Ampulloclitocybe clavipes

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Ampulloclitocybe clavipes
2010-10-08 Ampulloclitocybe clavipes cropped.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Hygrophoraceae
Genus: Ampulloclitocybe
Species:
A. clavipes
Binomial name
Ampulloclitocybe clavipes
(Pers.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys (2002)
Synonyms [1]

Agaricus clavipesPers. (1801)
Agaricus comitialisPers. (1801)
Clitocybe clavipes(Pers.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Clitocybe comitialis(Pers.) P. Kumm.
Omphalia clavipes(Pers.) Quél. (1886)
Clavicybe clavipes(Pers.) Harmaja (2002)Clitocybe squamulosoides P.D. Orton

Contents

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgDepressed cap icon.svg Cap is convex or depressed
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Saprotrophic fungus.svgMycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic or mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngMycomorphbox Caution.pngEdibility is edible but not recommended

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, commonly known as the club-foot or club-footed clitocybe, is a species of gilled mushroom from Europe and North America. The grey brown mushrooms have yellowish decurrent gills and a bulbous stalk, and are found in deciduous and conifer woodlands. Although considered edible, disulfiram-like reactions have been reported after consumption of alcohol after eating this mushroom.

Taxonomy

The species was initially described as Agaricus clavipes by South African mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, [2] its specific epithet derived from the Latin terms clava "club", and pes "foot". [3] It was transferred to Clitocybe by German naturalist Paul Kummer in 1871 and was even designated, improperly, the type species by Howard E. Bigelow in 1965. French mycologist Lucien Quélet chose to place it in Omphalia (now Omphalina ) in 1886. [4]

Scott Redhead and colleagues proposed the genus Ampulloclitocybe for it, as the species was only distantly related to other members of Clitocybe proper and more closely related instead to Rimbachia bryophila , Omphalina pyxidata and "Clitocybe" lateritia . [5] Around the same time, Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja proposed the genus Clavicybe. However, as the former name was published on November 5, 2002, and the latter one on December 31, 2002, Harmaja conceded that Ampulloclitocybe had priority. [6]

English mycologist P. D. Orton described a Clitocybe squamulosoides in 1960, which he held to be a slender relative with large spores, though the differences are inconsistent and there are intermediate forms. hence it is considered indistinguishable from A. clavipes. [7]

Common names include club foot, [8] club-footed funnel cap, [9] club-footed clitocybe and clavate-stalked clitocybe. [10]

Description

The cap of the mushroom is 4–8 centimetres (1+5⁄8–3+1⁄8 in) in diameter, convex with a small boss, becoming plane to depressed in shape. [8] It has a smooth surface [9] often covered in fibrils, and usually moist. [11] Cap colours are generally grey-brown, sometimes tinged olive, with a pale margin. The stem has a markedly bulbous base, and is 3–7 centimetres (1+1⁄8–2+3⁄4 in) tall by 1–1.5 centimetres (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) wide. Its surface is covered in silky fibres, [8] and it is the same colour as the cap. [10] The thick flesh is white, but slightly yellow at the base. [8] In the stem, it is tough on the surface and spongy and soft in the centre. [10] It is watery with a slightly sweet smell that has been likened to bitter almond, [3] orange blossom, [9] cinnamon, [10] or even grape bubble gum. [11] The gills are strongly decurrent and cream-yellow in colour, [8] contrasting with the rest of the mushroom. [9] There are some smaller gills in between the regular gills, and the gills are occasionally forked near the stem. The gill edges are straight in younger mushrooms and sometimes wavy (undulate) in older ones. [10] The spore print is white. The round to oval spores are 4.5–5 by 3.5–4 microns. [8]

It resembles the clouded agaric ( Clitocybe nebularis ), but can be distinguished by its bulbous stem, deeply decurrent gills, [12] and overall darker colour. [3] In the western United States, it can be confused with Ampulloclitocybe avellaneialba, which is larger and has a darker cap and white gills. [13]

Distribution and habitat

It is widespread and abundant across Northern Europe and the British Isles, [3] and is becoming more common. [7] In North America, it is common under pine plantations in the east, and less common in the Pacific Northwest. [13]

It is found in conifer and deciduous forests, [3] particularly under beech, [8] the fruit bodies appearing from August to November in northern Europe. [7]

Edibility

It has been described as edible, [3] though too unpalatable as eating it has been likened to eating wet cotton. [9] Others categorize it as inedible. [14] It contains toxins which make it dangerous when consumed with alcohol. [15]

Club foots collected from Stinchfield Woods, northwest of Dexter, Michigan, in 1974, 1976 and 1977 caused an Antabuse-like syndrome. Alcohol was consumed around seven hours after the mushrooms were eaten in each case, resulting in flushing of the face, throbbing of the head and neck and puffy hands around five to ten minutes afterwards. The symptoms were mild with vodka and gin, but worse with whiskey, which resulted in a pounding headache that lasted several hours. Rechallenging with alcohol the next day brought on the symptoms but not after that. The phenomenon has been reported at least one other time in the United States. Oddly, collection of club foots before 1974 did not reveal any symptoms. [16] The phenomenon has also been recorded in Japan. [17] Though similar to the symptoms experienced with Coprinopsis atramentaria , the aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor in this species is not known. [18] Experiments with club foot extract found that it inhibited the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in mouse livers. [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Clitocybe</i> Genus of fungi

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<i>Collybia nuda</i> Species of mushroom

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<i>Entoloma sinuatum</i> Species of poisonous fungus in the family Entolomataceae found across Europe and North America

Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.

