Part of a series on the |
COVID-19 pandemic |
---|
|
COVID-19 portal |
This article contains the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths per population as of 17 March 2024, by country. It also has cumulative death totals by country. For these numbers over time see the tables, graphs, and maps at COVID-19 pandemic deaths and COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory.
This data is for entire populations, and does not reflect the differences in rates relative to different age groups. For example, in the United States as of 27 April 2021, the reported case fatality ratios were 0.015%, 0.15%, 2.3%, and 17% for the age groups 0–17, 18–49, 50–74, and 75 or over, respectively. [1]
Variation between testing programmes worldwide results in different ascertainment rates per country: not every SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor every COVID-19-related death, will be identified, while on the other hand some deaths may be wrongly attributed to COVID (for example if all suspected COVID deaths are counted as Covid deaths, as Belgium was doing in September 2020, or when for several months after April 2020, England reported all deaths after a positive COVID-19 test "in order to be sure not to underestimate the number of COVID-19 related deaths", while Scotland reported all deaths within 28 days of such a positive test). [2] [3] Therefore, the true numbers of infections and deaths[ clarification needed ] will exceed the observed (confirmed) numbers everywhere, though the extent will vary by country. [4] These statistics are therefore less suitable for between-country comparisons. As deaths are easier to identify than infections (which are regularly asymptomatic), the true case fatality rate (CFR) is likely lower than the observed CFR.
Causes of variation in true CFRs between countries, include variations in age and overall health of the population, medical care, and classification of deaths. [5]
Excess mortality statistics provide a more reliable estimate of all COVID-19-related mortality during the pandemic, though they include both "direct COVID-19 and indirect, non-COVID-19 deaths". [6] They compare overall mortality with that of previous years, and as such also include the potentially vast number of deaths among people with unconfirmed COVID-19. Data from Russia illustrates how the true death rates from COVID-19 can be far higher than visible from confirmed COVID-19 deaths: in December 2020, based on overall excess mortality during the year, total COVID-19 deaths in Russia were estimated to be over 186,000, [7] while confirmed COVID-19 deaths were at 56,271. [8] For the Netherlands, based on overall excess mortality, an estimated 20,000 people died from COVID-19 in 2020, [9] while only the death of 11,525 identified COVID-19 cases was registered. [8] The official count of COVID-19 deaths as of December 2021 is slightly more than 5.4 million, according to World Health Organization's report in May 2022. WHO also said that the real numbers are far higher than the official tally because of unregistered deaths in countries without adequate reporting. [10]
Note: Table is automatically updated daily. [note 1] Data source is Our World in Data. [note 2] [note 3]
