Afraflacilla refulgens

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Afraflacilla refulgens
Afraflacilla-sp-nov-whyte-A-Field-Guide-to-Spiders-of-Australia.jpg
A related spider of the genus Afraflacilla
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Subfamily: Salticinae
Genus: Afraflacilla
Species:
A. refulgens
Binomial name
Afraflacilla refulgens
(Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008)
Synonyms [1]
  • Pseudicius refulgensWesołowska & Cumming, 2008

Afraflacilla refulgens is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that lives in Zimbabwe. It lives in loose conglomerations in nests of white papery silk and is particularly visible in September and October. The males will display to each other, but will retreat if they feel threatened. A small spider, it has a dark carapace that is between 1.7 and 2.2 mm (0.067 and 0.087 in) long and an abdomen between 1.9 and 3.0 mm (0.075 and 0.118 in) long. It has a very dark, nearly black, eye field, although the male has a very thin white line behind the first row of eyes. The legs are generally yellow, apart from the front pair on the male, which are brown, longer and stouter and used for stridulation. The male abdomen is black with a pattern of white spots. The female abdomen is very dark brown, nearly black at the front and yellow to the rear. Both have a distinctive iridescent patch at the back of the abdomen that is recalled in the name of the species, which is a Latin word that can be translated "brilliant". It is this iridescent patch that helps to distinguish the species, although a study of the copulatory organs is needed to confirm its identity. The spider was first described in 2008 by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg Cumming. Originally allocated to the genus Pseudicius , it was moved to its current name by Jerzy Prószyński in 2016.

Contents

Taxonomy

Afraflacilla refulgens is a jumping spider that was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg Cumming in 2008. [1] It is one of over 500 species identified by Wesołowska during her career. [2] They originally allocated the species to the genus Pseudicius with the name Pseudicius refulgens. [3] The species name is a Latin word that can be translated "brilliant". It is named for the distinctive iridescent patch that can be seen towards the back of the spider's abdomen. [3] First circumscribed by Eugène Simon in 1885, the genus Pseudicius is named after two Greek words that can be translated false and honest. [4] The genus was a member of the tribe Heliophaninae, which is ubiquitous across most continents of the world. [5] Wayne Maddison renamed the tribe Chrysillini in 2015. [6] The tribe is a member of the clade Saltafresia within the subfamily Salticoida. [7]

In 2016, Jerzy Prószyński moved the species to the genus Afraflacilla on the basis of the shape of the spider's copulatory organs. It was one of more than 40 species that were transferred between the two genera at the time. [8] Afraflacilla had been circumscribed by Lucien Betland and Jacques Millot in 1941. It is also a member of the tribe Chrysillini. [7] Prószyński allocated the genus to the Pseudiciines group of genera in 2017, which was named after the genus Pseudicius. [9] Members of the group of genera can be distinguished from other jumping spiders by their stridulatory spines and their copulatory organs. [10]

Description

Afraflacilla refulgens is a small spider. The female has a dark brown carapace, the topside of the forepart of its body, that is between 2.0 and 2.2 mm (0.079 and 0.087 in) long and 1.4 and 1.5 mm (0.055 and 0.059 in) wide that has a covering of greyish hairs. It is paler on its sides and dark brown on its underside, or sternum. There are long brown bristles on the eye field with small grey and golden scales near the foremost eyes. The spider's face, or clypeus, has light hairs. The spider has dark brown chelicerae, labium and maxilae, or mouthparts. The female's abdomen is between 2.4 and 3.0 mm (0.094 and 0.118 in) long and 1.5 and 1.9 mm (0.059 and 0.075 in) wide. It is very dark brown, nearly black, on its front of the topside and yellowish to the rear with a pattern of four small round white patches in pairs. [3] There is an iridescent patch of bristles to the rear. It is covered in dark hairs. The underside is yellowish with dark streak down the middle. The spinnerets are dark and the legs are yellow to brownish with brown hairs. It has distinctive copulatory organs, which include an oval epigyne, the external visible part of its copulatory organs, that is slightly elevated and sclerotized to the rear. [11] The copulatory openings lead to short insemination ducts and relatively large spermathecae, or receptacles. There are also large accessory glands and gonopores that are located close to each other. [12]

