1782 in science

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The year 1782 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

Aviation

• December 14 – The Montgolfier brothers first test fly a hot air balloon; it floats nearly 2 km (1.2 mi). ^[1]

Biology

• Jesuit abbot Juan Ignacio Molina publishes Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili ^[2] in Spain, the first account of the natural history of his native Chile, describing many species to science for the first time (e.g., Araucaria araucana ).

Chemistry

• Telluride minerals are first discovered in a gold mine in Kleinschlatten, Transylvania (modern-day Zlatna, Romania) by Austrian mineralogist Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein.
• Winter 1782–83 – Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace begin to use the world's first ice calorimeter to determine the heat evolved in various chemical changes (calculations based on Joseph Black's prior discovery of latent heat), marking the foundation of thermochemistry.

Medicine

• September – Nottingham General Hospital opens to patients in England. ^[3]

Physics

• Jean-Paul Marat publishes Recherches physiques sur l'électricité (Research into the Physics of Electricity)
• Giordano Riccati publishes experiments determining what will later be known as Young's modulus. ^[4]

Technology

• John Arnold patents his improvements in the construction of marine chronometers in Britain. ^[5]

Institutions

• Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is appointed Director of the Imperial Academy of Arts and Sciences in Saint Petersburg. ^[6]

Awards

• Copley Medal: Richard Kirwan ^[7]

Births

• April 7 – Marie-Anne Libert, Belgian botanist (died 1865)
• June 3 – Charles Waterton, English naturalist and explorer (died 1865)
• June 16 – Olry Terquem, French Jewish geometer (died 1862)

Deaths

• January 18 – Sir John Pringle, Scottish-born physician (born 1707)
• March 17 – Daniel Bernoulli, Dutch-Swiss mathematician (born 1700)
• May 16 – Daniel Solander, Swedish-born botanist (born 1733)
• May 20 – William Emerson, English mathematician (born 1701)
• Elisabeth Christina von Linné, Swedish botanist (born 1743)
• unknown date– Christine Kirch, German astronomer (born 1696)

References

1. Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1983). The Montgolfier Brothers and the Invention of Aviation, 1783-1784. Princeton University Press. p. 21. ISBN   0-691-08321-5.
2. Translated into English as The Geographical, Natural and Civil History of Chili, in two volumes. Volume I,Volume II.
3. Bittiner, John Bruce; Lowe, David (1990). Nottingham General Hospital - Personal Reflections (PDF). Nottingham: Special Trustees for Nottingham University Hospitals. p. 8.
4. Riccati, G. (1782). "Delle vibrazioni sonore dei cilindri". Memoria di Matematica e di Fisica della Società Italiana del Scienze. 1: 444–525.
5. Betts, Jonathan (2004). "Arnold, John (1735/6–1799)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/677 . Retrieved 2012-03-09.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
6. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dashkov, Catherina Romanovna Vorontsov, Princess"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 844.
7. "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.