Country | Deaths / million | Deaths | Cases |
---|---|---|---|
World [lower-alpha 1] | 882 | 7,037,007 | 774,834,237 |
Peru | 6,485 | 220,831 | 4,524,748 |
Bulgaria | 5,704 | 38,691 | 1,328,885 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 5,067 | 16,386 | 403,601 |
Hungary | 4,920 | 49,046 | 2,230,202 |
North Macedonia | 4,764 | 9,975 | 350,555 |
Slovenia | 4,733 | 10,034 | 1,355,769 |
Croatia | 4,636 | 18,687 | 1,309,728 |
Georgia | 4,575 | 17,132 | 1,855,289 |
Montenegro | 4,232 | 2,654 | 251,280 |
Czech Republic | 4,144 | 43,494 | 4,758,465 |
Latvia | 4,033 | 7,465 | 977,701 |
Slovakia | 3,760 | 21,224 | 1,877,558 |
Greece | 3,750 | 38,945 | 5,624,522 |
San Marino | 3,739 | 126 | 25,292 |
Moldova | 3,732 | 12,217 | 635,061 |
Lithuania | 3,563 | 9,799 | 1,364,902 |
Romania | 3,494 | 68,701 | 3,524,829 |
United States | 3,488 | 1,180,025 | 103,436,829 |
Gibraltar | 3,458 | 113 | 20,550 |
United Kingdom | 3,438 | 232,112 | 24,908,726 |
Italy | 3,331 | 196,706 | 26,715,575 |
Brazil | 3,260 | 702,116 | 37,519,960 |
Armenia | 3,156 | 8,777 | 451,831 |
Chile | 3,147 | 61,705 | 5,329,509 |
Poland | 3,027 | 120,687 | 6,660,642 |
Martinique | 3,003 | 1,104 | 230,354 |
Belgium | 2,946 | 34,339 | 4,860,053 |
Paraguay | 2,931 | 19,880 | 735,759 |
Argentina | 2,869 | 130,587 | 10,090,694 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 2,867 | 4,390 | 191,496 |
European Union [lower-alpha 2] | 2,799 | 1,260,386 | 185,587,170 |
Russia | 2,779 | 402,232 | 23,983,621 |
Ukraine | 2,768 | 109,918 | 5,539,542 |
Colombia | 2,751 | 142,727 | 6,380,026 |
Aruba | 2,742 | 292 | 44,224 |
Portugal | 2,737 | 28,113 | 5,642,833 |
Serbia | 2,627 | 18,057 | 2,583,470 |
Mexico | 2,627 | 334,958 | 7,702,809 |
France | 2,599 | 167,985 | 38,997,490 |
Sweden | 2,580 | 27,219 | 2,751,035 |
Guadeloupe | 2,579 | 1,021 | 203,235 |
Bermuda | 2,569 | 165 | 18,860 |
Spain | 2,562 | 121,852 | 13,980,340 |
Austria | 2,520 | 22,534 | 6,081,287 |
Guam | 2,439 | 419 | 52,287 |
Tunisia | 2,381 | 29,423 | 1,153,361 |
Liechtenstein | 2,312 | 91 | 21,574 |
Saint Lucia | 2,273 | 409 | 30,072 |
Suriname | 2,273 | 1,405 | 82,496 |
Estonia | 2,258 | 2,995 | 610,125 |
Uruguay | 2,227 | 7,625 | 1,037,893 |
French Polynesia | 2,122 | 650 | 79,254 |
Barbados | 2,105 | 593 | 108,064 |
Germany | 2,098 | 174,979 | 38,437,756 |
Sint Maarten | 2,081 | 92 | 11,051 |
Finland | 2,069 | 11,466 | 1,499,712 |
Bahamas | 2,058 | 844 | 38,084 |
British Virgin Islands | 2,042 | 64 | 7,392 |
Ecuador | 2,001 | 36,032 | 1,068,038 |
Lebanon | 1,994 | 10,947 | 1,239,904 |
Andorra | 1,991 | 159 | 48,015 |
Panama | 1,963 | 8,657 | 1,039,408 |
Republic of Ireland | 1,899 | 9,539 | 1,734,506 |
Grenada | 1,897 | 238 | 19,693 |
Monaco | 1,836 | 67 | 17,181 |
Bolivia | 1,831 | 22,384 | 1,198,018 |
Puerto Rico | 1,825 | 5,938 | 1,252,713 |
Montserrat | 1,812 | 8 | 1,403 |
Costa Rica | 1,808 | 9,368 | 1,230,653 |
Kosovo | 1,802 | 3,212 | 274,279 |
Hong Kong | 1,798 | 13,466 | 2,876,106 |
South Africa | 1,712 | 102,595 | 4,072,636 |
Belize | 1,697 | 688 | 70,804 |
Malta | 1,695 | 904 | 121,397 |
Iran | 1,657 | 146,811 | 7,627,186 |
Denmark | 1,637 | 9,631 | 3,434,511 |
Switzerland | 1,623 | 14,188 | 4,452,607 |
Guyana | 1,607 | 1,300 | 73,947 |