The male is very similar to the female. The carapace is similar in size, a very flat oval measuring between 1.7 and 2.2 mm (0.067 and 0.087 in) long and 1.3 and 1.5 mm (0.051 and 0.059 in) wide. It is dark brown, covered in delicate colourless hairs. The eye field is very dark, nearly black, with a very thin white line behind the first row of eyes and a few long bristles near the foremost eyes. The sternum is light brown, as are the mouthparts. It has an abdomen that is smaller than the female, between 1.9 and 2.8 mm (0.075 and 0.110 in) long and 1.1 and 1.5 mm (0.043 and 0.059 in) wide. It is a brown elongated oval marked with a few small white patches in pairs and a similarly iridescent area towards the rear as the female. The underside is yellow with a hint of grey. The front legs are brown and stout with a swollen tibia. The remaining legs are yellow. The pedipalps are brown.The palpal femur is slightly swollen and the tibia is short with a wide protrusion, or apophyses. The palpal bulb has a large lobe at its read and a small extension in centre. It has a medium-sized embolus that has a wider base and a thinner tip. As with other members of the genus, the spider has stridulatory apparatus. [3] The spider rubs its front legs against a row of fine hairs on the side of the carapace. [13]

The species has characteristics that enables it to be distinguished from others in the genus, many of which were also previously allocated to the genus Pseudicius. [8] The iridescent patch on the rear of the abdomen is its most distinctive feature but a study of the design of the copulatory organs enables the identity of the species to be confirmed. For example, the male being distinguished from Afraflacilla elegans by its wider and shorter tibial apophyses and the shape of its embolus, particularly the broad base. The female can be identified by the elevated section towards the back of its epigyne. [3]

Behaviour

Jumping spiders rarely use webs and instead use their good eyesight to hunt prey. [14] Afraflacilla refulgens feed on caterpillars of the geometer moth family. The spiders create nests of white papery silk that have an exterior dotted with debris. They will create summer and winter retreats, the latter thicker with a sticky silk that fully covers the spider. They are most numerous in the dry season, especially in September and October. The young are generally born between November and March. The spiders live together is loose conglomerations, with many living on the same tree. The spiders lower themselves from upper branches on long threads of silk. There is marked male to male display, but they are generally tolerant of each other. Although often they can be aggressive, they will generally shuffle backwards if they feel threatened. [11] The spiders use visual displays during courtship and transmit vibratory signals through silk to communicate to other spiders. [15]

Distribution and habitat

Afraflacilla refulgens is endemic to Zimbabwe. [1] It has been particularly studied in suburban Harare. [16] The male holotype was found 2005 living in Acacia trees. Many other examples were also observed locally. [3] It lives particularly on tree trunks, using the small gaps formed when pieces of bark detach as hiding places and as locations for its nests. [11]

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Pseudicius gracilis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that lives in South Africa. The spider was first defined in 2011 by Charles Haddad and Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, with an oval carapace between 1.9 and 2.2 mm long and an ovoid abdomen that measures between 2.7 and 3.0 mm long. The male and female are similar in size, shape and colouration. The carapace is dark brown with a black eye field and the abdomen is brown with a pattern of six patches that line the sides and two rounded spots to the back. It is almost indistinguishable from species in the genus Afraflacilla, particularly Afraflacilla elegans, Afraflacilla karinae and Afraflacilla zuluensis. It can be best differentiated by its copulatory organs, particularly the shape of the male tibial apo[apophyses, or appendages and the arrangement of pocket and openings on the female epigyne.

<i>Afraflacilla karinae</i> Species of spider

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<i>Pseudicius maculatus</i> Species of spider

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<i>Pseudicius adustus</i> Species of spider

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<i>Afraflacilla roberti</i> Species of spider

Afraflacilla roberti is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that is found in Kenya. The spider was first defined in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska. She originally placed the species in the genus Pseudicius, but Jerzy Prószyński moved it in 2017 to Afraflacilla on the basis of shape of its copulatory organs. The species is named after Robert Jackson, the collector who found the first example. The spider is small, with a cephalothorax between 1.7 and 1.6 mm long and an abdomen between 1.7 and 2.4 mm long. The female is larger than the male. The carapace is a dark brown elongated oval with a black eye field covered in white hairs. The abdomen is blackish-brown and is marked by two pairs of white patches and a small number of faint chevrons at the very rear. Some female examples have a generally featureless dark abdomen and others have additional small rounded patches at the edge. Some have light stripes to the front of the abdomen. The spider has yellow legs, apart from the front pair, which are brown, longer and stouter. It stridulates using its legs and carapace. Afraflacilla roberti can be differentiated from other species in the genus by its copulatory organs. The male has a long thin tibial apophysis. The female has narrow coiled insemination ducts.

<i>Pseudicius ridicularis</i> Species of spider

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<i>Afraflacilla altera</i> Species of spider

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<i>Afraflacilla venustula</i> Species of spider

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<i>Afraflacilla fayda</i> Species of spider

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<i>Afraflacilla mushrif</i> Species of spider

Afraflacilla mushrif is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that lives in the United Arab Emirates. The spider was first described in 2010 by Wanda Wesołowska and Antonius van Harten. It is small, with a cephalothorax typically 2.0 mm (0.08 in) long and an abdomen that is typically 3.9 mm (0.15 in) long. The carapace is reddish-brown with a black eye field marked with two light lines. The abdomen is greyish-brown with a pattern of spots and stripes on top. The spider makes sounds by rubbing its yellow front legs against the area of its carapace under its eyes. It can be distinguished from the related Afraflacilla wadis by its copulatory organs. It has a shorter and wider epigyne, shorter insemination ducts and large unusually-shaped accessory glands than the other species.

