27th Infantry Division (United States)

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27th Infantry Division (1917–55)
27th Armored Division (1955–68)
27th Infantry Division SSI.svg
27th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia. The red stars depict the Orion constellation, punning on the surname of the division's World War I commander John F. O'Ryan. The Red circle on the outside is an "O", also for "O'Ryan". The letters inside form the monogram "NYD", for "New York Division". [1] [2]
Active1898
1908–1919
1921–1945
1947–1968
CountryFlag of the United States.svg  United States
BranchFlag of the United States Army.svg  United States Army
Type Infantry
Size Division
Nickname(s)"O'Ryan's Roughnecks"
"New York Division"
Engagements World War I

World War II

Iraq War (as 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team)
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Major General John F. O'Ryan

The 27th Infantry Division was a unit of the Army National Guard in World War I and World War II. [3] The division traces its history from the New York Division, formed originally in 1908. The 6th Division designation was changed to the 27th Division in July 1917. [4]

Contents

History

When the New York Division was organized in 1908, New York became the second state, after Pennsylvania, to structure its National Guard at such a high tactical level in peacetime. [5] The New York Division was called to active duty during the Mexican border crisis of 1916. While on federal duty, it was redesignated as the 6th Division in June 1916. It was released from active duty in December 1916, only to be recalled for World War I service in July 1917. The 6th Division was reorganized and redesignated as the 27th Division on 1 October 1917. [6]

World War I

Formation

Following the declaration of war on the Central Powers by the United States, the division was called into federal service on 15 July 1917, and hastily recruited New Yorkers to increase its numbers. [3]

The division was one of only four divisions formed during the war from National Guard units entirely from a single state; the other divisions so formed were from Illinois (the 33rd Division), Ohio (the 37th Division), and Pennsylvania (the 28th Division). However, not all New Yorkers served in the 27th. [7] Its initial strength was 991 officers and 27,114 enlisted men. The division's initial organization of three brigades with three infantry regiments each was carried over from the 6th Division

Prior to its departing to training, the division participated in a large send-off parade in New York City along 5th Avenue on 30 August 1917. The 7th Infantry Regiment was the first to leave for training on 11 September 1917, by train. The training was conducted at a purpose-built temporary facility at Camp Wadsworth, Spartanburg, South Carolina. Nearby hotels such as the Cleveland Hotel became centers for social life. The camp also housed seven YMCA Huts and a Knights of Columbus Hall. While the 27th had African-American service-men they were not permitted to enter the service organization clubs on base, which were segregated, until a black soldier's club was built in early 1918. [8]

On the march Headquarters Troop of the 27th Division, New York National Guard, silhouetted against the gathering dusk as they... - NARA - 533682.tif
On the march

In the spring of 1918, the division began its movement toward embarkation camps, and shipped out on 20 April 1918. The division's advance detachment left Hoboken on 2 May and arrived at Brest, France, 10 May 1918. Late in June the last units of the 27th Division had arrived safely overseas.

Western Front

From the arrival of the first troops to the Western Front until 24 July, the division spent its time undertaking its final stages of training under British mentors in Picardy and Flanders. On 25 July, the 27th Division, excluding its artillery brigade and ammunition train, occupied the Dickebusch Lake and Scherpenberg sectors in Flanders.

In just over a month, this operation merged into the Ypres-Lys action, and then, from 19 August to 3 September, the 27th was on its own.

It was decided by Field marshal Douglas Haig that the Fourth Army's Australian Corps would lead the Battle of St. Quentin Canal . However, due to the Corps depleted nature, which was a result of fighting almost continuously, it would be reinforced by the 27th and 30th divisions, which resulted in II Corps being temporarily reassigned under Australian command. [9] This great Somme "push", which lasted from 24 September to 1 October, saw the 27th engaged in severe fighting along the Saint Quentin Canal Tunnel—one of the out-lying strong points of the Hindenburg Line. At the conclusion of the first phase of the battle, and following heavy losses, the 27th was placed into reserve for rest and recuperation. Six days later, the division was sent back into the line, moving steadily toward Busigny whilst chasing the retreating Germans. These operations were supported by Australian Artillery until 9 October, when British artillery units began supporting the division's operations. As a result of these offensives by the Australian, British and US forces, the Hindenburg's Main Line was penetrated.

