Australian Indigenous advisory bodies

Last updated

Australian Indigenous advisory bodies are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander advisory bodies established or proposed to be established by the Commonwealth and state and territory governments. Calls for such bodies, especially for a Commonwealth level Voice to Parliament, became prominent following the release of the Uluru Statement from the Heart , however similar bodies of various levels of independence have existed since the official end of assimilationist policies in the 1970s and the promotion of self-determination and reconciliation. Such bodies generally advise governments on policies and programmes that affect Indigenous Australians, and represent Indigenous interests in public debate. [1] Other advisory bodies have been established in the context of state treaty process, to advise governments and Indigenous groups to prepare for upcoming negotiations.

Contents

While the proposed Voice was unique in its proposed implementation through a constitutional amendment, most other advisory bodies are typically proposed to be established via legislation, with their membership democratically elected by First Nations communities. [1] The membership of these bodies is usually made up of representatives from a range of Indigenous organisations and communities. The specific proposed roles and responsibilities of Indigenous advisory bodies varies. [2]

Commonwealth

Current Commonwealth bodies

The Coalition of Peaks is an unincorporated body that represents more than 80 Indigenous community groups and peak organisations across Australia. [3] Under a partnership agreement with the Council of Australian Governments (now National Cabinet), Australian governments have promised to consult with the Coalition of Peaks in the creation, implementation and reform of Closing the Gap policies. [4] It is the only federal body representing Indigenous Australian that advises the Commonwealth, and its role is limited to the Closing the Gap strategy. [5]

Past Commonwealth bodies

Since 1973, there have been five national Indigenous bodies advising Australian governments. [6] Four were elected and one (the National Indigenous Council) was appointed by the federal government. [7] [8] Other state and territory Indigenous advisory bodies have also been established in some jurisdictions since 2008.

1973–1976: National Aboriginal Consultative Committee

The National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (NACC) was created in February 1973 by the Whitlam government's Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Gordon Bryant, with the help of Charles Perkins. [9] Its principal function was to advise the Department of Aboriginal Affairs (DAA) and the Minister on issues of concern to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Its members were elected by Indigenous people, who had a turnout of 78% of the 36,338 people on its electoral roll, in November 1973. [9] [10] While it maintained a good relationship with Bryant, it had strong detractors in the DAA. [9] [11] The NACC saw itself as a legislative body, while the government expected them to be purely advisory, and this, along with other conflicts over the name, funding levels and control led to the end of the organisation. [8] The Fraser government commissioned the 1976 Hiatt Committee review of the body, [12] which concluded that it had not functioned as a consultative committee nor been effective in providing advice to government or making its activities known to most Aboriginal people. [6] [ unreliable source? ] [8]

1977–1985: National Aboriginal Congress

The NACC was reconstituted in 1977 as the National Aboriginal Congress (NAC). [13] Changes included a move to indirect voting of members through regional representatives, a lower budget and a more explicit advisory role. [8] The Hawke government commissioned the Coombs Review into the NAC in 1983, [14] which found that the body was not held in high regard by the Aboriginal community. [8] After being starved of funds, some financial irregularities were found (attributed[ by whom? ] to inexperienced staff). [8] [9] The NAC was abolished by the Hawke government in 1985. [15] In 1988, the Barunga Statement called for a new elected body to be created. [16]

1990–2005: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) was established by the Hawke government on 5 March 1990 as an elected body which had responsibility for administering Indigenous programs and service delivery. It was successful in some areas as being a combined deliverer of services; however, low voter turnout for ATSIC elections, allegations of corruption and a lack of government support led to the demise of the organisation. [8] A 2003 review recommended various reforms, including more control of the organisation by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at a regional level. [17] The Howard government (with Amanda Vanstone as Aboriginal Affairs Minister) decided not to implement these reforms however, instead abolishing ATSIC on 24 March 2005, [18] with the support of the Labor party under Mark Latham. [17]

2004–2008: National Indigenous Council

In November 2004 the Howard government established the National Indigenous Council (NIC), following a proposal earlier in the year. [18] A government inquiry into the demise of ATSIC recommended in March 2005 "that the NIC be a temporary body, to exist only until a proper national, elected representative body is in place". [19] The same inquiry found that, although the members were respected, there was absolutely no support for the institution; only the government regarded it as legitimate. [7] In early 2008, the NIC was disbanded. [20]