<i>Afraflacilla eximia</i> Species of spider

Afraflacilla eximia is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that lives in Zimbabwe. The spider was first described in 2000 by Wanda Wesołowska and Anthony Russell-Smith. Originally allocated to the genus Pseudicius, it was moved to its current name by Jerzy Prószyński in 2016. It has a specific name that is derived from the Latin word that means "unusual". The spider is small, with a brown carapace that is typically 2.1 mm (0.08 in) long and a russet-brown abdomen that is typically 2.8 mm (0.11 in) long. It has a black eye field and brown legs. It has distinctive copulatory organs that enables it to be distinguished from other species in the genus, particularly the related Afraflacilla braunsi and Afraflacilla roberti. The male has a particularly long tibial apophysis, or projection on its palpal tibia, and longer embolus. The female has not been described.

<i>Pseudicius squamatus</i> Species of spider

Pseudicius squamatus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that lives in South Africa. The spider was first defined in 2013 by Charles Haddad and Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, with a cephalothorax that is between 1.4 and 1.7 mm long and an abdomen that measures between 1.2 and 1.8 mm long. It has a dark brown carapace that has three narrow white stripes of hairs running down it and a pattern of a streak that terminates in a series of chevrons on the abdomen. It is the copulatory organs that most enable the spider to be distinguished. The female has a characteristic triangular depression in its epigyne. The male has a series of black scales on the side of the cymbium near to the tip of its embolus. The species is named in recognition of those scales.

<i>Pseudicius matabelensis</i> Species of spider

Pseudicius matabelensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that ilves in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The spider was first defined in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, with a cephalothorax between 1.6 and 1.9 mm long and an abdomen between 1.7 and 2.3 mm long. It has a dark brown carapace and olive-brownish abdomen, the latter with an indistinct pattern of two stripes. The male has stout dark brown front legs. The species is similar to the related Pseudicius procerus but differs in its copulatory organs. The female has two pockets at the front of the epigyne and short seminal ducts leading to large receptacles. The male has a very long tibial apophysis and short embolus.

<i>Afraflacilla zuluensis</i> Species of spider

Afraflacilla zuluensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that lives in South Africa. The spider was first described in 2013 by Charles Haddad and Wanda Wesołowska. Originally allocated to the genus Pseudicius, it was moved to its current name by Jerzy Prószyński in 2016. It is hard to distinguish from others in the genus, particularly the related Afraflacilla karinae. The female is also hard to distinguish from Pseudicius gracilis. The spider is small, with a cephalothorax that is between 1.8 and 1.9 long and an abdomen between 2.0 and 2.2 mm long. It has a dark brown carapace with a black eye field. The female has a pattern of white lines on its abdomen, which is otherwise brown on top and yellowish underneath. The male makes sounds by rubbing short hairs on its front legs with its carapace. The male's front leg is also larger than the other legs, which are also generally more yellowish. It lives in the canopy of trees of the Vachellia genus in the mountains of Zululand, KwaZulu-Natal, after which it is named.

<i>Pseudicius sengwaensis</i> Species of spider

Pseudicius sengwaensis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that lives in Zimbabwe. It is found in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, after which it is named. The spider was first described in 2011 by Wanda Wesołowska and Meg Cumming. The female has not been identified. The species is very similar to Afraflacilla venustula, including the pattern on the abdomen. It is a small spider, with a cephalothorax that is typically 1.8 mm (0.071 in) long and an abdomen typically 2.3 mm (0.091 in) long. It can be most easily distinguished from other members of the genus by its copulatory organs. The palpal bulb has a distinctive irregular shape, as is the embolus base.

<i>Afraflacilla imitator</i> Species of spider

Afraflacilla imitator is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that lives in South Africa. The spider was first described in 2013 by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad. Originally allocated to the genus Pseudicius, it was moved to its current name by Jerzy Prószyński in 2016. The spider is small to medjum-sized, with a carapace that is between 1.6 and 2.0 long and an abdomen between 1.9 and 3.6 mm long. The female is larger than the male, with a lighter carapace and an abdominal pattern that eight white spots in pairs on a brown background compared to the six paired white spots on a black background that identifies the male. Both have a black eye field. The legs are generally yellow, apart from the front pair on the male, which are brown, longer and stouter. The male has a long embolus that curves over its palpal bulb. The female has an oval epigyne that has wide insemination ducts and long accessory glands. The spiders are very similar to the related Afraflacilla venustula, from which they get their name, but may be distinguished by a study of their copulatory organs.