The 52d Field Artillery Brigade and the 102nd Ammunition Train of the New York Division had not gone with the rest of the Twenty-seventh Division to the British front in Flanders. They had moved up on 28 October, to support the Seventy-Ninth Division in the Argonne.

Meanwhile, the Twenty-Seventh Division units which had seen heavy action in Flanders, had moved back to an area near the French seaport of Brest.

The 27th did break the Hindenburg line during the Battle of the Somme and forced a German retreat from their defensive line and forced the Germans to a final confrontation. After a final confrontation with the retreating Germans at the Selle River the Armistice ended the fighting and the division was sent home in February 1919, to be mustered out several months later. [7] [10] The division had sustained a total of 8,334 (KIA: 1,442; WIA: 6,892) casualties when it was inactivated in April 1919. [11]

Interwar period

In 1921, the division was reconstituted in the National Guard, allotted to the state of New York in the Second Corps Area, and assigned to the II Corps. The division headquarters was reorganized and federally recognized at New York City on 23 December 1921.

The 53rd Infantry Brigade initially consisted of the 105th and 106th Infantry Regiments. On 1 September 1940, the first iteration of the 106th Infantry Regiment was converted into the 186th Field Artillery Regiment and 101st Military Police Battalion. The 10th Infantry (New York), formerly part of the separate 93rd Infantry Brigade (the headquarters of which was converted into the 71st Field Artillery Brigade on 1 September 1940), was assigned to the 53rd Brigade in its place. It was later redesignated the 106th Infantry, although it was lineally unrelated to the first unit bearing that designation. The 54th Infantry Brigade initially consisted of the 107th and 108th Infantry Regiments. On 1 August 1940, the 107th Infantry was converted into the 207th Coast Artillery Regiment, and the 165th Infantry, formerly part of the 93rd Infantry Brigade, was assigned in its place as of 20 June 1940.

The designated mobilization training center for the “Empire” Division was Camp Smith, near Peekskill, New York, also where much of the division’s training activities occurred between the wars. The mobilization training center was changed in 1939 to Camp Foster, Florida. The division, less the 52nd Field Artillery Brigade, conducted summer camp most years at Camp Smith, from 1922 to 1939. The 52nd Field Artillery Brigade trained most years at Pine Camp, New York, so that its batteries could conduct live-fire training at the ranges located there. Generally, the division staff conducted command post exercises (CPX) and staff training concurrent with the camps. However, in 1929, the division staff participated in the Second Corps Area CPX from 7–29 July at Camp Dix, New Jersey, and in the First Army CPXs in July 1931 and July 1934 also held at Camp Dix. For the 1935 camp, the division participated in the Second Corps Area phase of the First Army maneuvers at Pine Camp. During that maneuver, the 27th Division operated as part of the provisional II Corps against the provisional I Corps. The “Empire” division also participated in the First Army Maneuvers in 1939 and 1940 held at Plattsburg and Canton, New York, respectively. In both maneuvers, the 27th Division again operated as part of the provisional II Corps against the provisional I Corps. The division was inducted into active federal service at home stations on 15 October 1940, relieved from the II Corps, and assigned to the VII Corps. Instead of Camp Foster, however, the Empire Division was ordered to move to Fort McClellan, Alabama, where it arrived on 25 October 1940. After the division’s initial train-up period, it participated in the Carolina Maneuvers in October–November 1941. [12]