2009–2019: National Congress of Australia's First Peoples

In December 2008, the Rudd government asked the Australian Human Rights Commission to develop a new elected Indigenous representative body. [20] This was announced as the National Congress of Australia's First Peoples in November 2009, [21] and was established as a body independent of government. [22] Fewer than 10,000 Indigenous people signed up as members to elect congress delegates, [6] and the Abbott government cut off its main funding stream in 2013. It went into voluntary administration in June 2019, [23] before ceasing completely in October 2019. [24] Calls for a new voice came from the Cape York Institute, headed by Noel Pearson, in 2012 and 2015. [25] [26]

2013–2019: Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council

The government appointed Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council was established by prime minister Tony Abbott on 25 September 2013. [27] It consisted of 12 members, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, who would meet three times each year. [28] It was initially chaired by Warren Mundine. Prime minister Malcolm Turnbull restructured the body in early 2017, [29] [30] [31] reducing its size to six members, and abolishing the role of chair. It was later given a pair of co-chairs. It held its last meeting in early 2019. [32]

New South Wales

New South Wales has not committed to establishing a state voice to Parliament. The current Labor NSW government, headed by Premier Chris Minns, came to power promising to spend $5 million on consultation for a treaty process. [33] However, following the defeat of the referendum, there has been no commitment to further action, with the premier stating in October 2023 that "[a]ll we’re promising is to start that dialogue" and that any proposed further developments would be taken to an election before being implemented. [34]

Victoria

The First Peoples' Assembly of Victoria is a body of 31 elected and appointed members representing Aboriginal Victorians. 22 "General Members" are elected via optional preferential voting in 5 multi-member electorates (known as "Regions"). General Members receiving a sufficient quota in each Region are elected, with the lowest ranking male candidates excluded until at least 40% of the members elected to a region are non-male. [35] 10 "Reserved Members" are appointed, with a member selected by each of the government recognised traditional owner groups. [36] Additional Reserved Member seats may be granted by the assembly on application by an Aboriginal group. [36]

The main task of the Assembly is to work out the rules by which individual treaties will be negotiated between the Victoria Government and the various Aboriginal Peoples. It will also establish an independent umpire, the Treaty Authority, to oversee negotiations between Aboriginal groups and the Victoria Government and ensure fairness. It will also establish a fund to help negotiations are take place on an even financial footing among the various groups, and debate and decide which ideas, laws, policies and rights will be the subject of treaty negotiations. [37]

The assembly meets in the chamber of the upper house of the Victorian Parliament, the Victorian Legislative Council. [37] It met for the first time on 10 December 2019, [38] and again met over two days in February 2020. The assembly hopes to agree upon a framework, umpire and process before November 2022, the date of the next state election. The current Labor government under Daniel Andrews is supportive, but the Coalition had not made a clear commitment to supporting the treaty process. [39]

On 11 July 2020, the Victoria Government announced that it would establish a truth and reconciliation commission for Aboriginal Australians in Victoria, the first ever in Australia, with the terms of reference to be worked out collaboratively. The 21 elected members of the assembly would consult with their communities and work with the Victoria Government to design the process. The announcement was welcomed by the community. The 2017 Uluru Statement from the Heart called for a similar commission to be established at a national level. [40]

The assembly's first election was in November 2019, however the Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation, declined to participate in the election process. [37] On 3 August 2020, the assembly held its first official negotiation meeting with Aboriginal Affairs Minister Gabrielle Williams. [41] The assembly held its second election in 2023, and new co-chairs were elected.