<i>Pseudicius dentatus</i> Species of spider

Pseudicius dentatus or the Opathe Pseudicius Jumping Spider is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that is endemic to South Africa. The spider was first defined in 2013 by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad. The spider is small, with an oval carapace between 1.7 and 2.0 mm long and an abdomen between 1.7 and 2.9 mm long. The female is larger than the male. The abdomen has a pattern of white spots in pairs, the female having clearer and larger spots than the male. The spider has yellow legs, the front pair being longer and more robust. The spider's copulatory organs are distinctive. The female has two pockets lining the sides of the furrow in the epigyne. The male has a broader embolus than the otherwise similar Psenuc dependens. It can also be distinguished by its serrated tibial apophysis that is recalled in its specific name, which can be translated "toothed".

<i>Afraflacilla arabica</i> Species of spider

Afraflacilla arabica is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that lives in Afghanistan, Iran and Yemen. The spider was first described in 1994 by Wanda Wesołowska and Antonius van Harten. The spider is small to medium-sized, with an elongated brown carapace that is between 1.7 and 1.85 long and an oval greyish-brown abdomen between 2.25 and 3.0 mm long. The female and male are similar externally, differing mainly in the male's larger and thicker brown front legs that mount stridulatory apparatus. The remainder of the legs are smaller and yellow. The female is also slightly lighter. The spiders have distinctive copulatory organs. The male has a long embolus extending around the palpal bulb. The female has wide insemination ducts, small spermathecae and large accessory glands.

<i>Afraflacilla braunsi</i> Species of spider

Afraflacilla braunsi is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla. First found in South Africa, the spider was subsequently observed living in Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, although it is likely to have a wider distribution. First described in 1903 by George and Elizabeth Peckham, it was originally allocated to the genus Pseudicius with the name Pseudicius braunsii. After being renamed Icius braunsi in 1987, it was finally given its current name by Jerzy Prószyński in 2017. Pseudicius tripunctatus, now called Afraflacilla tripunctatus, is a synonym.

<i>Pseudicius procerus</i> Species of spider

Pseudicius procerus is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that ilves in South Africa. The spider was first defined in 2018 by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad. The spider is small, with a cephalothorax between 1.6 and 2.0 mm long and an abdomen between 1.8 and 2.04 mm long. It is dark brown with a distinctive pattern on the abdomen. The male has a lattice-like design of white stripes and the female has three stripes, the rearmost broken in chevrons. The male has stout brown legs while the female has whitish-yellow, except the front legs, which are dark brown, longer and thicker. The species is similar to the related Pseudicius matabelensis but differs in its copulatory organs. The female has two pockets at the front of the epigyne and long seminal ducts leading to elongated spermathecae. The male has a very long curved tibial apophysis, or spike, and a medium-sized embolus that is attached to the tegulum.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 World Spider Catalog (2022). "Afraflacilla refulgens (Wesołowska & Cumming, 2008)". World Spider Catalog. 23.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  2. ↑ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wesołowska & Cumming 2008, p. 210.
  4. ↑ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 129.
  5. ↑ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 541.
  6. ↑ Maddison 2015, pp. 247, 252.
  7. 1 2 Maddison 2015, p. 278.
  8. 1 2 Prószyński 2017, p. 43.
  9. ↑ Prószyński 2017, p. 36.
  10. ↑ Prószyński 2017, p. 42.
  11. 1 2 3 Wesołowska & Cumming 2008, p. 212.
  12. ↑ Wesołowska & Cumming 2008, p. 211.
  13. ↑ Wesołowska & van Harten 1994, p. 4.
  14. ↑ Richman & Jackson 1992, p. 33.
  15. ↑ Richman & Jackson 1992, p. 34.
  16. ↑ Wesołowska & Cumming 2008, p. 168.

Bibliography

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  • Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID   85680279.
  • Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.
  • Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi: 10.37828/em.2017.12.1 .
  • Richman, David B.; Jackson, Robert R. (1992). "A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)". Bulletin of the British Arachnology Society. 9 (2): 33–37.
  • Wesołowska, Wanda; Cumming, Meg S. (2008). "Taxonomy and Natural History of a Species Rich Assemblage of Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae); A Long-Term Study of a Suburban Site in Zimbabwe". Annales Zoologici. 58 (1): 167–230. doi:10.3161/067.058.0108. S2CID   83575177.
  • Wesołowska, Wanda; van Harten, Anthony (1994). The Jumping Spiders (Salticidae, Araneae) of Yemen. Sanaa: Yemeni-German Plant Protection Project.
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