World War II

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the division was one of the first stateside divisions to be assigned defensive duties. The 27th Division departed Fort McClellan on 14 December 1941 for California to establish blocking positions against a seaborne invasion of the United States southwestern coast. They were further transferred to the Pacific Theater of Operations and arrived in Hawaii, 21 May 1942, to defend the outer islands from amphibious attack. In September 1942, the division was reorganized from a "square" to a "triangular" division. The 27th was the last of the National Guard divisions to make this change, as it had been earmarked for overseas shipment and had departed for Hawaii in the midst of the other divisions being converted in the spring of 1942, and Army officials in Hawaii had prepared facilities to receive the units of a larger "square" division. The 165th Infantry (the once and future 69th Infantry) and 3rd Battalion, 105th Infantry first saw action against the enemy during the attack and capture of Makin Atoll in the Gilbert Islands, 21–24 November 1943. The 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 106th Regiment participated in the attack on Eniwetok Atoll, 19–26 February 1944, returning to Oahu in March. During this mission, the 2nd Battalion, 106th Infantry landed unopposed on Majuro Island, 1 February, and completed its seizure, 3 February. The division began preparations for the Marianas operations, 15 March. On D-day plus 1, 16 June 1944, elements landed at night on Saipan to support the Second and Fourth Marine Divisions. [13] A beachhead was established and Aslito Airfield captured, 18 June. Fighting continued throughout June. Marine General Holland Smith, unsatisfied with the performance of the 27th Division, relieved its commander, Army General Ralph C. Smith., which led to angry recrimination from senior Army commanders, including Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall. During a pitched battle, 7 July, Japanese overran elements of the division in a banzai attack, but organized resistance was crushed the next day. During the months of July and August, the 27th cleaned out isolated pockets in the mountains and cliffs of Saipan.

Men of the 27th Division crossing a pontoon bridge on Okinawa. 21 April 1945. SC 206489 - Men of 27th Division, U.S. Tenth Army, cross ponton bridge on Okinawa to assault heavily fortified Jap position. (51361891054).jpg
Men of the 27th Division crossing a pontoon bridge on Okinawa. 21 April 1945.

Beginning in the middle of August, the division moved to the New Hebrides for rest and rehabilitation. On 25 March 1945, the 27th sailed from Espiritu Santo, arriving at Okinawa, 9 April 1945. The Division participated in the XXIV Corps general attack, 19 April 1945, securing a dominating ridge line south of Machinato and Kakazu. Machinato Airfield was captured, 28 April, after a severe struggle. On 1 May, the division was relieved by the 1st Marine Division and attached to the Island Command for garrison duty. Tori Shima was seized, 12 May, without opposition. The 27th attacked from the south end of Ishikawa Isthmus to sweep the northern sector of Okinawa. The enemy fought bitterly on Onnatake Hill from 23 May until 2 June, before losing the strong point. After a mopping-up period, the division left Okinawa, 7 September 1945, moved to Japan and occupied Niigata and Fukushima Prefectures. [14]

Casualties

  • Total battle casualties: 6,533 [15]
  • Killed in action: 1,512 [15]
  • Wounded in action: 4,980 [15]
  • Missing in action: 40 [15]
  • Prisoner of war: 1 [15]
Campaign participation credits, 27th Infantry Division
UnitCampaign participation credit
Headquarters, 27th Infantry DivisionCentral Pacific, Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
105th Infantry Regiment Central Pacific, Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
106th Infantry Regiment Eastern Mandates (Ground), Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
165th Infantry Regiment Central Pacific, Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 27th Infantry Division ArtilleryRyukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
104th Field Artillery BattalionEastern Mandates (Ground), Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
105th Field Artillery BattalionRyukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
106th Field Artillery BattalionRyukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
249th Field Artillery BattalionRyukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
102nd Engineer Combat BattalionCentral Pacific, Eastern Mandates (Ground), Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
102nd Medical BattalionCentral Pacific, Eastern Mandates (Ground), Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
27th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
Headquarters, Special Troops, 27th Infantry DivisionRyukyus
Headquarters Company, 27th Infantry DivisionCentral Pacific, Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
727th Ordnance Light Maintenance CompanyRyukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
27th Quartermaster CompanyCentral Pacific, Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
27th Signal CompanyCentral Pacific, Eastern Mandates (Ground), Ryukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
Military Police PlatoonRyukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
BandRyukyus, Western Pacific (Ground)
27th Counterintelligence Corps DetachmentRyukyus

Postwar

The division was reformed as a National Guard formation on 21 April 1947. [16] The division was reconstituted along the lines of its wartime structure with limited reorganizations.

