Adenoid cystic carcinoma

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Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Other namesAdenocyst, Malignant cylindroma, Adenocystic, Adenoidcystic
Adenoid cystic carcinoma - intermed mag.jpg
Micrograph of an adenoid cystic carcinoma of a salivary gland (right of image): Normal serous glands, typical of the parotid gland, are also seen (left of image), H&E stain.
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Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that can exist in many different body sites. This tumor most often occurs in the salivary glands, but it can also be found in many anatomic sites, including the breast, [1] [2] lacrimal gland, lung, brain, Bartholin gland, trachea, and the paranasal sinuses.

Contents

It is the third-most common malignant salivary gland tumor overall (after mucoepidermoid carcinoma and polymorphous adenocarcinoma). It represents 28% of malignant submandibular gland tumors, making it the single most common malignant salivary gland tumor in this region. Patients may survive for years with metastases because this tumor is generally well-differentiated and slow growing. In a 1999 study [3] of a cohort of 160 ACC patients, disease-specific survival was 89% at 5 years, but only 40% at 15 years,[ citation needed ] reflecting deaths from late-occurring metastatic disease.

Cause

Activation of the oncogenic transcription factor gene MYB is the key genomic event of ACC and seen in the vast majority of cases. [4] [5] Most commonly, MYB is activated through gene fusion with the transcription factor encoding NFIB gene as a result of a t(6;9) translocation. [4] Alternatively, MYB is activated by copy number gain or by juxtaposition of enhancer elements in the vicinity of the MYB gene. [6] In a subset of ACCs, the closely related MYBL1 gene is fused to NFIB or to other fusion partners. [7] [8]

MYB drives proliferation of ACC cells and regulates genes involved in cell cycle control, DNA replication and repair, and RNA processing. [9] Thus, the MYB oncogene is a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in ACC.

ACC has a relatively quiet genome with few recurrent copy number alterations or point mutations, [6] [10] [11] [12] consistent with the view that MYB and MYBL1 are the main oncogenic drivers of the disease.

Treatment

Primary treatment for this cancer, regardless of body site, is surgical removal with clean margins. This surgery can prove challenging in the head and neck region due to this tumor's tendency to show a perineural discontinuous growth, meaning that it follows nerves and different "nests" of the tumor can exist without a connection to the original tumor. Therefore, MRI-images should be analysed following nerve tracts up to the brainstem. Adjuvant or palliative radiotherapy is commonly given following surgery. For advanced major and minor salivary gland tumors that are inoperable, recurrent, or exhibit gross residual disease after surgery, fast neutron therapy is widely regarded as the most effective form of treatment. [13] [14] [15] [16] Chemotherapy is used for metastatic disease. Chemotherapy is considered on a case-by-case basis, as data on the positive effects of chemotherapy are limited. Clinical studies are ongoing, however.[ citation needed ]

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Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parotid gland</span> Major salivary gland in many animals

The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secretes serous saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches. There are also two other types of salivary glands; they are submandibular and sublingual glands. Sometimes accessory parotid glands are found close to the main parotid glands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleomorphic adenoma</span> Medical condition

Pleomorphic adenoma is a common benign salivary gland neoplasm characterised by neoplastic proliferation of epithelial (ductal) cells along with myoepithelial components, having a malignant potentiality. It is the most common type of salivary gland tumor and the most common tumor of the parotid gland. It derives its name from the architectural Pleomorphism seen by light microscopy. It is also known as "Mixed tumor, salivary gland type", which refers to its dual origin from epithelial and myoepithelial elements as opposed to its pleomorphic appearance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</span> Medical condition

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common type of minor salivary gland malignancy in adults. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma can also be found in other organs, such as bronchi, lacrimal sac, and thyroid gland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myoepithelial cell</span>

Myoepithelial cells are cells usually found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but generally beneath the luminal cells. These may be positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and can contract and expel the secretions of exocrine glands. They are found in the sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells in these cases constitute the basal cell layer of an epithelium that harbors the epithelial progenitor. In the case of wound healing, myoepithelial cells reactively proliferate. Presence of myoepithelial cells in a hyperplastic tissue proves the benignity of the gland and, when absent, indicates cancer. Only rare cancers like adenoid cystic carcinomas contains myoepithelial cells as one of the malignant components.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma</span> Medical condition

Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is a rare, asymptomatic, slow-growing malignant salivary gland tumor. It is most commonly found in the palate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acinic cell carcinoma</span> Medical condition

Acinic cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor representing 2% of all salivary tumors. 90% of the time found in the parotid gland, 10% intraorally on buccal mucosa or palate. The disease presents as a slow growing mass, associated with pain or tenderness in 50% of the cases. Often appears pseudoencapsulated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fast neutron therapy</span>

Fast neutron therapy utilizes high energy neutrons typically between 50 and 70 MeV to treat cancer. Most fast neutron therapy beams are produced by reactors, cyclotrons (d+Be) and linear accelerators. Neutron therapy is currently available in Germany, Russia, South Africa and the United States. In the United States, one treatment center is operational, in Seattle, Washington. The Seattle center uses a cyclotron which produces a proton beam impinging upon a beryllium target.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PLAG1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Zinc finger protein PLAG1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLAG1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salivary gland tumour</span> Medical condition

Salivary gland tumours, also known as mucous gland adenomas or neoplasms, are tumours that form in the tissues of salivary glands. The salivary glands are classified as major or minor. The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The minor salivary glands consist of 800 to 1000 small mucus-secreting glands located throughout the lining of the oral cavity. Patients with these types of tumours may be asymptomatic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MAML2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Mastermind-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAML2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CMTM2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 2, previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 2, is a member of the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM) of proteins. In humans, it is encoded by the CMTM2 gene located in band 22 on the long arm of chromosome 16. CMTM2 protein is expressed in the bone marrow and various circulating blood cells. It is also highly expressed in testicular tissues: The CMTM2 gene and CMTM2 protein, it is suggested, may play an important role in testicular development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perineural invasion</span> Biological process

In pathology, perineural invasion, abbreviated PNI, refers to the invasion of cancer to the space surrounding a nerve. It is common in head and neck cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer.

ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion is the translocation of genetic material between the ETV6 gene located on the short arm of chromosome 12 at position p13.2 and the NTRK3 gene located on the long arm of chromosome 15 at position q25.3 to create the (12;15)(p13;q25) fusion gene, ETV6-NTRK3. This new gene consists of the 5' end of ETV6 fused to the 3' end of NTRK3. ETV6-NTRK3 therefore codes for a chimeric oncoprotein consisting of the helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein dimerization domain of the ETV6 protein fused to the tyrosine kinase domain of the NTRK3 protein. The ETV6 gene codes for the transcription factor protein, ETV6, which suppresses the expression of, and thereby regulates, various genes that in mice are required for normal hematopoiesis as well as the development and maintenance of the vascular network. NTRK3 codes for Tropomyosin receptor kinase C a NT-3 growth factor receptor cell surface protein that when bound to its growth factor ligand, neurotrophin-3, becomes an active tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates tyrosine residues on, and thereby stimulates, signaling proteins that promote the growth, survival, and proliferation of their parent cells. The tyrosine kinase of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion protein is dysfunctional in that it is continuously active in phosphorylating tyrosine residues on, and thereby continuously stimulating, proteins that promote the growth, survival, and proliferation of their parent cells. In consequence, these cells take on malignant characteristics and are on the pathway of becoming cancerous. Indeed, the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene appears to be a critical driver of several types of cancers. It was originally identified in congenital fibrosarcoma and subsequently found in mammary secretory carcinoma, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of salivary glands, salivary gland–type carcinoma of the thyroid, secretory carcinoma of the skin, congenital fibrosarcoma, congenital mesoblastic nephroma, rare cases of acute myelogenous leukemia, ALK-negative Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, cholangiocarcinoma, and radiation-induced papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Salivary gland–like carcinomas of the lung generally refers a class of rare cancers that arise from the uncontrolled cell division (mitosis) of mutated cancer stem cells in lung tissue. They take their name partly from the appearance of their abnormal cells, whose structure and features closely resemble those of cancers that form in the major salivary glands of the head and neck. Carcinoma is a term for malignant neoplasms derived from cells of epithelial lineage, and/or that exhibit cytological or tissue architectural features characteristically found in epithelial cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma</span> Medical condition

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMCa) is a rare malignant tumour that typically arises in a salivary gland and consists of both an epithelial and myoepithelial component. They are predominantly found in the parotid gland and represent approximately 1% of salivary gland tumours.

