Aquilegia longissima

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Aquilegia longissima
Aquilegia longissima BBNP 1.jpg
Status TNC G3.svg
Vulnerable  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Aquilegia
Species:
A. longissima
Binomial name
Aquilegia longissima
Synonyms [2]

Aquilegia coerulea f. longissima(A.Gray) Rapaics

Aquilegia longissima, the long-spur columbine [3] or long-spurred columbine, [1] is a rare perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae that is native to northern Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. [2]

Contents

Description

Aquilegia longissima grows to 25–90 cm (9.8–35.4 in) tall, with biternate basal leaves measuring 20–45 cm (7.9–17.7 in) across, usually shorter than the stems. The flowers are erect with pale yellow lanceolate sepals of 25–40 mm (0.98–1.57 in) length, spreading at right angles to the petals. The petals are yellow, spoon-shaped, and 15–30 mm (0.59–1.18 in) long. [3]

The most remarkable feature of the species is the extremely long nectar spurs, measuring 72–180 mm (2.8–7.1 in), straight, evenly tapered, and very slender in shape, and usually hanging straight down. [3] They are the longest spurs of any eudicot. [4] [5]

Taxonomy

In the original species description by Asa Gray in 1883, Aquilegia longissima is distinguished from the shorter-spurred golden columbine Aquilegia chrysantha by the narrow spatulate petals and long, slender spurs hanging straight down. [6]

The species is part of a clade containing all the North American species of columbines, that likely split from their closest relatives in East Asia in the mid-Pliocene, approximately 3.84 million years ago. [7]

Etymology

The specific epithet longissima means "longest" in Latin, referring to the unusual size of the nectar spurs.

Distribution and habitat

Aquilegia longissima is native to Trans-Pecos Texas and southern Arizona in the United States and Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Sonora in northern Mexico. [8] It grows at altitudes of 1,370–1,520 m (4,490–4,990 ft) [3] in gravelly limestone or igneous soils, on canyon walls, and along streams, drainages, springs, or waterfalls, within shady, mesic canyons of pine-oak or pine-oak-juniper woodlands. [1]

Ecology

Aquilegia longissima flowers from July to September. [3]

William Trelease hypothesized in 1883 that the most likely pollinator of A. longissima would be the giant sphinx moth, Cocytius antaeus . [9] The giant sphinx moth is a rare stray in west Texas and has been collected in Big Bend National Park near long-spur columbine populations; however, the common pollinators are likely large hawkmoths in the genera Manduca and Agrius with tongue lengths from 9–14 cm (3.5–5.5 in) long.

Hybridization is common among columbines and populations with intermediate spur lengths from 7–9 cm (2.8–3.5 in) are found near some long-spur columbine populations. [10] One such population is found at Cattail Falls in Big Bend National Park, a site significantly impacted by human visitation. [1]

Conservation

As of November 2024, NatureServe listed Aquilegia longissima as Vulnerable (G3) worldwide. This status was last reviewed on 19 November 1997. In individual states, it is listed as Imperiled (S2) in Texas and has no status rank in Arizona. [1] It has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. [11]

Related Research Articles

<i>Aquilegia</i> Genus of perennial plants (columbine)

Aquilegia is a genus of about 130 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher elevations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals of their flowers.

<i>Aquilegia formosa</i> Western North American species of columbine

Aquilegia formosa, the crimson columbine, western columbine, or (ambiguously) "red columbine", is a common wildflower native to western North America, from Alaska to Baja California, and eastward to Montana and Wyoming.

<i>Aquilegia canadensis</i> Common North American species of columbine

Aquilegia canadensis, the Canadian or Canada columbine, eastern red columbine, or wild columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is an herbaceous perennial native to woodland and rocky slopes in eastern North America, prized for its red and yellow flowers. It readily hybridizes with other species in the genus Aquilegia.

<i>Aquilegia coerulea</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia coerulea, the Colorado columbine, Rocky Mountain columbine, or blue columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the Rocky Mountains and some of the surrounding states of the western United States. It is the state flower of Colorado. The Latin specific name coerulea means "sky blue".

