Az Zulfi محافظة الزلفي | |
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![]() Location of Al Zulfi | |
Coordinates: 26°17′N44°48′E / 26.283°N 44.800°E | |
Country | Saudi Arabia |
Province | Riyadh Province |
Government | |
• Mayor | Zayd ibn Muhammad al-Hussein al-Tamimi |
• Governor of the Governorate | Prince Salman Bin Abdul Aziz |
Population (2017) | |
• Total | 125,000 |
• Density | 199.4/km2 (516/sq mi) |
Riyadh Development Authority estimate | |
Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EAT) |
Postal Code | (5 digits) |
Area code | +966-6 |
Website |
Az Zulfi (also Zulfi, Zulfy City or Al Zulfi or Az Zilfi) is a city in Riyadh Province in central Saudi Arabia, about 260 kilometres northwest of Riyadh. [1] It is connected by Roads 418 and 535 which both link with the main Highway 65 [2] which connects Riyadh to Buraidah which is about 101 kilometres by road to the west of Al Zulfi. Zulfi also forms a governorate of Riyadh Province. The Al-Yamama/Tuwaiq mountain range begins in the desert to the north of Al Zulfi. [3]
Az Zulfi is in the east of Al-Qassim Province and at the heart of the historical region of Najd. It is located roughly 70 kilometers from Buraydah (the capital of the province) and more than 290 kilometers north of the Saudi capital, Riyadh.
Although the location is sometimes identified with an ancient settlement mentioned by Yaqut and Al-Hamadani known as Oryarh, the history of Zulfi proper dates back to the third[ clarification needed ] century. According to the chroniclers of Nejd.
During the Pre-Islamic era the settlement at the site was called zulifitoralkrm (Arabic : الزلفات و الكَرَمُ), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa and Banu tmym. [4] Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.
Later on, Hajr broke up into several separate settlements and estates. The most notable of these were Migrin (or Muqrin) and Mi'kal, though the name Hajr continued to appear in local folk poetry. The earliest known reference to the area by the name Riyadh comes from a 17th-century chronicler reporting on an event from the year 1590. In 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, a refugee from neighboring Manfuha, took control of Riyadh. Ibn Dawwas built a single wall to encircle the various quarters of Riyadh, making them effectively a single town.
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The Battle of Sabilla (March 29, 1929) [5] was the main battle of the Ikhwan Revolt in northern Arabia between the rebellious Ikhwan forces and the army of Ibn Saud. It was the last major battle, where one side rode camels, [6] as the Ikhwan emphasized radical conservatism, shunned technological modernization. The rebellious, but technologically mediocre, Ikhwan were decisively defeated by the Saudi forces, which included machine-guns and cavalry. Faisal al-Dawish, one of the three leaders of the rebellious Ikhwan tribes, was wounded in the battle. According to Ibn Saud Information Resource, his injury was "serious". Sultan bin Bajad, allegedly fled the battle scene. [6]
On January 9, 2005, Saudi forces reportedly killed four gunmen in a gun battle in Al Zulfi. Three security officials were injured in the event. [7] Senior al-Qaeda leader Khalid al-Juwayr was captured by the security forces in al-Zulfi. [8]
Al Zulfi lies in the northern-central region of the Najd and to the south of the Sheayb Samnan (Samnan Valley), which is the longest valley on the Zulfi. It is surrounded by sand dunes to its north and west, which are known locally as the Al-Thoyr Sands. The Al-sabalh Woods are located to the north of the city. Next to Al Zulfi is the Al-Kasar Rain lake (or Bohyrat Al-Kasar), which is considered an official part of the city.
Being in the middle of the Arabian desert, Al Zulfi experiences extremely hot summers and relatively cool winters. Humidity is low though throughout the year. The minimum temperature in the summer ranges between 35 and 42 degrees Celsius. The species Bunopus spatalurus spatalurus of the Bunopus genus of small geckos was described in 1991 as being endemic to the area. [9]
In Al Zulfi, there is a desert climate. Most rain falls in the winter. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is BWh. The average annual temperature in Al Zulfi is 24.2 °C (75.6 °F). About 211 mm (8.31 in) of precipitation falls annually.