A sialoblastoma is a low-grade salivary gland neoplasm that recapitulates primitive salivary gland anlage. It has previously been referred to as congenital basal cell adenoma, embryoma, or basaloid adenocarcinoma. It is an extremely rare tumor, with less than 100 cases reported worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceruminous adenocarcinoma</span> Medical condition

Ceruminous adenocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm derived from ceruminous glands of the external auditory canal. This tumor is rare, with several names used in the past. Synonyms have included cylindroma, ceruminoma, ceruminous adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), ceruminous adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), and ceruminous mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma</span> Medical condition

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a type of cancer typically found in the parotid gland. It arises from the benign tumour pleomorphic adenoma.

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC), also termed MASCSG, is a salivary gland neoplasm. It is a secretory carcinoma which shares the microscopic pathologic features with other types of secretory carcinomas including mammary secretory carcinoma, secretory carcinoma of the skin, and salivary gland–type carcinoma of the thyroid. MASCSG was first described by Skálová et al. in 2010. The authors of this report found a chromosome translocation in certain salivary gland tumors, i.e. a (12;15)(p13;q25) fusion gene mutation. The other secretory carcinoma types carry this fusion gene.

Secretory carcinoma was once used exclusively as a term for rare, slowly growing breast tumors without reference to their location in the breast. It is now termed mammary secretory carcinoma because secretory carcinoma has sometimes been used to name tumors which develop in non-breast tissues but have the microscopic appearance of, and a critical gene abnormality found in, mammary secretory carcinoma. This genetic abnormality is a balanced genetic translocation that forms a ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene which appears involved in promoting the development and/or progression of all these tumors. The formerly termed secretory carcinomas include:

References

  1. ↑ Marchiò C, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS (Mar 2010). "Adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast and salivary glands (or 'The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde' of exocrine gland carcinomas)". J Clin Pathol. 63 (3): 220–8. doi: 10.1136/jcp.2009.073908 . PMID   20203221.
  2. ↑ Fusco N, Guerini-Rocco E, Schultheis AM, Badve SS, Reis-Filho JS, Weigelt B (Feb 2015). "The birth of an adenoid cystic carcinoma" (PDF). Int J Surg Pathol. 23 (1): 26–7. doi:10.1177/1066896914548795. hdl: 1805/7652 . PMID   25185745. S2CID   5935648.
  3. ↑ Fordice, Jim; Kershaw, Corey; El-Naggar, Adel; Goepfert, Helmuth (February 1999). "Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Predictors of Morbidity and Mortality". Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 125 (2): 149–52. doi: 10.1001/archotol.125.2.149 . PMID   10037280.
  4. 1 2 Persson M, Andrén Y, Mark J, Horlings HM, Persson F, Stenman G (2009). "Recurrent fusion of MYB and NFIB transcription factor genes in carcinomas of the breast and head and neck". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (44): 18740–4. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10618740P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909114106 . PMC   2773970 . PMID   19841262.
  5. ↑ Andersson MK, Stenman G (2016). "The landscape of gene fusions and somatic mutations in salivary gland neoplasms - Implications for diagnosis and therapy". Oral Oncol. 57: 63–9. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.04.002. PMID   27101980.
  6. 1 2 Persson M, Andrén Y, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF Jr, Cooke SL, Futreal PA, Kling T, Nelander S, Nordkvist A, Persson F, Stenman G (2012). "Clinically significant copy number alterations and complex rearrangements of MYB and NFIB in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 51 (8): 805–17. doi:10.1002/gcc.21965. PMID   22505352. S2CID   25742114.
  7. ↑ Brayer KJ, Frerich CA, Kang H, Ness SA (2016). "Recurrent Fusions in MYB and MYBL1 Define a Common, Transcription Factor-Driven Oncogenic Pathway in Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma". Cancer Discov. 622 (2): 176–87. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0859. PMC   4744535 . PMID   26631070.
  8. ↑ Mitani Y, Liu B, Rao PH, Borra VJ, Zafereo M, Weber RS, Kies M, Lozano G, Futreal PA, Caulin C, El-Naggar AK (2016). "Novel MYBL1 Gene Rearrangements with Recurrent MYBL1-NFIB Fusions in Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas Lacking t(6;9) Translocations". Clin Cancer Res. 22 (3): 725–33. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2867-T. PMC   4807116 . PMID   26631609.
  9. ↑ Andersson MK, Afshari MK, Andrén Y, Wick MJ, Stenman G (2017). "Targeting the Oncogenic Transcriptional Regulator MYB in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma by Inhibition of IGF1R/AKT Signaling". J Natl Cancer Inst. 109 (9). doi: 10.1093/jnci/djx017 . PMID   28954282.
  10. ↑ Ho AS, Kannan K, Roy DM, Morris LG, Ganly I, Katabi N, Ramaswami D, Walsh LA, Eng S, Huse JT, Zhang J, Dolgalev I, Huberman K, Heguy A, Viale A, Drobnjak M, Leversha MA, Rice CE, Singh B, Iyer NG, Leemans CR, Bloemena E, Ferris RL, Seethala RR, Gross BE, Liang Y, Sinha R, Peng L, Raphael BJ, Turcan S, Gong Y, Schultz N, Kim S, Chiosea S, Shah JP, Sander C, Lee W, Chan TA (2013). "The mutational landscape of adenoid cystic carcinoma". Nat Genet. 45 (7): 791–8. doi:10.1038/ng.2643. PMC   3708595 . PMID   23685749.
  11. ↑ Stephens PJ, Davies HR, Mitani Y, Van Loo P, Shlien A, Tarpey PS, Papaemmanuil E, Cheverton A, Bignell GR, Butler AP, Gamble J, Gamble S, Hardy C, Hinton J, Jia M, Jayakumar A, Jones D, Latimer C, McLaren S, McBride DJ, Menzies A, Mudie L, Maddison M, Raine K, Nik-Zainal S, O'Meara S, Teague JW, Varela I, Wedge DC, Whitmore I, Lippman SM, McDermott U, Stratton MR, Campbell PJ, El-Naggar AK, Futreal PA (2013). "Whole exome sequencing of adenoid cystic carcinoma". J Clin Invest. 123 (7): 2965–8. doi:10.1172/JCI67201. PMC   3999050 . PMID   23778141.
  12. ↑ Rettig EM, Talbot CC Jr, Sausen M, Jones S, Bishop JA, Wood LD, Tokheim C, Niknafs N, Karchin R, Fertig EJ, Wheelan SJ, Marchionni L, Considine M, Fakhry C, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Ha PK, Agrawal N (2013). "Whole-Genome Sequencing of Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma". Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 9 (4): 265–74. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0316. PMC   4818686 . PMID   26862087.
  13. ↑ Laramore, GE (September 1987). "Fast neutron radiotherapy for inoperable salivary gland tumors: is it the treatment of choice?". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 13 (9): 1421–3. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(87)90240-9. PMID   3114190.
  14. ↑ Prott FJ, Haverkamp U, Willich N, Wagner W, Micke O, Pötter R (1996). "Ten years of fast neutron therapy in Münster". Bulletin du Cancer. Radiothérapie. 83 (Suppl): 115s–21s. doi:10.1016/0924-4212(96)84895-x. PMID   8949762.
  15. ↑ Douglas, James G; Laramore, George E; Austin-Seymour, Mary; Koh, Wui-jin; Stelzer, Keith; Griffin, Thomas W (February 2000). "Treatment of locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck with neutron radiotherapy". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 46 (3): 551–7. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(99)00445-9. PMID   10701733.
  16. ↑ Breteau N, Wachter T, Kerdraon R, et al. (2000). "Utilisation des neutrons rapides dans le traitement des tumeurs des glandes salivaires : rationnel, revue de la littérature et expérience d'Orléans" [Use of fast neutrons in the treatment of tumors of the salivary glands: rationale, review of the literature and experience in Orleans]. Cancer/Radiothérapie (in French). 4 (3): 181–90. doi:10.1016/S1278-3218(00)89092-7. PMID   10897760.
  17. 1 2 Lee SC (23 December 2021). "Salivary Gland Neoplasms". Medscape. Updated: Jan 13, 2021
    Diagrams by Mikael Häggström, MD

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