<i>Hyles lineata</i> Species of moth

Hyles lineata, also known as the white-lined sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. They are sometimes known as a "hummingbird moth" because of their bird-like size and flight patterns.

<i>Aquilegia chrysantha</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia chrysantha, the golden columbine, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.

<i>Aquilegia eximia</i> Californian species of columbine

Aquilegia eximia, the serpentine columbine or Van Houtte's columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to California.

<i>Aquilegia flavescens</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia flavescens, the yellow columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the Rocky Mountains of the United States and Canada.

<i>Aquilegia elegantula</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia elegantula, the western red columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

<i>Aquilegia pyrenaica</i> Pyrenean endemic species of columbine

Aquilegia pyrenaica, common name Pyrenean columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is endemic to the Pyrenees where it grows on grassland and in rocky places. It was first described in 1805 by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle who gave it the name Aquilegia pyrenaica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nectar spur</span> Nectar spur, secrets

A nectar spur is a hollow extension of a part of a flower. The spur may arise from various parts of the flower: the sepals, petals, or hypanthium, and often contain tissues that secrete nectar (nectaries). Nectar spurs are present in many clades across the angiosperms, and are often cited as an example of convergent evolution.

<i>Aquilegia fragrans</i> Himalayan species of columbine

Aquilegia fragrans, the fragrant columbine or sweet-scented columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the Western Himalayas.

<i>Aquilegia alpina</i> Alpine European species of columbine

Aquilegia alpina, the alpine columbine or breath of God, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the western and central Alps.

<i>Aquilegia ecalcarata</i> Chinese endemic species of columbine

Aquilegia ecalcarata, the spurless columbine or false columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to central China.

<i>Aquilegia sibirica</i> Species of flowering plant

Aquilegia sibirica, the Siberian columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the north-central Asian regions of Siberia, northern Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. A hardy perennial plant, it prefers temperate environments. The Siberian columbine can be between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) tall with flowers that are lilac-blue and white in color.

<i>Aquilegia buergeriana</i> Japanese species of columbine

Aquilegia buergeriana is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Japan.

<i>Aquilegia desertorum</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia desertorum, the desert columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the southwestern United States.

<i>Aquilegia glandulosa</i> North Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia glandulosa, the Altai columbine or Siberian columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to northern and central Asia.

Aquilegia incurvata, or the Qinling columbine (秦岭耧斗菜), is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, endemic to the Qinling mountain range in China.

<i>Aquilegia micrantha</i> Species of flowering plants

Aquilegia micrantha, the Mancos columbine or Bluff City columbine, is a perennial species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Utah, Colorado, and Arizona.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 NatureServe (1 November 2024). "Aquilegia longissima". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 "Aquilegia longissima A.Gray ex S.Watson". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Whittemore, Alan T. (1997). "Aquilegia longissima". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 November 2024 via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. Rickett, Harold William (1966). Wildflowers of the United States - Texas. Vol. 3 (1). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. p. 102.
  5. Correll, Donovan S.; Johnston, Marshall C. (1970). Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. Renner, Texas: Texas Research Foundation. p. 638.
  6. Gray, Asa (1883). "Aquilegia longissima". Botanical Gazette. 8: 295.
  7. Fior, Simone; Li, Mingai; Oxelman, Bengt; Viola, Roberto; Hodges, Scott A.; Ometto, Lino; Varotto, Claudio (2013). "Spatiotemporal reconstruction of the Aquilegia rapid radiation through next-generation sequencing of rapidly evolving cpDNA regions". New Phytologist. 198 (2): 579–592. doi: 10.1111/nph.12163 . PMID   23379348.
  8. "Aquilegia longissima A. Gray ex S. Watson". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  9. Trelease, William (1883). "Aquilegia longissima". Botanical Gazette. 8: 319.
  10. Stubben, CJ and BG Milligan (2007). "Conservation Implications of Spur Length Variation in Long-Spur Columbines ("Aquilegia longissima")".
  11. "Aquilegia - genus". IUCN Red List. 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.