Seychelles | 1,605 | 172 | 51,220 |
Namibia | 1,599 | 4,106 | 172,389 |
Curaçao | 1,595 | 305 | 45,883 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 1,556 | 146 | 9,106 |
Luxembourg | 1,544 | 1,000 | 391,176 |
Cyprus | 1,523 | 1,365 | 681,110 |
Caribbean Netherlands | 1,515 | 41 | 11,922 |
Jersey | 1,453 | 161 | 66,391 |
Collectivity of Saint Martin | 1,445 | 46 | 12,324 |
Canada | 1,412 | 54,326 | 4,780,494 |
Isle of Man | 1,372 | 116 | 38,008 |
French Guiana | 1,356 | 413 | 98,041 |
Israel | 1,344 | 12,707 | 4,841,558 |
United States Virgin Islands | 1,326 | 132 | 25,389 |
Netherlands | 1,308 | 22,986 | 8,635,061 |
Jamaica | 1,271 | 3,594 | 156,788 |
Albania | 1,268 | 3,605 | 334,863 |
Jordan | 1,251 | 14,122 | 1,746,997 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1,192 | 124 | 9,674 |
Turkey | 1,188 | 101,419 | 17,004,677 |
Eswatini | 1,187 | 1,427 | 75,191 |
Guatemala | 1,132 | 20,200 | 1,250,290 |
Malaysia | 1,100 | 37,347 | 5,274,786 |
Palestine | 1,087 | 5,708 | 703,228 |
New Caledonia | 1,082 | 314 | 80,064 |
Honduras | 1,065 | 11,114 | 472,774 |
Botswana | 1,064 | 2,800 | 330,417 |
Guernsey | 1,057 | 67 | 35,326 |
Norway | 1,054 | 5,732 | 1,506,934 |
Bahrain | 1,043 | 1,536 | 696,614 |
Dominica | 1,017 | 74 | 15,760 |
Oman | 1,011 | 4,628 | 399,449 |
Azerbaijan | 999 | 10,353 | 835,031 |
Kazakhstan | 983 | 19,072 | 1,503,687 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 964 | 46 | 6,607 |
Fiji | 951 | 885 | 69,047 |
Australia | 947 | 24,810 | 11,799,677 |
Réunion | 945 | 921 | 494,595 |
Libya | 944 | 6,437 | 507,269 |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 874 | 40 | 6,750 |
Northern Mariana Islands | 827 | 41 | 14,341 |
Mauritius | 823 | 1,070 | 327,256 |
Sri Lanka | 773 | 16,897 | 672,750 |
American Samoa | 767 | 34 | 8,359 |
Cuba | 760 | 8,530 | 1,115,043 |
Anguilla | 755 | 12 | 3,904 |
Belarus | 746 | 7,118 | 994,037 |
New Zealand | 739 | 3,837 | 2,495,178 |
Taiwan | 739 | 17,672 | 9,970,937 |
Cabo Verde | 703 | 417 | 64,474 |
South Korea | 693 | 35,934 | 34,571,873 |
Wallis and Futuna | 689 | 8 | 3,550 |
Mongolia | 672 | 2,284 | 1,011,490 |
El Salvador | 667 | 4,230 | 201,810 |
Maldives | 603 | 316 | 186,694 |
Japan | 602 | 74,694 | 33,803,572 |
Kuwait | 602 | 2,570 | 667,139 |
Indonesia | 588 | 162,055 | 6,828,808 |
Philippines | 578 | 66,864 | 4,140,383 |
Mayotte | 573 | 187 | 42,027 |
Iraq | 570 | 25,375 | 2,465,545 |
Federated States of Micronesia | 569 | 65 | 26,547 |
Cayman Islands | 538 | 37 | 31,472 |
Faroe Islands | 527 | 28 | 34,658 |
Iceland | 498 | 186 | 209,903 |
Palau | 497 | 9 | 6,265 |
Thailand | 482 | 34,569 | 4,767,700 |
Saint Barthélemy | 454 | 5 | 5,507 |
Vietnam | 440 | 43,206 | 11,624,000 |
Morocco | 435 | 16,303 | 1,278,988 |
Marshall Islands | 408 | 17 | 16,138 |
Brunei | 396 | 178 | 343,469 |
Nepal | 393 | 12,031 | 1,003,450 |
Dominican Republic | 390 | 4,384 | 661,180 |
India | 376 | 533,495 | 45,030,212 |
Greenland | 371 | 21 | 11,971 |
Myanmar | 359 | 19,494 | 641,837 |
Singapore | 359 | 2,024 | 3,006,155 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 351 | 80 | 6,736 |
Zimbabwe | 351 | 5,740 | 266,358 |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 339 | 2 | 3,426 |
Lesotho | 307 | 709 | 36,138 |
