Arisaema

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Arisaema
Arisaema triphyllum.jpg
Arisaema triphyllum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Subfamily: Aroideae
Tribe: Arisaemateae
Genus: Arisaema
Mart.
Diversity
About 212 species
Arisaema distribution.svg
Range of the genus Arisaema.
Synonyms [1]
  • AlocasiaNeck. ex Raf.
  • DochafaSchott
  • MuricaudaSmall
  • FlagellarisaemaNakai
  • HeteroarisaemaNakai
  • PleuriarumNakai
  • RingentiarumNakai
Arisaema tortuosum Whipcord Cobra Lily.jpg
Arisaema tortuosum

Arisaema is a large and diverse genus of the flowering plant family Araceae. The largest concentration of species is in China and Japan, with other species native to other parts of southern Asia as well as eastern and central Africa, Mexico and eastern North America. [1] Asiatic species are often called cobra lilies, while western species are often called jack-in-the-pulpit; both names refer to the distinctive appearance of the flower, which consists of an erect central spadix rising from a spathe. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Classification and relationships

The closest relatives of Arisaema appear to be Pinellia and Typhonium (although the latter as defined in 2004 seems to be paraphyletic, having given rise to Arisaema and other genera). [5] One unusual trait shared by all Arisaema species, and not those of other genera, is the sex change or act of Sequential hermaphroditism.Arisaema plants are typically male when small, and female or hermaphroditic when large, with a single plant capable of changing sex based on nutrition [5] and genetics, [6] and perhaps changing sex several times during its long life (20 years or more). [5]

Sections

A phylogenetic study in 2016 by Ohi-toma et. al recognized 15 sections in the genus. [7]

ImageSectionType species
My-13-4030-Cobra-Cobra-Lily-Cameron-Cobra-Lily-HiR.jpg
A. sect. Anomala Gusman & L. Gusman 2003 Arisaema anomalum
Arisaema speciosum- The Cobra Lily.jpg
A. sect. Arisaema Li et al. 2010 Arisaema speciosum
Rumphia, sive, Commentationes botanicae| imprimis de plantis Indiae| Orientalis (8330551674).jpg
A. sect. Attenuata (Engler) H. Li 2017 Arisaema laminatum
Arisaema negishii 4.JPG
A. sect. Clavata (Engler) H. Hara 1971 Arisaema clavatum
A. sect. Decipienta (Engler) H. Li in C. Y. Wu & H. Li 1979 Arisaema decipiens
Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 40 (1860) (50064945376).jpg
A. sect. Dochafa (Schott) H. Hara 1971 Arisaema flavum
Arisaema fimbriatum-IMG 0273.jpg
A. sect. Fimbriata (Engl.) H.Li 1979 Arisaema fimbriatum
Arisaema thunbergii subsp. urashima 4.JPG
A. sect. Flagellarisaema (Nakai) H.Hara 1971 Arisaema thunbergii
Arisaema fargesii Buchet- Notul. Syst. (Paris) 1- 371 (1911). 20210701 151512.jpg
A. sect. Franchetiana (Engl.) H. Hara 1971 Arisaema franchetianum
Arisaema nepenthoides (26634334281).jpg
A. sect. Nepenthoidea (Engl.) H. Hara 1971 Arisaema nepenthoides
Arisaema saxatile Buchet- Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2- 124 (1911). 20210627 222557.jpg
A. sect. Odorata Murata et al. 2013 Arisaema odoratum
Quan Yuan Deng Tai Lian Arisaema sikokianum -Ri Ben Da Ban Xian Hua Jing Fang Guan Osaka Sakuya Konohana Kan, Japan- (42277025661).jpg
A. sect. Pistillata (Engler) Nakai 1929 Arisaema serratum
Arisaema ciliatum - Flickr - peganum (1).jpg
A. sect. Sinarisaema Nakai 1950 Arisaema formosanum
Arisaema jacquemontii - Jacquemont's Cobra Lily on way from Gangria to Hemkund at Valley of Flowers National Park - during LGFC - VOF 2019 (15).jpg
A. sect. Tenuipistillata Engl. 1920 Arisaema jacquemontii
WhipcordCobraLily.jpg
A. sect. Tortuosa (Engler) H. Hara 1971 Arisaema tortuosum

Species

See: List of Arisaema species

Plants of the World Online accepts around 212 accepted species As of February 2025. [8]

References

  1. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. Flora China Vol. 23 Page 43, 天南星属 tian nan xing shu, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
  4. Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
  5. 1 2 3 Renner, S. S.; Zhang, L.-B.; Murata, J. (2004), "A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa" , American Journal of Botany, 91 (6): 881–8, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.881, PMID   21653444
  6. Vitt, P.; Holsinger, K. E.; Jones, C. S. (2003), "Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)", American Journal of Botany, 90 (12): 1729–35, doi: 10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729 , PMID   21653349
  7. Ohi-Toma, Tetsuo; Wu, Sugong; Murata, Hiroko; Murata, Jin (2016-06-30). "An updated genus-wide phylogenetic analysis of Arisaema (Araceae) with reference to sections". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 100–114. doi: 10.1111/boj.12459 . ISSN   0024-4074.
  8. "Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2025-02-02.

Bibliography