Climate data for Al Zulfi | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 26.1 (79.0) | 30.8 (87.4) | 37.4 (99.3) | 41.4 (106.5) | 42.5 (108.5) | 42.0 (107.6) | 40.1 (104.2) | 34.1 (93.4) | 25.9 (78.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 31.7 (89.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) | 7.6 (45.7) | 12.4 (54.3) | 16.6 (61.9) | 22.2 (72.0) | 24.6 (76.3) | 26.0 (78.8) | 24.5 (76.1) | 23.1 (73.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 12.4 (54.3) | 7.3 (45.1) | 16.8 (62.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30 (1.2) | 22 (0.9) | 44 (1.7) | 37 (1.5) | 22 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (0.4) | 19 (0.7) | 28 (1.1) | 211 (8.3) |
Source: Climate-Data.org,Climate data |
Al Zulfi contains numerous mosques and parks. It also contains a 150-bed hospital and the Palace of Prince Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud. [10] [11] The Al Zulfi Governorate contains 2 national parks. [1] Al-Zulfi has three artificial lakes due to the problems of water salinization. [1] Al Zulfi is noted for its many wells and fertile soils with many thousands of acres of land under cultivation. [1] [12] There are also coal reserves in the area, especially in the northeast near Qasim. [12] [13] The thickness of the deposits range from 5 to 50 metres and are spread over a vast area with some 66 coal mines discovered in the Qassim area by the early 1980s. [13]
Among the rebuilt structures are the bath and guest house, the Qasr Nasr, the Nasr bin Saud Palace and Al Aqlah.
Riyadh is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of the Riyadh Province and the centre of the Riyadh Governorate. The current form of the metropolis emerged as an offshoot of the eponymous walled town following the dismantling of its defensive fortifications in the 1950s, after which the city underwent several phases of expansion and urbanization.
Najd is the central region of Saudi Arabia, in which about a third of the country's modern population resides. It is the home of the House of Saud, from which it pursued unification with Hejaz since the time of the Emirate of Diriyah.
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud was the last emir of Nejd, reigning from 1875 to 1876 and from 1889 to 1891. He was the youngest son of Emir Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah and the father of Abdulaziz, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The Ikhwan, commonly known as Ikhwan man ata'a Allah, was a Wahhabi religious militia made up of traditionally nomadic tribesmen which formed a significant military force of the ruler Ibn Saud and played an important role in establishing him as ruler of most of the Arabian Peninsula in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The Emirate of Nejd or Imamate of Nejd was the Second Saudi State, existing between 1824 and 1891 in Nejd, the regions of Riyadh and Ha'il of what is now Saudi Arabia. Saudi rule was restored to central and eastern Arabia after the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, having previously been brought down by the Ottoman Empire's Egypt Eyalet in the Ottoman–Wahhabi War (1811–1818).
Al-Mutairi is an Arab tribe with origins in the northern Hejaz near Medina, in present day Saudi Arabia. The tribe mainly inhabits Saudi Arabia (Najd), Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates. They have also settled in Morocco and Tunisia.
The Otaibah is one of the biggest Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula. Their distribution spans throughout Saudi Arabia, especially in Najd. and the Middle East. The Otaibah are descended from the Bedouin. They trace back to the Mudar family and belong to the Qays ʿAylān confederacy through its previous name, Hawazin.
Manfuha is an ancient village and a historic neighborhood in southern Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located north of al-Masani and south of Skirina in the sub-municipality of al-Batʼha. Established on the edge of the narrow, fertile valley known as Wadi Hanifa, Manfuha was until the mid-20th century considered a twin village to the walled town of Riyadh, the current Saudi capital.
Banu Hanifa is an ancient Arab tribe inhabiting the area of al-Yamama in the central region of modern-day Saudi Arabia. The tribe belongs to the great Rabi'ah branch of North Arabian tribes, which also included Abdul Qays, Taghlib, al-Nammir ibn Qasit, and Anazzah. Though counted by the classical Arab genealogists as a Christian branch of Bani Bakr, they led an independent existence prior to Islam. The ruling House of Saud of Saudi Arabia belongs to it.
Anizah or Anazah is an Arabian tribe in the Arabian Peninsula, Upper Mesopotamia, and the Levant.
The Unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign in which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates, and kingdoms of most of the central Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud. Unification started in 1902 and continued until 1932, when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed under the leadership of Abdulaziz, known in the West as Ibn Saud, creating what is sometimes referred to as the Third Saudi State, to differentiate it from the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State and the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, also House of Saud states.
