In Adygea, Mari El, Tatarstan and Sakha, the language qualification was applied at the elections, that is, the candidates were required to know the language of the titular ethnic group.[1]
Background
In 1990, a fundamentally important reform took place: the speakers of the regional Supreme Councils (in the republics) and the chairmen of the Soviets of People's Deputies (in oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs and federal cities) became senior officials instead of the first secretaries of the CPSU local committees.[2]
After the August putsch of 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On the issues of the activities of executive authorities." According to this document, regional administrations with Head of administration as the senior official in the region. Heads of administrations were appointed and removed from office by the president. However, this rule did not apply to autonomous republics where the highest official was elected directly by voters or by deputies of local parliaments (In 1991, elections were held in 8 of 21 republics). On 24 October 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Russia adopted the law "On the election of the head of administration" and scheduled the elections in a number of Russian regions for December 8 of the same year.
However a week later, on November 1, the Congress of People's Deputies introduced a moratorium on gubernatorial elections until December 1992 and approved the president's right to appoint regional leaders.[3]
Election of the Mayor and Vice Mayor of Moscow were held on 12 June 1991 simultaneously with the election of the President of the RSFSR. Chairman of the Moscow City Council Gavriil Popov won earning 65% of the vote. In June 1992 Popov resigned and his vice mayor, former chairman of the city executive committee Yury Luzhkov succeeded him.
Former chairman of executive committee of the Moscow City Council Valery Saykin, Chairman of Sevastopolsky District council Aleksey Bryachikhin, Head of Spektr scientific production association Vladimir Klyuyev were the opponents of Popov-Luzhkov ticket.[4]
Election of the Mayor of Leningrad were held on 12 June 1991 simultaneously with the election of the President of the RSFSR. Chairman of Leningrad City Council Anatoly Sobchak won with 66% of the vote, representing the democratic anti-communist forces. Sobchak's only rival was Yuri Sevenard, member of the Leningrad City Council, director of Lengidroenergospetsstroy industrial construction association. Three month later Leningrad was officially renamed Saint Petersburg following a referendum.[7]
Presidential elections in Tatarstan were held on 12 June 1991 simultaneously with the election of the President of Russia. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic Mintimer Shaymiyev ran uncontested, earning 70.6% of the vote.[5] On July 4 Shaymiyev was sworn in as the first president of Tatarstan.[8]
Kalmykia
The first presidential election in Kalmykia was held on 19 October and 3 November 1991. 62.7% of the population participated in the first tour and 57.6% in the second tour.[5] Neither of three candidates, chairman of the Council of Ministers Batyr Mikhailov, Supreme Soviet chairman Vladimir Basanov[9] or head of Chernozemelsky District administration Vladimir Chumudov[10] could reach 50% of the vote in first round or in the runoff, as the laws required.
The presidential elections in self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria were held on 27 October 1991. Dzhokhar Dudayev was proclaimed the winner. Elections were scheduled by the "All-National Congress of the Chechen People", which seized power in eastern portions of falling apart Republic of Checheno-Ingushetia. According to official statements, 72% of the adult population of Chechnya came to the precincts, and 90.1% of them voted for Dudayev.[12] Russian-speaking population of Chechnya did not take part in the voting. The Provisional Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia declared elections rigged and refused to recognize their results.[13]
On November 2, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia refused to recognize the election results.[14] An attempt was made to introduce a state of emergency in Checheno-Ingushetia, but this attempt was unsuccessful. The following year, Russian troops were withdrawn from the republic[13] and Dudayev's secessionist government obtained full power over Chechnya until the First Chechen war broke out in 1994.
