙋ, ȣ
Ф ф Ф фФ фФ фФ фФ фF fФ ф
Х х Х хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ х
Ѡ ѡ Ѡ ѡ [lower-alpha 8] О оO oО оO oО оО о
Щ щ Щ щЩ щЩ щШт штЩ щШt шtШt шt
Ц ц Ц цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ ц
Ч ч Ч чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ ч
Ш ш Ш шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ ш
Ъ ъ Ъ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъ
Ы ы Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟꙞ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form)Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Î îÎ î
Ѣ ѣ Ѣ ѣѢ ѣEa eaΕа εа (ligature, small letter only)Ea eaEa eaEa ea
Ю ю Ю юIꙊ iꙋ (ligature)IꙊ Iꙋ iꙋ (ligature)IꙊ Iꙋ іꙋ (ligature, small letter only)Iꙋ iꙋIꙊ iꙋ (ligature)Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ
Ꙗ ꙗ Ꙗ ꙗ (initial)
Ѧ ѧ (mid and final)
Ꙗ ꙗꙖ Iа (ligature) ꙗIА Iа ꙗIa iaĬa ĭaĬa ĭa
Ѥ ѥ Йє йєĬe ĭeĬe ĭeĬε ĭεIe ieĬe ĭeĬe ĭe
Ѧ ѧ Ꙗ ꙗ (initial)
Ѧ ѧ (mid and final)
Ꙗ ꙗꙖ Iа (ligature) ꙗIА Iа ꙗIa iaĬa ĭaĬa ĭa
Ѫ ѫ Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟꙞ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form)Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Î îÎ î
Ѯ ѯ Кс ксКс ксKs ksКс ксКс ксKs ksKs ks
Ѱ ѱ [lower-alpha 7] Пс псПс псПs пsПс псПс псПs пsПs пs
Ѳ ѳ [lower-alpha 7] Т тТ тT tѲ ѳТ тT tT t
Ѵ ѵ [lower-alpha 7] И, ꙊI, ꙊI, ꙊІ, ꙊІ, ꙊI, ꙊI, Ꙋ
Ꙟ ꙟ Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞⲛ ꙟⲛ Ꙟм ꙟмꙞn ꙟn Ꙟm ꙟmÎn în Îm îmÎn în Îm îm
Џ џ Џ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џ

Example of Romanian Cyrillic text

According to a document from the 1850s, [13] this is how the Romanian Lord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table.

Тáтъʌь нѡ́сmрꙋTatăl nostru

Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ:
Ві́е ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ та̀: Фі́е во́ѧ та̀, пре кꙋ́мь ꙟ҆ че́рю, шѝ пре пъмѫ́нть.
Пѫ́йнѣ ноа́стръ, чѣ̀ де то́ате зи́леле, дъ́неѡ но́аѡ а҆́стъзй.
Шѝ не ꙗ҆́ртъ но́аѡ даторі́йле ноа́стре,
пре кꙋ́мь шѝ но́й є҆ртъ́мь дато́рничилѡрь но́щрй.
Шѝ нꙋ́ не дꙋ́че пе но́й ꙟ҆ и҆спи́тъ. Чѝ не и҆зБъвѣще де че́ль ръ́ꙋ.
Къ а҆та̀ ꙗ҆́сте ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ, шѝ Пꙋтѣ́рѣ, шѝ мъри́рѣ ꙟ҆ вѣ́чй, а҆ми́нь.

Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințeascăse numele tău:
Vie împărăția ta: Fie voia ta, pre cumi în ceriu, și pre pământi.
Pâinea noastră, cea de toate zilele, dăneo noua astăzi.
Și ne iartă noua datoriile noastre,
pre cumi și noi iertămi datornicilori noștri.
Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită. Ci ne izbăveaște de celi rău.
Că ata iaste împrăția, și Putearea, și mărirea în veaci, amini.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Initial vs. non-initial shapes: Є/Е, Ѻ/О, Оу/У, Ꙗ/Ѧ.
  2. Й is hardly a separate letter of the alphabet; the letters Ю , Ȣ and Ѡ also accept a brevity sign.
  3. In loanwords of Greek origin (or ones adopted through the Greek language), letters И and І correspond to eta and iota, respectively. In the words of Romanian origin and in Slavic loanwords, their usage follows Bulgarian alphabet, namely, І before vowels, otherwise И.
  4. In earlier documents, Ї was preferred if no any other diacritic accepted.
  5. The distinction of Ѡ and О is present not only in loanwords, but in Romanian words as well.
  6. 1 2 3 Letters ĭ and ŭ represent a barely spoken/heard i or u.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Letters Ѯ , Ѱ , Ѳ and Ѵ are used for copying Greek spelling of loanwords (especially for names and toponyms).
  8. -лѡр only

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Paul Zarifopol was a Romanian literary and social critic, essayist, and literary historian. The scion of an aristocratic family, formally trained in both philology and the sociology of literature, he emerged in the 1910s as a rebel, highly distinctive, voice among the Romanian press and book reviewers. He was a confidant and publisher of the Romanian writer Ion Luca Caragiale, building his theories on Caragiale's already trenchant appraisals of Romanian society and culture. Zarifopol defended art for art's sake even against the Marxism of his father-in-law, Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, and the Poporanism of his friend, Garabet Ibrăileanu. He was also a noted censurer of neoclassical trends, of philistinism, and of inauthentic customs, advocating renewal, but not revolution. A skeptic reviewer of modernist literature, he reemerged during the interwar period as its dedicated promoter, but his preference for literary entertainment over substance and many of his literary bets were shortly dismissed by other experts of the day.