Yoorrook Justice Commission

In July 2020, the Victorian government became the first state or territory to commit to the creation of a truth and justice commission to "formally recognise historical wrongs and ongoing injustices" against Aboriginal people. [42] The commission was named the Yoorrook Justice Commission, and aims to establish an official public record of the experience of Aboriginal Victorians since the start of British colonisation in Victoria. Its official objectives include: [43]

The Commission has released several interim reports, with its final report planned to be released in 2025. [44] [45] The report will include recommendations for reform and redress, and will inform Victoria's treaty negotiations. [46]

The current commissioners are: [47]

Previous commissioners are:

Uncle Jack Charles was the first Indigenous elder to speak about his experiences at the first set of public hearings, or wurrek tyerrang, in April 2021. A second block of hearings was scheduled for late May. Elders were invited to speak about their direct experiences and perspectives, based on their preparedness to tell their truths in a public setting. Others would be able to share their stories in submissions, or nuther-mooyoop, in writing, audio or video form, or as an object such as an artwork. [46]

In May 2023 the Victorian Government admitted to the commission that state systems had failed to properly monitor the progress of initiatives that are intended to help reduce the numbers of Indigenous children in state care, disproportionate incarceration of Indigenous people, especially youth, and Aboriginal deaths in custody. [50] In September 2023 the Commission proposed 46 recommendations to improve the child protection and criminal justice systems in Victoria, including raising the age of criminal responsibility from 10 to 14 years of age, after finding that Aboriginal children were 21 times more likely to be in foster care in Victoria than non-Aboriginal children, and over the previous ten years, the rates of Aboriginal men on remand had grown by nearly 600%. The report was welcomed by Victoria Police, and Anne Ferguson, the Chief Justice of Victoria, said that changes may be made after considering the report. [45]

Queensland

Under the Palaszczuk Labor government initiated "Path to Treaty" process, an appointed Interim Truth and Treaty Body was established in 2022, to advise the government on the creation of laws to facilitate treaty negotiations. [51] These laws also set up a Truth-telling and Healing Inquiry and a Treaty Institute. After a criticised delay, [52] on 26 April 2024 the laws were proclaimed to put them into effect, with Joshua Creamer (chair), Roslyn Atkinson, Cheryl Buchanan, Ivan Ingram and Vonda Malone appointed as commissioners to lead the truth telling inquiry. [53] While these laws initially passed with bi-partisan support, the LNP withdraw their support following the failure of the Voice to Parliament referendum. While maintaining their commitment to the Truth-telling inquiry, the premier in response declared that any treaties would require bi-partisan support. [54] On 1 May 2024, the LNP joined Katter's Australia Party and Pauline Hanson's One Nation in a failed motion opposing treaty making. [53]

Western Australia

The Aboriginal Advisory Council of Western Australia is a statutory body that has operated since 1972 which advises the WA government (through the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs) on Aboriginal issues. [55] [56] While some have praised the effectiveness of the body, others have criticised it as a "toothless tiger" that is unable to properly hold the government to account on Aboriginal issues. [56] The body is appointed by the minister, after being "peer-nominated". [57]

South Australia

In May 2021, South Australian premier Steven Marshall announced his government's intention to create the state's first Indigenous Voice to Parliament. [58] After the election of a state Labor government in 2022, new Premier Peter Malinauskas pledged to implement this state-based Voice to Parliament, as well as restarting treaty talks and greater investment in areas affecting Aboriginal people in the state. [59] In July 2022 Dale Agius was appointed as the state's first Commissioner for First Nations Voice, with the role commencing in August and responsible for liaising with federal government. Kokatha elder Roger Thomas would continue as Commissioner for Aboriginal Engagement for a further six months. [60]

In January 2023 the government secured the support of the Greens for a bill which would be debated in parliament later in the year. [61] The process would include the election of 40 people by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people enrolled to vote for members specific to their geographic area, with 12 of these forming a statewide Voice, which would be entitled to address the parliament on any bill being debated. [62] An open letter was sent in early January to Agius and Kyam Maher (Attorney-General of South Australia and Minister for Aboriginal Affairs) by Native Title Services SA on behalf of most of the native title bodies, voicing some concerns about aspects of the model, saying the proposal would bypass established individual native title groups' voices. Maher said later that their concerns would be taken into consideration, and the Voice would ensure the existence of a formal structure to take into account their views. [63]