<i>Coprinopsis atramentaria</i> Species of fungus

Coprinopsis atramentaria, commonly known as the common ink cap, tippler's bane, or inky cap, is an edible mushroom found in Europe and North America. Previously known as Coprinus atramentarius, it is the second best known ink cap and previous member of the genus Coprinus after C. comatus. It is a widespread and common fungus found throughout the northern hemisphere. Clumps of mushrooms arise after rain from spring to autumn, commonly in urban and disturbed habitats such as vacant lots and lawns, as well as grassy areas. The grey-brown cap is initially bell-shaped before opening, after which it flattens and disintegrates. The flesh is thin and the taste mild. It can be eaten, but due to the presence of coprine within the mushroom, it is poisonous when consumed with alcohol, as it heightens the body's sensitivity to ethanol in a similar manner to the anti-alcoholism drug disulfiram.

<i>Clitocybe nebularis</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause gastrointestinal issues.

<i>Clitocybe rivulosa</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe rivulosa, commonly known as the false champignon or fool's funnel, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus of the large genus Clitocybe. One of several species similar in appearance, it is a small white funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. Also known as the sweating mushroom, it derives this name from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.

<i>Lactarius subdulcis</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius subdulcis, commonly known as the mild milkcap or beech milk cap, is an edible mushroom in the genus Lactarius. It is brown in colour, with a large number of gills and a particularly thin layer of flesh in the cap. Mycorrhizal, the mushroom is found from late summer to late autumn at the base of beech trees in small groups or individually, where it is one of the two most common species of fungi. Alternatively, it can be found in large groups in fields, sometimes with more than a hundred individual mushrooms. It is found in Europe, and, despite previous research to the contrary, is absent in North America. Although considered edible, it is not particularly useful as food due to its ivy-like taste and the fact that more choice mushrooms will be easily found at the same time. L. subdulcis is known for its abundant, sweet-tasting milk that, unlike the latex of some of its relatives, does not stain fabric yellow.

<i>Inocybe geophylla</i> Species of fungus

Inocybe geophylla, commonly known as the earthy inocybe, common white inocybe or white fibercap, is a poisonous mushroom of the genus Inocybe. It is widespread and common in Europe and North America, appearing under both conifer and deciduous trees in summer and autumn. The fruiting body is a small all-white or cream mushroom with a fibrous silky umbonate cap and adnexed gills. An all-lilac variety lilacina is also common.

<i>Lactarius glyciosmus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius glyciosmus, commonly known as the coconut scented milk cap, is a semi-edible mushroom in the genus Lactarius. Mycorrhizal, it can be found growing in soil at the base of birch trees in Europe. It is typically coloured a greyish lilac, with the sometimes hollow stem a little lighter coloured than the cap. It has crowded, decurrent gills, and smells strongly of coconuts.

<i>Lactarius pallidus</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius pallidus, the pale milkcap, is an edible mushroom of the genus Lactarius. It is pale in colour, and found on the floor in beech or birch woodland. It's smooth cap features a particularly thick layer of flesh and often has an incurved margin. Though generally considered edible, it is not recommended to be eaten raw. It is common in Europe, and less common in North America and Australasia.

<i>Aspropaxillus giganteus</i> Species of fungus

Aspropaxillus giganteus, also Leucopaxillus giganteus, commonly known as the giant leucopax or the giant funnel, is a saprobic species of fungus in the order Agaricales. As its common names imply, the fruit body, or mushroom, can become quite large—the cap reaches diameters of up to 50 cm (20 in). It has a white or pale cream cap, and is funnel-shaped when mature, with the gills running down the length of the stem. Considered by some to be a choice edible when young, this species has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is typically found growing in groups or rings in grassy pastures, roadside hedges, or woodland clearings. It has been shown to contain a bioactive compound with antibiotic properties.

<i>Galerina sulciceps</i> Species of fungus

Galerina sulciceps is a dangerously toxic species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae, of the order Agaricales. It is distributed in tropical Indonesia and India, but has reportedly been found fruiting in European greenhouses on occasion. More toxic than the deathcap, G. sulciceps has been shown to contain the toxins alpha- (α-), beta- (β-) and gamma- (γ-) amanitin; a series of poisonings in Indonesia in the 1930s resulted in 14 deaths from the consumption of this species. It has a typical "little brown mushroom" appearance, with few obvious external characteristics to help distinguish it from many other similar nondescript brown species. The fruit bodies of the fungus are tawny to ochre, deepening to reddish-brown at the base of the stem. The gills are well-separated, and there is no ring present on the stem.