The Battle of Sabilla was the main battle of the Ikhwan Revolt in northern Arabia between the rebellious Ikhwan forces and the army of Abdulaziz al-Saud. It was the last tribal uprising in Arabia. It was also the last major battle in which one side rode camels, as the Ikhwan emphasized radical conservatism and shunned technological modernization.
The Ikhwan revolt was an uprising in the Arabian Peninsula from 1927 to 1930 led by the Ikhwan. It began in 1927, when the tribesmen of the Otaibah, Mutayr and Ajman rebelled against the authority of Ibn Saud and engaged in cross-border raids into parts of Transjordan, Mandatory Iraq and the Sheikhdom of Kuwait. The relationship between the House of Saud and the Ikhwan deteriorated into an open bloody feud in December 1928. The main instigators of the rebellion were defeated in the Battle of Sabilla, on 29 March 1929. Ikhwan tribesmen and troops loyal to Abdulaziz clashed again in the Jabal Shammar region in August 1929, and Ikhwan tribesmen attacked the Awazim tribe on 5 October 1929. Faisal Al Dawish, the main leader of the rebellion and the Mutair tribe, fled to Kuwait in October 1929 before being detained by the British and handed over to Ibn Saud. Faisal Al-Dawish would die in Riyadh on 3 October 1931 from what appears to have been a heart condition. Government troops had finally suppressed the rebellion on 10 January 1930, when other Ikhwan rebel leaders surrendered to the British. In the aftermath, the Ikhwan leadership was slain, and the remains were eventually incorporated into regular Saudi units. Sultan bin Bajad, one of the three main Ikhwan leaders, was killed in 1931, while Al Dawish died in prison in Riyadh on 3 October 1931.
The Kuwait–Najd War erupted in the aftermath of World War I. The war occurred because Ibn Saud of Najd wanted to annex Kuwait. The sharpened conflict between Kuwait and Najd led to the death of hundreds of Kuwaitis. The war resulted in sporadic border clashes throughout 1919–1920.
The Emirate of Jabal Shammar, also known as the Emirate of Haʾil or the Rashidi Emirate, was a state in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula, including Najd, existing from the mid-nineteenth century to 1921. Jabal Shammar in English is translated as the "Mountain of the Shammar". Jabal Shammar's capital was Ha'il. It was led by the monarchy of the Rashidi dynasty. It included parts of modern-day Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Jordan.
Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud was one of the rulers of the Emirate of Najd, also known as Second Saudi State. His reign witnessed extensive struggle among the members of the Al Saud family which led to turmoil in the region.
Dhaydan bin Hithlain was one of the leaders of the Ajman tribe and Amir of the hijrah (settlement) of Al Sarrar. His full name was Dhaydan bin Khalid bin Hizam bin Hithlain. Alexei Vassiliev also calls him Zaidan.
Old Riyadh is an umbrella term used for a loosely defined region that primarily lies in the southern portion of modern-day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, encompassing neighborhoods and settlements that emerged from ruins of Hajr al-Yamamah in late 16th century, the erstwhile walled town enclosed within the defensive fortifications and its immediate vicinity prior to its demolition in 1950, and villages and former towns located along the outskirts of Riyadh that got incorporated into the metropolis following multiple phases of expansion and modernization between the 1950s and 1970s. To some extent, neighborhoods excluded during Riyadh's rapid urbanization during the same period are also categorized as part of old districts, with most of them situated in the modern downtown.
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Dahham ibn Dawwas ibn Abdullah al-Shalaan was an 18th-century Arab tribal and political leader from Manfuhah who ruled as the first chieftain of the walled town of Riyadh from 1745 until 1773. He previously reigned as the regent for Ibn Zaid ibn Musa between 1740 and 1745. He is widely credited with laying the foundations of Riyadh, the-present day capital of Saudi Arabia, by constructing a mudbrick palace and erecting a defensive wall to safeguard it from outside invaders. Dahham was one of the earliest political and military opponents to the House of Saud and the nascent Wahhabi movement, resulting in a conflict with Diriyah that lasted for almost 27 years. His overall strategic failure and miscalculated decisions throughout the course of the conflict led to his eventual overthrow at the hands of the First Saudi State, making his name synonymous with acts of foolishness and ineptitude in the Najd.