One Nation's sole MP Sarah Game expressed her opposition to the legislation, [64] and the South Australian Liberal Party announced its opposition to the proposed Voice, saying that it was flawed. [65] [66] The bill passed in a special Sunday sitting of parliament on 26 March 2023 and was given royal assent immediately afterwards [67] [68] in a public event on the steps of Parliament House. [69] Thousands of onlookers attended the event, watching some of the events inside the building projected live onto large screens. [70]

Implementation of the SA Voice was delayed for six months owing to possible confusion introduced by the debate about the national referendum on a national Voice in October. [71] Elections for the Voice took place on 16 March 2024. [72] Turnout was low, with less than 10% of eligible voters participating, [73] which was the target of criticism by the Liberal Party, [74] who maintained it is open to repealing the state voice if elected. [75] Kyam Maher described the election as successful, saying that the result provides a base for the Voice to build awareness and engagement. [73]

The inaugural meeting of the Voice held on 12 June 2024 elected Central region representative Tahlia Wanganeen and West Coast representative Leeroy Bilney elected presiding members, who were delegated to speak to Parliament. [76]

Tasmania

A six member body "Aboriginal Advisory group" was established in December 2022, to advise the Tasmanian Government on treaty and truth-telling. [77] [78] The body received criticism from other Tasmanian Aboriginal groups as not-representative of all Tasmanian Aboriginal people. [79] Membership was appointed by the minister, following nomination "by Tasmanian Aboriginal people, through an open process". [78]

Australian Capital Territory

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Elected Body (ATSIEB) was established in 2008. [80] [1] As of 2023, ATSIEB has seven elected members, including a chairperson and deputy chairperson. Members of ATSIEB have portfolio responsibilities mirroring the ACT Government and the body is supported by a secretariat. [81] Members work part time and are paid $15,000 for seven hours of work per week. The body also conducts senate style estimates, questioning the heads of government departments. [82]

Elections to ATSIEB are conducted by Elections ACT. Any Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person over the age of 18 living in the ACT is eligible to vote in ATSIEB elections. The most recent election was held in 2021 and had a turnout of 267 voters, only 2.8% of the territory's Indigenous population. [83] This low turnout rate has been identified as key risk to the body's continuing effectiveness. Other challenges the body faces include a significant attrition rate in membership, inter-tribal conflict between the Ngunnawal and Ngambri and a lack of resources provided by the ACT government. [82]

Northern Territory

The Northern Territory does not currently have a territory-based Indigenous Voice to Parliament.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission</span> Australian government agency, 1990-2004

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) (1990–2005) was the Australian Government body through which Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders were formally involved in the processes of government affecting their lives, established under the Hawke government in 1990. A number of Indigenous programs and organisations fell under the overall umbrella of ATSIC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Indigenous sovereignty</span> Concept and political movement regarding land ownership by Indigenous peoples in Australia

Australian Indigenous sovereignty, also recently termed Blak sovereignty, encompasses the various rights claimed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples within Australia. Such rights are said to derive from Indigenous peoples' occupation and ownership of Australia prior to colonisation and through their continuing spiritual connection to land. Indigenous sovereignty is not recognised in the Australian Constitution or under Australian law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</span> Australian research institute for Indigenous studies

The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), established as the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS) in 1964, is an independent Australian Government statutory authority. It is a collecting, publishing, and research institute and is considered to be Australia's premier resource for information about the cultures and societies of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truth commission</span> Commission tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing

A truth commission, also known as a truth and reconciliation commission or truth and justice commission, is an official body tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing by a government, in the hope of resolving conflict left over from the past. Truth commissions are, under various names, occasionally set up by states emerging from periods of internal unrest, civil war, or dictatorship marked by human rights abuses. In both their truth-seeking and reconciling functions, truth commissions have political implications: they "constantly make choices when they define such basic objectives as truth, reconciliation, justice, memory, reparation, and recognition, and decide how these objectives should be met and whose needs should be served".

Indigenous Australian self-determination, also known as Aboriginal Australian self-determination, is the power relating to self-governance by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia. It is the right of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social and cultural interests. Self-determination asserts that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples should direct and implement Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander policy formulation and provision of services. Self-determination encompasses both Aboriginal land rights and self-governance, and may also be supported by a treaty between a government and an Indigenous group in Australia.