Constantin Gheorghe Banu was a Romanian writer, journalist and politician, who served as Arts and Religious Affairs Minister in 1922–1923. He is remembered in literary history as the founder of Flacăra review, which he published in two editions, alongside Petre Locusteanu, Ion Pillat, Adrian Maniu, and, later, Vintilă Russu-Șirianu. A best-selling magazine for its time, it functioned as a launching pad for several writers of the Romanian Symbolist movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leon Feraru</span> American poet

Leon Feraru was a Romanian and American poet, literary historian and translator. Cultivating proletarian literature while frequenting the Symbolist movement, he displayed both his origins in the Romanian Jewish underclass and his appreciation for the wider Romanian culture. He popularized the latter with his work in America, having left in 1913 to escape antisemitic pressures. A translator, publicist, and public lecturer, he was involved with the Romanian press of New York City, and eventually as a Romance studies academic at Columbia and Long Island. Feraru's poetry, collected in two volumes, mixes Romanian patriotism, traditionalist references, and modern industrial aesthetics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radu D. Rosetti</span> Romanian poet, playwright and attorney

Radu D. Rosetti or Rossetti was a Romanian poet, playwright, and short story writer, also distinguished as an attorney and activist. The son of playwright-aristocrat Dimitrie Rosetti-Max and nephew of Titu Maiorescu, he had a troubled and rebellious youth, split between Romania and Austria-Hungary; during these debut years, he kept company with senior literary figures such as Ion Luca Caragiale and Alexandru Vlahuță. Graduating from the University of Bucharest at age 26, he was already a successful poet of neoromantic sensibilities, a published translator of plays and novels, and also famous for his unhappy marriage to the literary critic Elena Bacaloglu. Rosetti then switched to writing social-themed plays and stories of his professional life, earning a high profile as a defender of left-wing causes and impoverished clients. He traveled extensively and to exotic locations, publishing a number of volumes detailing his experiences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyotr Z. Bazhbeuk-Melikov</span>

Pyotr Zakharovich Bazhbeuk-Melikov, also Bachbeouk-Melikoff, Bazhbeuk-Melikyan or Bazhbeuk-Melikishvili, was an ethnic Armenian politician and agronomist in Bessarabia. Educated in Tiflis Governorate and then in France, he had various administrative offices in the Russian Empire and the Russian Republic. He presented himself in the November 1917 election for the Russian Constituent Assembly as an affiliate of the Constitutional Democratic Party. Failing in this bid, Bazhbeuk was instead welcomed as an Armenian delegate by the Bessarabian assembly, or Sfatul Țării, just before the proclamation of a Moldavian Democratic Republic. Loyal toward the latter, he spoke out against Bolshevik infiltration, and asked for an intervention by the neighboring Kingdom of Romania. Though he welcomed the Romanian military expedition of early 1918, he found himself opposed to the subsequent union between Bessarabia and Romania, reverting to Russian monarchism.

Events from the year 1934 in Romania. The year saw the country sign the Balkan Pact.

Modern Romanian is the historical stage of the Romanian language starting from the end of the 18th century until today. In general, it is agreed that the modern era comprises three distinct periods: the premodern period starting from 1780 and lasting until 1830, the modern period from 1830 until 1880, and the contemporary period after 1881. Some researchers place the end of this last category roughly after the Second World War and the "Socialist Period", thus separating the current state of the Romanian language from a different era. Modern Romanian is characterized by the development of the Romanian alphabet and modern system of writing, initial Latin and Italian lexical item entries, followed by the central role of French in the development of the Romanian lexis, the development of literary styles, and standardization of the language.

References

  1. Ileana-Stanca Desa, Dulciu Morărescu, Ioana Patriche, Adriana Raliade, Iliana Sulică, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. III: Catalog alfabetic 1919–1924, pp. 235–236, 264, 368, 374, 575, 708, 1024. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1987
  2. George Baiculescu, Georgeta Răduică, Neonila Onofrei, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. II: Catalog alfabetic 1907–1918. Supliment 1790–1906, pp. 763, 801, 810, 813, 832, 867. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1969
  3. Grigore Chiriță, Societatea din Principatele Unite Române în perioada constituirii statului național (1856-1866), p. 134. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2004, ISBN   978-973-270-984-9
  4. According to Costache Negruzzi, "Cum am învățat românește", first published in Curier de Ambe Sexe , I, nr. 22, p.337–343
  5. Book written in the transitional alphabet showing various letter forms
  6. Грамматикъ практїкъ романо-францозѧскъ [modernised: Grammatică practică romano-franțozească compusă dupre autorii clasici cei mai noi ... - George Vida] . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  7. Filosofice și politice prin falule învățaturĭ morale - Dimitrie Țichindeal, Dositej Obradović . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  8. Magazinu istoriku pentru Dacia - Treboniu A. Laurian, Nicolae Bălcescu . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  9. Noul Testament al Domnuluī shī Mîntuītoruluī nostru Īīsus Khrīstos . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  10. Biografia lui Viliam G. Shecspri dupe Le Fourneur: Urmată de Romeo cu ... - William Shakespeare . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  11. Istoria Moldo-Romănieĭ: arătîndŭ neamurile de ċare s'aŭ loċuitŭ aceste ... - George Ioanid . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  12. Cîntece naționale: Tipărite cu fondul d-lor librarĭ Pusu i Petriu. A treia ... - O. Dumitrescu . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  13. File:Romanian-kirilitza-tatal-nostru.jpg