<i>Mycena inclinata</i> Species of fungus

Mycena inclinata, commonly known as the clustered bonnet or the oak-stump bonnet cap, is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. The doubtfully edible mushroom has a reddish-brown bell-shaped cap up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in) in diameter. The thin stem is up to 9 cm (3.5 in) tall, whitish to yellow-brown at the top but progressively becoming reddish-brown towards the base in maturity, where they are covered by a yellowish mycelium that can be up to a third of the length of the stem. The gills are pale brown to pinkish, and the spore print is white. It is a widespread saprobic fungus, and has been found in Europe, North Africa, Asia, Australasia, and North America, where it grows in small groups or tufts on fallen logs and stumps, especially of oak. British mycologist E.J.H. Corner has described two varieties of the mushroom from Borneo. Lookalike species with which M. inclinata may be confused include M. galericulata and M. maculata.

<i>Clitocybe glacialis</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe glacialis is a species of mushroom in the family Tricholomataceae. Formerly known as Lyophyllum montanum, this is a snowbank mushroom, always associated with melting snow along snowbanks and thus glacialis. Originally described by Alexander H. Smith in 1957, this North American species is typically found growing under conifers on mountains.

<i>Infundibulicybe geotropa</i> Species of fungus

Infundibulicybe geotropa, also known as the trooping funnel or monk's head, is a funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in Europe and in North America. A large sturdy cream- or buff-coloured funnel-shaped mushroom, it grows in mixed woodlands, often in troops or fairy rings, one of which is over half a mile wide. Although edible, it could be confused with some poisonous species of similar colouration and size.

<i>Protostropharia semiglobata</i> Species of fungus

Protostropharia semiglobata, commonly known as the dung roundhead, the halfglobe mushroom, or the hemispherical stropharia, is an agaric fungus of the family Strophariaceae. A common and widespread species with a cosmopolitan distribution, the fungus produces mushrooms on the dung of various wild and domesticated herbivores. The mushrooms have hemispherical straw yellow to buff-tan caps measuring 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in), greyish gills that become dark brown in age, and a slender, smooth stem 3–12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long with a fragile ring.

<i>Paralepista flaccida</i> Species of fungus

Paralepista flaccida is a species of mushroom found across the Northern Hemisphere. It is known to form fairy rings.

<i>Clitocybe amarescens</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe amarescens is a species of agaric fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. Widely distributed in northwestern Europe, it was first described in 1969 by Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja. It fruits in groups or in fairy rings in grasslands. Amarescens signifies "tending to bitterness".

<i>Infundibulicybe gibba</i> Species of gilled mushroom

Infundibulicybe gibba, and commonly known as the common funnel or funnel cap, is a species of gilled mushroom which is common in European woods.

<i>Lichenomphalia hudsoniana</i> Species of lichen

Lichenomphalia hudsoniana is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is widely distributed in alpine and arctic regions of the world, where it grows on moist soil amongst moss.

References

  1. ↑ "Ampulloclitocybe clavipes (Pers.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys 2002". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
  2. ↑ Persoon CH (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (in Latin). Göttingen, Sweden: H. Dietrich. OCLC   28329773.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nilson S, Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 42. ISBN   0-14-063006-6.
  4. ↑ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). Lutetia: Octave Dion. p. 20.
  5. ↑ Redhead, S.A.; et al. (2002a). "Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for core omphalinoid genera in the Agaricales (euagarics)". Mycotaxon. 83: 19–57. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-20. Retrieved 2009-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ↑ Harmaja, Harri (2003). "Notes on Clitocybe s. lato (Agaricales)" (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 40: 213–18.
  7. 1 2 3 Bas C, Kuyper TW, Noordeloos ME (1995). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Vol. 3. CRC Press. p. 50. ISBN   978-90-5410-616-6.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Phillips R. (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. p. 91. ISBN   0-330-44237-6.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Lamaison J.-L, Polese J.-M. (2005). The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Cologne, Germany: Könemann. p. 73. ISBN   978-3-8331-1239-3.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bresinsky, A.; Besl, H. (2004). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi: A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, and Biologists. CRC Press x. pp. 124–25. ISBN   9780723415763.
  11. 1 2 Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  12. ↑ Haas H. (1969). The Young Specialist Looks at Fungi. London, UK: Burke. p. 205. ISBN   978-0-222-79409-3.
  13. 1 2 Arora D (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p.  160. ISBN   0-89815-169-4.
  14. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p.  61. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  15. ↑ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 185. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  16. ↑ Cochran KW, Cochran MW (1978). "Clitocybe clavipes: Antabuse-like Reaction to Alcohol". Mycologia. 70 (5): 1124–26. doi:10.2307/3759144. JSTOR   3759144. PMID   569766.
  17. ↑ Romagnesi H (1964). "Champignons toxiques au Japon". Bull. Soc. Mycol. France (in French). 80: iv–v.
  18. ↑ Benjamin DR (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians . New York, New York: WH Freeman and Company. p.  284. ISBN   0-7167-2600-9.
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