The National Indigenous Council (NIC) was an appointed advisory body to the Australian Government through the Minister's for Indigenous Affairs' Taskforce on Indigenous Affairs (MTIA) established in November 2004, and wound up in early 2008. It was chaired by Sue Gordon, a Western Australian magistrate.

Indigenous Australians are people with familial heritage from, and/or recognised membership of, the various ethnic groups living within the territory of present day Australia prior to British colonisation. They consist of two distinct groups, which includes many ethnic groups: the Aboriginal Australians of the mainland and many islands, including Tasmania, and the Torres Strait Islanders of the seas between Queensland and Papua New Guinea, located in Melanesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jackie Huggins</span> Indigenous Australian historian and writer

Jacqueline Gail "Jackie" Huggins is an Aboriginal Australian author, historian, academic and advocate for the rights of Indigenous Australians. She is a Bidjara/Pitjara, Birri Gubba and Juru woman from Queensland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Congress of Australia's First Peoples</span> Peak body for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2010-2019

The National Congress of Australia's First Peoples was the national representative body for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians from 2009 to 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mick Gooda</span> Indigenous Australian public servant

Mick Gooda is an Aboriginal Australian public servant. He has particularly served as the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner of the Australian Human Rights Commission from 2009 to 2016 and as Co-Commissioner of the Royal Commission into the Protection and Detention of Children in the Northern Territory from 2016 to 2017. He is a descendant of the Gangulu people of Central Queensland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leeanne Enoch</span> Australian politician

Leeanne Margaret Enoch is an Australian politician currently serving as the Queensland Minister for Treaty, Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships, Minister for Communities and Minister for the Arts. She has also served as the Labor Party member for Algester in the Queensland Legislative Assembly since 2015.

<i>Uluru Statement from the Heart</i> 2017 Australian Indigenous reform petition

The Uluru Statement from the Heart is a 2017 petition to the people of Australia, written and endorsed by the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders selected as delegates to the First Nations National Constitutional Convention. The document calls for substantive constitutional change and structural reform through the creation of two new institutions; a constitutionally protected First Nations Voice and a Makarrata Commission, to oversee agreement-making and truth-telling between governments and First Nations. Such reforms should be implemented, it is argued, both in recognition of the continuing sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and to address structural power differences that has led to severe disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. These reforms can be summarised as Voice, Treaty and Truth.

Indigenous treaties in Australia are proposed binding legal agreements between Australian governments and Australian First Nations. A treaty could recognise First Nations as distinct political communities, acknowledge Indigenous Sovereignty, set out mutually recognised rights and responsibilities or provide for some degree of self-government. As of 2023, no such treaties are in force, however the Commonwealth and all states except Western Australia have expressed support previously for a treaty process. However, the defeat of the Voice referendum has led to a reversal by several state liberal and national parties in their support for treaty and a much more ambiguous expressed position by state Labor parties and governments.

The 2019 Victorian First Peoples' Assembly election was held between 16 September to 20 October 2019 to elect 21 members to the First Peoples' Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. The election filled seats to the body, which was charged with the responsibility of preparing for negotiations with the Victorian Government about a treaty with the state's Aboriginal population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indigenous Voice to Parliament</span> Proposed advisory body in Australia

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice, also known as the Indigenous Voice to Parliament, the First Nations Voice or simply the Voice, was a proposed Australian federal advisory body to comprise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, to represent the views of Indigenous communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reconciliation in Australia</span> Movement to improve relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians

Reconciliation in Australia is a process which officially began in 1991, focused on the improvement of relations between the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples of Australia and the rest of the population. The Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (CAR), created by the government for a term of ten years, laid the foundations for the process, and created the peak body for implementation of reconciliation as a government policy, Reconciliation Australia, in 2001.

Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians refers to various proposals for changes to the Australian Constitution to recognise Indigenous Australians in the document. Various proposals have been suggested to symbolically recognise the special place Indigenous Australians have as the first peoples of Australia, along with substantial changes, such as prohibitions on racial discrimination, the protection of languages and the addition of new institutions. In 2017, the Uluru Statement from the Heart was released by Indigenous leaders, which called for the establishment of an Indigenous Voice to Parliament as their preferred form of recognition. When submitted to a national referendum in 2023 by the Albanese government, the proposal was heavily defeated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum</span> Referendum for the Indigenous Voice to Parliament

The 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum was a constitutional referendum held on 14 October 2023 in which the proposed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice was rejected. Voters were asked to approve an alteration to the Australian Constitution that would recognise Indigenous Australians in the document through prescribing a body called the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Voice that would have been able to "make representations to the Parliament and the Executive Government of the Commonwealth on matters relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples". The proposal was rejected nationally and by a majority in every state, thus failing to secure the double majority required for amendment by section 128 of the constitution. The Australian Capital Territory was the only state or territory with a majority of "yes" votes.

The 2023 Victorian First Peoples' Assembly election, advertised as the 2023 Treaty election, was held June 2023 to elect 22 members to the First Peoples' Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. The election filled 22 of 32 seats to the body, which was charged with the responsibility of negotiating a treaty between the state's government and its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Lo-Booth, Madeline (18 September 2023). "What Indigenous Advisory Bodies Exist or Have Existed in Australia? What Have They Done?". Vice. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  2. ↑ "Federal focus on the Voice to Parliament, while Treaty and Voice progress continues in the States and Territories". Ashurst. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  3. ↑ "Our story". Coalition of Peaks. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  4. ↑ "The Partnership Agreement". Coalition of Peaks. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Campbell, David; McCutchan, Ellen (14 September 2023). "No, the Indigenous organisations on this list do not constitute a Voice to Parliament". ABC News . Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 Mundine, Warren (1 February 2023). "Voice will fail like four previous attempts at national Aboriginal body". Sky News Australia . Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  7. 1 2 Parliament of Australia. Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs (March 2005). "Chapter 4: Representation". After ATSIC: Life in the mainstream?. Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN   0-642-71501-7.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 De Villiers, Bertus (30 August 2019). "An ancient people struggling to find a modern voice – Experiences of Australia's Indigenous people with advisory bodies". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 26 (4): 600–619. doi:10.1163/15718115-02604004. ISSN   1385-4879. S2CID   150403697.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Weaver, Sally M. (1983). "Australian Aboriginal Policy: Aboriginal Pressure Groups or Government Advisory Bodies?". Oceania. 54 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1983.tb02014.x. ISSN   0029-8077. JSTOR   40330714.
  10. ↑ Quentin, Beresford (2007). Rob Riley : An Aboriginal leader's quest for justice. Aboriginal Studies Press. ISBN   978-0-85575-502-7. OCLC   220246007.
  11. ↑ "Building a sustainable National Indigenous Representative Body – Issues for consideration". Issues Paper 2008. Australian Human Rights Commission . Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  12. ↑ Australia; Hiatt, L. R., eds. (1976). The role of the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN   978-0-642-02649-1.
  13. ↑ "History of National Representative Bodies | National Congress of Australia's First Peoples". 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  14. ↑ Coombs, Herbert Cole (1984). The role of the National Aboriginal Conference: report to the Hon. Clyde Holding, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs. Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN   978-0-644-03387-9.
  15. ↑ Levin, Michael D. (31 December 1993). "9. Ethnicity and Aboriginality: Conclusions". Ethnicity and Aboriginality. University of Toronto Press. pp. 168–180. doi:10.3138/9781442623187-012. ISBN   9781442623187 . Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  16. ↑ "Barunga Statement presented to Prime Minister Bob Hawke in 1988 | australia.gov.au". 31 July 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  17. 1 2 Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (21 January 2023). "Voice to Parliament: A look back at Australia's trial of political failure". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  18. 1 2 "The end of ATSIC and the future administration of Indigenous affairs". Parliament of Australia. 9 August 2004. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023. PDF