The first round was held on 8 December 1991. No candidate won a majority. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Vladislav Zotin became the first President of Mari El Republic after winning in the runoff on 15 December. His opponents were historian Aleksandr Kazimov and director of Yoshkar-Ola shoe factory Anatoly Popov, affiliated with Mari Ushem movement.[15]
Presidential elections[ru] in Chuvashia were held on 8 December 1991. Former communist nomenklatura was represented by Leonid Prokopyev, former chairman of the Chuvash SSR council of ministers (1975–89). He won a plurality in the first round, surpassing activist of "Chuvash National Revival" movement, member of the Supreme Soviet Atner Khuzangai, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Eduard Kubarev and leader of agricultural workers' union Pyotr Ivantayev. To win in the runoff, which held on 22 December 1991, a candidate needed to gather more than 50% of the vote.[11][17][18] As neither Prokopyev, nor Khuzangai won, the presidency remained vacant until December 1993, when former Justice Minister of Russia Nikolay Fyodorov won the recall election.[19]
In 1990, a democratic movement developed in Mordovia, which consisted of the predominantly ethnic Russian urban middle class. The democrats went on a struggle with the CPSU's nomenklatura, mostly of Erzyan ethnicity.
On 25 October 1991 the post of President of Mordovia was introduced by the decree of the Supreme Soviet of the republic. Members of the current government acted as competitors to each other during the campaign, while Vasily Guslyannikov, the leader of the local branch of Democratic Russia, was presented as the only democrat opposing the continuation of nomenklatura's reign.[20] Guslyannikov won the presidential election, which held on December 14 and 22, 1991.
Other candidates were: Deputy Chairmen of the council of ministers Pavel Gruznov and Mikhail Kovshov, other regional officials Nikolay Merkushkin and Sergey Sorokin, and rector of the Mordovian State University Nikolay Makarkin.[20]
Presidential elections in Sakha (Yakutia) were held on 20 December 1991.[21] Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Mikhail Nikolayev won 3/4 of the vote, running in pair with construction and investment minister Vyacheslav Shtyrov. Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Ivan Cherov was Nikolayev's only opponent.
The first round was held on 22 December 1991. None of the six candidates could reach 50% of the vote. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Adygea[5] Aslan Dzharimov won the presidency defeating associate professor Pshimaf Khakuz of Krasnodar Polytechnic Institute[23] in a runoff which held on 5 January 1992. Other candidates were people's deputy of Russia Aslanbiy Khutyz, deputy chairman of Maykop City Council Boris Merzakulov and director of Adygea Pedagogical College Kazbek Achmiz.[24]
The first round was held on 22 December 1991. None of the four candidates could reach 50% of the vote. The second round was scheduled on 5 January 1992. Deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of Kabardino-Balkaria[5]Valery Kokov ran uncontested after trucking company director Felix Kharayev[19] withdrew his candidacy. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Khachim Karmokov placed third and did not qualify for the runoff.
The Balkars massively boycotted the elections in pursuance of the decision of the "Congress of the Balkar People". This meeting in November 1991 proclaimed the creation of the "Republic of Balkaria" and formed the "National Council of the Balkar People". Sufiyan Beppayev, deputy commander of the Transcaucasian Military District, was elected its chairman.
The council decided to hold a "referendum" on December 29 among the Balkars on the creation of a new autonomous republic. Voting was organized not only in majority-Balkar settlements, but also in Nalchik. The positive expression of the will of the majority of Balkars and their subsequent boycott of the presidential elections (polling stations were not even opened in Balkar villages) allowed the national activists to deny Valery Kokov's right to be called the president of Kabardino-Balkaria.[26]
Presidential elections in Tuva were held on 15 March 1992 despite the moratorium established by the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia. Tuva was proclaimed a sovereign state, the supremacy of Russian laws was denied until 2000 revision of the Constitution of Tuva.[29]
Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sherig-ool Oorzhak secured his election after reaching an informal agreement with People's Front of Tuva chairman Kaadyr-ool Bicheldey. Oorzhak won with 83.2% of the vote cast.[25] Member of the "People's Party of Sovereign Tuva" Bair Sanchi was his only opponent present on ballot.[30] He collected 9.6% of the vote.[25]
Karachay-Cherkessia, officially the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus. It is administratively part of the North Caucasian Federal District. Karachay-Cherkessia has a population of 469,865. Cherkessk is the largest city and the capital of the republic.
The Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Checheno-Ingush ASSR, was an autonomous republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, in existence from 1936 to 1944 and again from 1957 to 1993. Its capital was Grozny. The 1979 census reported the territory had an area of 19,300 square kilometres (7,500 sq mi) and a population of 1,155,805 : 611,405 Chechens, 134,744 Ingush, and the rest were Russians and other ethnic groups.
The Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria is a federal subject of Russia, located in the Caucasus region.
The Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, or the Tuvan ASSR, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR. It was created on 10 October 1961 from the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast. Its territory measured 175,000 square kilometers and bordered Mongolia to the south, Buryat ASSR to the east, Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast to the west and Khakas Autonomous Oblast to the north.
Russia, the largest country in the world, has international land borders with 14 sovereign states as well as 2 narrow maritime boundaries with the United States and Japan. There are also two breakaway states bordering Russia, namely Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The country has an internationally recognized land border running 22,407 kilometres (13,923 mi) in total, and has the second-longest land border of any country in the world, after China. The borders of the Russian Federation were mostly drawn since 1956, and have remained the same after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In 2014, Russia annexed Ukraine's Crimean peninsula in a move that remains internationally unrecognized.
Haji Allahshükür Hummat Pashazade is the Sheikh ul-Islam and Grand Mufti of the Caucasus which includes the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Georgia, and Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Karachay–Cherkessia, and Adygea in the Russian Federation. He is also the chairman of the Religious Council of the Caucasus.
The position of the Head of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic is the highest office within the Government of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic in Russia. The Head is elected by citizens of Russia residing in the republic. Term of service is five years.
By-elections to the 7th Russian State Duma were held to fill vacancies in the State Duma between the 2016 election and the 2021 election.
The Deportation of the Balkars was the expulsion by the Soviet government of the entire Balkar population of the North Caucasus to Central Asia on March8, 1944, during World War II. The expulsion was ordered by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria after approval by Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. All the 37,713 Balkars of the Caucasus were deported from their homeland in one day. The crime was a part of a Soviet forced settlement program and population transfer that affected several million members of non-Russian Soviet ethnic minorities between the 1930s and the 1950s. Officially the deportation was a response to the Balkars' supposed collaboration with occupying German forces. Later, in 1989, the Soviet government declared the deportation illegal.
The Sakhalin Oblast Duma is the regional parliament of Sakhalin Oblast, a federal subject of Russia. Together with the executive and judicial branches, the oblast's legislative assembly is vested with power to control the oblast's own affairs with moderate levels of autonomy from Moscow. A total of 28 deputies are elected for five-year terms. 18 deputies are elected by single-member constituencies and 10 deputies are elected in party lists.
The 2021 Republic of Mordovia head election took place on 17–19 September 2021, on common election day, coinciding with election to the State Duma. Acting Head Artyom Zdunov was elected for his first full term.
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Gubernatorial elections in 1997 took place in 14 regions of the Russian Federation.
Gubernatorial elections in 1999 took place in 16 regions of the Russian Federation.
The governor of Bryansk Oblast is the highest official of Bryansk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia. The governor heads the executive branch in the region and is elected by direct popular vote for the term of five years.
Gubernatorial elections in 2000 took place in 41 regions of the Russian Federation. Four years after the campaign of 1996 nearly a half of 89 governors' seats were contested again.
Gubernatorial elections in 2003 were held in 23 federal subjects of Russia. 16 incumbent governors re-elected.
The 1996 Russian elections were held from 25 February to 29 December. President Boris Yeltsin won re-election on 3 July, defeating Gennady Zyuganov.
Vasily Dmitriyevich Guslyannikov is a Russian retired politician, who served as first and only President of Mordovia in 1991–1993.
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Barabanov, is a Russian politician who had served as the first and fourth governor of Bryansk Oblast from 1991 to 1993 during his first term, and from 1995 to 1996 on his second term.
↑ Иванченко, А.В.; Любарев, А.Е. (2006). Российские выборы от перестройки до суверенной демократии[Russian elections from perestroika to sovereign democracy] (in Russian). Moscow: Aspekt-Press. ISBN5-7567-0446-9.
Ivanov, Vitaly (2019). Глава субъекта Российской Федерации. История губернаторов[Head of the subject of the Russian Federation. History of governors] (in Russian). ISBN978-5-907250-14-7.
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