Solomon Islands | 274 | 199 | 25,954 |
Saudi Arabia | 264 | 9,646 | 841,469 |
Qatar | 256 | 690 | 514,524 |
United Arab Emirates | 248 | 2,349 | 1,067,030 |
Egypt | 223 | 24,830 | 516,023 |
Mauritania | 210 | 997 | 63,846 |
Venezuela | 206 | 5,856 | 552,695 |
Zambia | 203 | 4,069 | 349,304 |
Afghanistan | 194 | 7,982 | 231,990 |
Comoros | 191 | 160 | 9,109 |
Kiribati | 182 | 24 | 5,085 |
Cambodia | 182 | 3,056 | 139,095 |
Macau | 174 | 121 | 3,514 |
Bangladesh | 172 | 29,491 | 2,048,588 |
Djibouti | 168 | 189 | 15,690 |
Kyrgyzstan | 154 | 1,024 | 88,953 |
Algeria | 153 | 6,881 | 272,010 |
Syria | 142 | 3,163 | 57,423 |
Samoa | 139 | 31 | 16,962 |
Gambia | 137 | 372 | 12,626 |
Malawi | 131 | 2,686 | 89,168 |
Pakistan | 129 | 30,656 | 1,580,631 |
Gabon | 128 | 307 | 49,051 |
Cook Islands | 117 | 2 | 7,203 |
Senegal | 113 | 1,971 | 89,050 |
Tonga | 112 | 12 | 16,950 |
Equatorial Guinea | 109 | 183 | 17,130 |
Sudan | 107 | 5,046 | 63,993 |
Rwanda | 106 | 1,468 | 133,208 |
Kenya | 105 | 5,689 | 344,094 |
Timor-Leste | 102 | 138 | 23,460 |
Laos | 89 | 671 | 218,948 |
Tuvalu | 88 | 1 | 2,943 |
China [lower-alpha 3] | 85 | 121,993 | 99,336,751 |
Guinea-Bissau | 84 | 177 | 9,614 |
Nauru | 78 | 1 | 5,393 |
Somalia | 77 | 1,361 | 27,334 |
Uganda | 76 | 3,632 | 172,149 |
Haiti | 74 | 860 | 34,298 |
Cameroon | 70 | 1,974 | 125,137 |
Mozambique | 68 | 2,250 | 233,731 |
Papua New Guinea | 66 | 670 | 46,864 |
Republic of the Congo | 65 | 389 | 25,213 |
Yemen | 64 | 2,159 | 11,945 |
Ethiopia | 61 | 7,574 | 501,157 |
Liberia | 55 | 294 | 7,930 |
Angola | 54 | 1,937 | 107,327 |
Madagascar | 48 | 1,426 | 68,486 |
Ghana | 43 | 1,462 | 171,834 |
Vanuatu | 42 | 14 | 12,019 |
Nicaragua | 35 | 245 | 15,731 |
Guinea | 33 | 468 | 38,572 |
Mali | 32 | 743 | 33,164 |
Togo | 32 | 290 | 39,527 |
Ivory Coast | 29 | 835 | 88,384 |
Uzbekistan | 29 | 1,016 | 175,081 |
Eritrea | 27 | 103 | 10,189 |
Bhutan | 26 | 21 | 62,697 |
Central African Republic | 20 | 113 | 15,440 |
Burkina Faso | 17 | 400 | 22,109 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 14 | 1,468 | 99,338 |
Sierra Leone | 14 | 125 | 7,779 |
Nigeria | 14 | 3,155 | 267,188 |
South Sudan | 13 | 147 | 18,819 |
Tanzania | 12 | 846 | 43,223 |
Tajikistan | 12 | 125 | 17,786 |
Benin | 12 | 163 | 28,036 |
Niger | 12 | 315 | 9,515 |
Chad | 10 | 194 | 7,698 |
Burundi | 1 | 15 | 54,565 |
North Korea | 0 | 6 | 1 |
Pitcairn Islands | — | — | 4 |
Falkland Islands | — | — | 1,923 |
Niue | — | — | 993 |
Turkmenistan | — | 0 | 0 |
Vatican City | — | 0 | 26 |
Tokelau | — | 0 | 80 |
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | — | — | 2,166 |
|
Total confirmed COVID-19 deaths per million people by country: [12] [note 3] [note 4]
In epidemiology, case fatality rate (CFR) – or sometimes more accurately case-fatality risk – is the proportion of people who have been diagnosed with a certain disease and end up dying of it. Unlike a disease's mortality rate, the CFR does not take into account the time period between disease onset and death. A CFR is generally expressed as a percentage. It is a measure of disease lethality, and thus may change with different treatments. CFRs are most often used for with discrete, limited-time courses, such as acute infections.