  19. ↑ Parliament of Australia. Select Committee on the Administration of Indigenous Affairs (March 2005). "Chapter 4: Representation". After ATSIC: Life in the mainstream?. Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN   0-642-71501-7.
  20. 1 2 "Our Future in Our Hands". Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  21. ↑ "2009 Media Release: New National Congress of Australia's First Peoples announced". Australian Human Rights Commission. 22 November 2009. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  22. ↑ "Readings 15: National Congress of Australia's First Peoples: Working with Indigenous Australians". Working with Indigenous Australians. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  23. ↑ Coggan, Maggie (29 July 2019). "Australia's largest Indigenous organisation forced to shut up shop". Pro Bono Australia. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
  24. ↑ Cassandra, Morgan (17 October 2019). "Closure of Aboriginal organisation means loss of First People's voice: former co-chairman". The Canberra Times . Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  25. ↑ National Indigenous Australians Agency. "The Process". Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander Voice. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  26. ↑ Pearson, Noel (September 2014). "A Rightful Place: Race, recognition and a more complete commonwealth". Quarterly Essay (55).
  27. ↑ "Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council". Directory. Australian Government. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  28. ↑ "First Meeting of the Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Press release). Tony Abbott [Media release]. Australian Government. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  29. ↑ Karvelas, Patricia (1 February 2017). "Malcolm Turnbull dissolves Indigenous Advisory Council, but 'commitment remains'". ABC News. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  30. ↑ "Terms of Reference: Indigenous Advisory Council". National Indigenous Australians Agency. Australian Government. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  31. ↑ "Prime Minister's Indigenous Advisory Council". National Indigenous Australians Agency. Australian Government. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  32. ↑ Haughton, James (16 June 2023). "Former Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian Government representative and advisory bodies: a quick guide". Research Paper Series, 2022–23. Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  33. ↑ "NSW Premier leaves door open to state Voice despite referendum defeat". News.com.au . 17 October 2023.
  34. ↑ Rose, Tamsin (23 October 2023). "NSW treaty will not progress beyond consultation until after election, Chris Minns says". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  35. ↑ First Peoples' Assembly of Victoria; Treaty for Victoria. "Assembly Elections: Election Rules (Version 4.0)" (PDF). www.firstpeoplesvic.org. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  36. 1 2 "Additional Pathways to Recognition". www.firstpeoplesvic.org. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  37. 1 2 3 Dunstan, Joseph (5 November 2019). "Victorian Aboriginal voters have elected a treaty assembly. So what's next?". ABC News. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  38. ↑ Costa, Jedda; Dunstan, Joseph (11 December 2019). "'We are taking this place back': Treaty assembly sits in Victoria's Upper House". ABC News. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  39. ↑ Dunstan, Joseph (29 February 2020). "'We've got a lot of eyes watching us': The weight of expectation on Victoria's treaty process". ABC News. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  40. ↑ Thorne, Leonie (11 July 2020). "Victoria to establish truth and justice process as part of Aboriginal treaty process". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  41. ↑ Dunstan, Joseph (4 August 2020). "Victoria's First Peoples' Assembly holds first formal Aboriginal treaty talks with Government". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  42. ↑ Korff, Jens (20 July 2020). "Aboriginal timeline: Treaty". Creative Spirits (in Polish). Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  43. ↑ "Victoria Government Gazette: Yoo-rrook Justice Commission Letters Patent" (PDF). Yoorrook Justice Commission. 14 May 2021.
  44. ↑ "About Yoorrook". Yoorrook Justice Commission. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  45. 1 2 Ashton, Kate (4 September 2023). "Victorian Aboriginal truth-telling inquiry calls for major overhaul of justice systems". ABC News (Australia) . Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  46. 1 2 Australian Associated Press (26 April 2022). "Uncle Jack Charles makes history as first Indigenous elder to speak at Victorian truth-telling commission". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  47. ↑ "Commissioners". Yoorrook Justice Commission. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  48. ↑ Brennan, Dechlan (31 January 2024). "Anthony North announced as new Yoorrook Commissioner". National Indigenous Times.