On 1 February 1955 the 27th Division became the 27th Armored Division, retaining many of its former units.

On 1 February 1968, the division was reorganized as the 27th Armored Brigade, a unit of the 50th Armored Division. [17]

The 27th Armored Brigade was reorganized as an infantry brigade in 1975 and aligned with the 42nd Infantry Division. [18]

In 1985 the 27th Infantry Brigade was activated as part of the New York Army National Guard, and assigned as the "roundout" brigade of the Army's 10th Mountain Division. [19]

The 27th Brigade was later reorganized as the 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, and reestablished use of the 27th Infantry Division's NYD shoulder sleeve insignia. [20] The 27th Infantry Brigade carries on the lineage and history of the 27th Infantry Division.

Order of battle

Chain of command deployed, WWI

Organization Jul – Nov 1917

Organization from Nov 1917

Initially 3 brigades consisting of 3 infantry regiments each, for a total of nine regiments. Reorganized into 2 brigades of 2 infantry regiments each.

Square Division example: 1918 US Infantry Division. On the far left can be seen two Brigades of two Regiments each United States World War II (Square) Infantry Division 1940 Structure.png
Square Division example: 1918 US Infantry Division. On the far left can be seen two Brigades of two Regiments each

The artillery elements were reassigned upon arrival in France, and did not see service with the 27th Division during combat.

Organization, WWII

Triangular Division example: 1942 U.S. infantry division. United States World War II Infantry Division 1942 Structure.png
Triangular Division example: 1942 U.S. infantry division.

Organization, 1948 to 1954

Commanders

World War I

World War II

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References

  1. ↑ Hart, Albert Bushnell (1920). Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume 5. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 358.
  2. ↑ Moss, James Alfred; Howland, Harry Samuel (1920). America in Battle: With Guide to the American Battlefields in France and Belgium. Menasha, Wisconsin: Geo. Banta Publishing Co. p. 555.
  3. 1 2 "World War II Divisional Combat Chronicles". history.army.mil. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  4. ↑ Wilson, John B. (1998). Maneuver and Firepower: Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 60-14. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  5. ↑ National Guard Education Foundation
  6. ↑ However, the Combat Chronicles give the date of the redesignation as the 27th as 20 July 1917.
  7. 1 2 "27th Division World War One". Unit History Project. New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs: Military History. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  8. ↑ "Chapter 7 Fighting Boredom: Life at Camp Wadsworth". Tent and Trench. Spartanburg County Historical Association. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  9. ↑ Cameron 2018.
  10. ↑ "Why My Ancestors Fought in the Civil War". 29 April 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  11. ↑ "Star Performers 27th Division World War One". Unit History Project. New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs: Military History. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  12. ↑ Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919–1941, Volume 1. The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 220-221.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  13. ↑ Goldberg, Harold J. (2007). D-day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan . Indiana University Press. pp.  112. ISBN   978-0-253-34869-2.
  14. ↑ The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1950. pp. 510–92. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
  16. ↑ "27th Armored Division". National Guard Education Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013.
  17. ↑ "Guard Streamlined: 27th Division Enddate=18 January 1968". Associated Press, Newburgh Evening News.
  18. ↑ McGrath, John J. (2009). The Brigade: A History, Its Organization and Employment in the US Army. DIANE. p. 232. ISBN   978-1-4289-1022-5.
  19. ↑ Doubler, Michael Dale; Listman, John W. Jr. (2007). The National Guard: An Illustrated History of America's Citizen-Soldiers. Brassey's, Incorporated. p. 120. ISBN   978-1-57488-389-3.
  20. ↑ 2008 National Guard Almanac. Uniformed Services Almanacs. 2008. p. 143. ISBN   978-1-888096-13-2.
  21. ↑ 1919 History of 102nd M.P.

Bibliography

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