In epidemiology, the excess deaths or excess mortality is a measure of the increase in the number deaths during a time period and/or in a certain group, as compared to the expected value or statistical trend during a reference period or in a reference population. It may typically be measured in percentage points, or in number of deaths per time unit.
Our World in Data (OWID) is a scientific online publication that focuses on large global problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, climate change, war, existential risks, and inequality.
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019, and spread to other areas of Asia and then worldwide in early 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed the outbreak had become a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The WHO ended the PHEIC on 5 May 2023. As of 17 March 2024, the pandemic has caused 7,037,007 confirmed deaths, ranking it fifth in the list of the deadliest epidemics and pandemics in history.
This is a general overview and status of places affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The first human cases of COVID-19 were identified in Wuhan, the capital of the province of Hubei in China in December 2019.
The article contains the number of cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported by each country, territory, and subnational area to the World Health Organization (WHO) and published in WHO reports, tables, and spreadsheets. As of 17 March 2024, 774,834,237 cases have been stated by government agencies from around the world to be confirmed. For more international statistics in table and map form, see COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory.
In the United States, the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in 103,436,829 confirmed cases with 1,180,025 all-time deaths, the most of any country, and the 20th-highest per capita worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic ranks first on the list of disasters in the United States by death toll; it was the third-leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer. From 2019 to 2020, U.S. life expectancy dropped by 3 years for Hispanic and Latino Americans, 2.9 years for African Americans, and 1.2 years for white Americans. These effects persisted as U.S. deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020, and life expectancy continued to fall from 2020 to 2021.
The COVID-19 pandemic began in Asia in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and has spread widely through the continent. As of 17 March 2024, at least one case of COVID-19 had been reported in every country in Asia except Turkmenistan.
The COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden is a part of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. As of 22 March 2023, there have been 2,701,192 confirmed cumulative cases and 23,851 deaths with confirmed COVID-19 in Sweden. Sweden ranks 57th in per capita deaths worldwide, and out of 47 European countries, Sweden places 30th. A 2022 estimate of excess mortality during the pandemic using IHME COVID model estimated 18,300 excess deaths during 2020-2021 The Economist model value estimated 13,670 excess deaths between 16th 2020-Mar 6th 2022.
The COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was reported to have spread to Ecuador on 29 February 2020, when a woman in her 70s tested positive for the virus. Ecuador was described in April as emerging as a possible "epicentre" of the pandemic in Latin America, with the city of Guayaquil overwhelmed to the point where bodies were being left in the street.
The COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino was a part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The virus was confirmed to have reached San Marino in February 2020.
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Cyprus on 9 March 2020. Data released by the Cypriot government includes cases in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, but does not include cases in Northern Cyprus due to the long-running Cyprus dispute.
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020 when Brazil confirmed a case in São Paulo. By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.
The COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus was a part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
This article contains the monthly cumulative number of deaths from the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported by each country, territory, and subnational area to the World Health Organization (WHO) and published in WHO reports, tables, and spreadsheets. There are also maps and timeline graphs of daily and weekly deaths worldwide.
This article contains statistics about the COVID-19 pandemic in India. COVID-19 cases, deaths, recoveries, and other statistics are shown in nationwide and regional maps and graphs.
This article presents official statistics gathered during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.
The CDC publishes official numbers of COVID-19 cases in the United States. The CDC estimates that, between February 2020 and September 2021, only 1 in 1.3 COVID-19 deaths were attributed to COVID-19. The true COVID-19 death toll in the United States would therefore be higher than official reports, as modeled by a paper published in The Lancet Regional Health – Americas. One way to estimate COVID-19 deaths that includes unconfirmed cases is to use the excess mortality, which is the overall number of deaths that exceed what would normally be expected. From March 1, 2020, through the end of 2020, there were 522,368 excess deaths in the United States, or 22.9% more deaths than would have been expected in that time period.
Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths has been witnessed around the world. Global mortality excess estimates by the World Health Organization are significantly different from official figures, pointing to undercounting– "while 1,813,188 COVID-19 deaths were reported in 2020... WHO estimates suggest an excess mortality of at least 3,000,000." The global average for underreporting COVID-19 deaths in cities is 30%. The aim of arriving at a truer death count is ultimately linked to improving national and international abilities and responses to fighting the virus. Undercounting can cause a number of problems such as delay in vaccines to priority populations.
Below you can find many detailed tables and graphs that show the historical spread and trends of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Data from 26 February 2020 – 9 March 2020 was taken by compiling news reports about the pandemic in Pakistan that minutely covered the pandemic. From 10 March 2020 – 2 April 2020, data was taken from the NIH's daily reports on COVID-19 that were published from 11 March – 3 April. Since 3 April 2020, data has been taken from the federal government's live tracker. A more detailed list of sources and data covering the national and provincial levels can be found here. Sources regarding the district level can be found in their subsection.
Russia's case definition for a COVID-19 death, for example, relies solely on results from autopsy, unlike most European countries.6 Death must have been due directly to COVID-19, so it is not counted if a patient was found to have COVID-19 but it did not cause their death.6,7 This will lead to significant underreporting, especially as Russia has one of the highest numbers of COVID-19 cases worldwide and yet has a case fatality rate of only 1.7% as of 31 July 2020.3 Spain's definition requires a positive polymerase chain reaction or antibody test for COVID-19, with only hospital deaths included in the death count despite a significant number of deaths from COVID-19 in the community and care homes.8,9 Belgium, by contrast, has one of the broadest definitions for a COVID-19 death, including all suspected cases. Care home deaths in Belgium account for around half of all excess deaths, but only 26% of care home deaths were confirmed (rather than suspected) COVID-19,10 leading to possible overcounting relative to other countries.11
Under the assumption that the incidence of other diseases remains steady over time, then excess deaths can be viewed as those caused both directly and indirectly by COVID-19 and gives a summary measure of the 'whole system' impact. ... Despite this, when seeking to understand the full impact of deaths due to COVID-19 and explain why excess deaths vary, there is a need to distinguish the component parts – of direct COVID-19 and indirect, non-COVID-19 deaths.