  49. ↑ "Vic truth-telling inquiry commissioner quits". NITV. 16 June 2022.
  50. ↑ Ashton, Kate (5 May 2023). "In Victoria's truth-telling inquiry, the government admits its 'shame'. But Yoorrook wants something more". ABC News (Australia) . Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  51. ↑ Silk, Marty (16 August 2022). "Queensland to hold truth-telling and healing inquiry on path to treaty". Brisbane Times .
  52. ↑ Dennien, Matt (16 October 2023). "New laws allowed Qld to be hearing First Nations truths. It's not" . Brisbane Times. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  53. 1 2 Dennien, Matt (6 May 2024). "The fork in Queensland's path to treaty gets wider all the way to election day". Brisbane Times .
  54. ↑ Dennien, Matt (19 October 2023). "'Dangerous and short-sighted': Cloud over treaties after LNP drops support" . Brisbane Times. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  55. ↑ "Aboriginal Advisory Council of Western Australia: Meetings". Wa.gov.au. Government of Western Australia. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  56. 1 2 "WA already has a little-known voice to government, but not all agree on its effectiveness". ABC News . 11 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  57. ↑ The National Tribune (22 October 2019). "Appointments to refreshed Aboriginal Advisory Council announced". The National Tribune. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  58. ↑ Jenkins, Shannon (7 May 2021). "SA premier flags plan for Indigenous Voice to parliament". The Mandarin . Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  59. ↑ Smith, Douglas (23 March 2022). "What SA's new govt wants to achieve in Aboriginal affairs". NITV . Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  60. ↑ "Next steps in implementing the Uluru Statement" (Press release). Government of South Australia. 4 July 2022.
  61. ↑ Katsaras, Jason (19 January 2023). "Green light for SA's Indigenous Voice to Parliament". InDaily . Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  62. ↑ Manfield, Evelyn (19 January 2023). "South Australia set to get First Nations' Voice to Parliament after proposal wins Greens' support". ABC News. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  63. ↑ Katsaras, Jason (20 January 2023). "'Going backwards': SA native title bodies raise Voice concerns". InDaily . Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  64. ↑ "Say No To The South Australian 'Voice'". Pauline Hanson's One Nation. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  65. ↑ "South Australian Liberals to oppose state First Nations Voice to Parliament proposal". ABC News. 20 February 2023.
  66. ↑ Richards, Stephanie (21 February 2023). "'Range of flaws': SA Libs to oppose Voice to Parliament". InDaily .
  67. ↑ McClaren, Rory; Pestrin, Stacey (26 March 2023). "SA becomes first Australian jurisdiction to create First Nations Voice to Parliament as historic bill passes". ABC News.
  68. ↑ "Cheers and joy as South Australia becomes first state to legislate Indigenous voice to parliament". SBS News . 26 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  69. ↑ "First Nations Voice to Parliament special event". Department of the Premier and Cabinet (South Australia) . 20 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  70. ↑ Opie, Rebecca (27 March 2023). "SA's historic Indigenous Voice to Parliament has passed, but what happens now?". ABC News. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  71. ↑ Coorey, Phillip (29 June 2023). "Voice to parliament: South Australia loses its Voice for six months to avoid confusion". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  72. ↑ Richards, Stephanie (29 June 2023). "South Australian government pushes back state Voice to Parliament elections by six months". ABC News (Australia) . Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  73. 1 2 "SA First Nations Voice election results show low turnout, but candidate urges 'give us a chance'". ABC News (Australia) . 29 March 2024.
  74. ↑ "Low state voice turnout 'a success'" . The Australian . 30 March 2024.
  75. ↑ "Libs put future of voice in doubt" . The Weekend Australian . 6 April 2024.
  76. ↑ Kelsall, Thomas (14 June 2024). "Leaders of SA's Voice to Parliament revealed". InDaily . Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  77. ↑ Jaensch, Roger (2 December 2022). "Advisory group to guide process for Truth-telling and Treaty". Tasmanian Government. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  78. 1 2 Morse, Callan (2 December 2022). "Mixed responses to Tasmanian Government's Aboriginal Advisory group to progress Truth-telling and Treaty". National Indigenous Times.
  79. ↑ Morse, Callan (9 February 2023). "Tasmanian government Aboriginal advisory group's inaugural meeting questioned by community delegation". National Indigenous Times.
  80. ↑ "Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander - Elected Body". Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Elected Body. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  81. ↑ "Members". Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Elected Body. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  82. 1 2 Down, Rhiannon (10 October 2023). "'Indigenous voice that works'" . The Australian .
  83. ↑ "2021 ATSIEB Election" . Retrieved 20 October 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.