Axiidea

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Axiidea
Mud lobster.jpg
Axius serratus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
(unranked): Reptantia
Infraorder: Axiidea
de Saint Laurent, 1979 [1]
Families

Axiidea is an infraorder of decapod crustaceans. They are colloquially known as mud shrimp, ghost shrimp, or burrowing shrimp; [2] however, these decapods are only distantly related to true shrimp. Axiidea and Gebiidea are divergent infraorders of the former infraorder Thalassinidea. These infraorders have converged ecologically and morphologically as burrowing forms. [2] Based on molecular evidence as of 2009, it is now widely believed that these two infraorders represent two distinct lineages separate from one another. Since this is a recent change, much of the literature and research surrounding these infraorders still refers to the Axiidea and Gebiidea in combination as "thalassinidean" for the sake of clarity and reference. [2] This division based on molecular evidence is consistent with the groupings proposed by Robert Gurney in 1938 based on larval developmental stages. [3]

Contents

Axiidea are noted for the burrows with complex architecture that they make in the ocean floor sediment. [4] These burrows can be classified based on their external characteristics in the sediment as well as the trophic group that the species falls into. [5] The population density of most species of Axiidea tends to be high, so these organisms play an important role in the biogeochemical processes of the ocean floor sediments, and in the creation of habitats that favor various marine benthic communities. [5]

Classification

The infraorder Axiidea belongs to the group Reptantia, which consists of the walking/crawling decapods (lobsters and crabs). The cladogram below shows Axiidea as more basal than Gebiidea within the larger order Decapoda, from analysis by Wolfe et al., 2019. [6]

  Decapoda  
     

Dendrobranchiata (prawns) Litopenaeus setiferus.png

  Pleocyemata  

Stenopodidea (boxer shrimp) Spongicola venustus.png

Procarididea

Caridea ("true" shrimp) Macrobrachium sp.jpg

 

  Reptantia  

Achelata (spiny lobsters and slipper lobsters) Panulirus argus.png

Polychelida (benthic crustaceans)

Astacidea (lobsters and crayfish) Lobster NSRW rotated2.jpg

Axiidea (mud shrimp, ghost shrimp, and burrowing shrimp)

Gebiidea (mud lobsters and mud shrimp) Upogebia deltaura transparent.png

Anomura (hermit crabs and allies) Coenobita variabilis.jpg

Brachyura ("true" crabs) Charybdis japonica.jpg

(crawling / 
walking 
decapods)
 
 

The infraorder Axiidea comprises the following families: [7]

A few subfamilies of Axiidea have been proposed to become families, but have not for a variety of reasons. Examples of these subfamilies include the subfamily Gourretiidae, discovered by Sakai in 1999. Gourretiidae is a subfamily of the Ctenochelidae, and has been proposed to become a family instead, but phylogenetic analyses do not yet support that proposal. [2] [ disputed – discuss ] Similarly, molecular studies do not support the subfamily Eiconaxiidae being separate from family Axiidae. [2] There is also no molecular evidence to separate the subfamily Calocardidae from Axiidae. [2]

The cladogram below shows Axiidea's internal family relationships from analysis by Wolfe et al., 2019. [6]

Axiidea

Description

Axiopsis pica, a species under the Axiidae. Axiopsis pica.jpg
Axiopsis pica, a species under the Axiidae.

The length of an adult Axiidea can range from about 1.5 cm (0.6 in) in some species, to over 35 cm (14 in) in other species. [15] The color of the Axiidea can range a variety of colors, including white, pink, red, orange, and dark brown. The rostrum can range from being nearly invisible, to fairly rigid and extending past the eyes. [5] The carapace also ranges from fairly rigid to transparent, showing the organs underneath. Axiidea can range from having a well-calcified exoskeleton, to barely calcified elongated exoskeletons, which show an adaptation to burrowing in certain species. [15]

The sex of the Axiidea can be determined by the pleopod structure on the underbelly of the organism. This structure is underdeveloped or absent in the males. [5] The sex ratio in most species of Axiidea tends to be 1:1, although in certain habitats one sex can slightly outnumber the other. [5]

Duration of egg incubation periods, and therefore also larval development, is dependent on the environmental factors surrounding the habitat of each individual species. Environmental factors tend to include developmental constraints, salinity of the marine environment, and temperature of the water. [3] Furthermore, the duration of the zoeal, or larval, phase ranges quite a bit, and has been estimated to last as little as 2 to 3 days in some species of Axiidea, to 5 to 6 months in other species. [3] The pre-zoeal hatching stage is marked by poor swimming ability and lack of setae, and the zoeal stages are planktonic. The megalopa stage represents the transition from plankton to their benthic habitats, and morphological development is marked by the growth of functional mouthparts resembling those of juveniles or adults. [3]

Burrows

Burrows can be divided into two groups in terms of external characteristics, depending on the existence of a mound of sediment around the entrance of the burrow. These two groups can be further divided based on whether they contain plant material within the burrow. Burrows tend to be narrow, and can range from Y or U shaped in certain species, to intricate branching tunnels and deep wells in other species. [5]

Burrows can also differ within the classifications of external characteristics, based on the feeding mode for each organism. There are three general trophic groups that the families within the infraorder Axiidea can fall into. The first trophic group are the detritophages, or deposit feeders. [5] The other two trophic groups are the drift catchers, which collect plant matter that drifts based on ocean currents, and the suspension feeders, which feed on plant matter that is suspended in the water. [5]

Drift catcher burrows tend to lack the external characteristic of the mound around the entrance of the burrow, and their burrows tend to be very deep and contain chambers that are filled with seagrasses and other sea debris. [5] Suspension feeder burrows tend to be in the Y or U shapes, and also lack seagrasses and debris within them in contrast to the drift catchers; furthermore, the sediment within the lower parts of these burrows can also serve as food for the suspension feeders. [5] The feeding mode affects the burrow, because Axiidea consume amounts of sediment, and the sediment that is rejected makes up parts of the burrow. The seagrasses consumed by the Axiidea are therefore present in the burrows and provide a way to classify the species. [5] The burrows created by detritophage species of Axiidea are more likely to change over the life of the organism than the burrows of filter feeders because detritophage species of Axiidea can build new passages and chambers over the course of their feeding. [5]

Each burrow is typically inhabited by one organism, however, certain species of Axiidea live in pairs. [5]

Distribution and ecology

Axiidea typically live in marine environments with soft-bottom sediments. Axiidea are found in most oceans and seas, except for high latitude polar seas. Distribution shows a clear gradient based on latitude, with low species numbers at higher latitudes and higher species numbers in low latitudes. [15] Therefore, Axiidea are most diverse in temperate to tropical regions. Within the intertidal regions, Axiidea can be used as fishing bait or even for human consumption. [15] Axiidea rarely range into the deep sea with depths more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft), instead with 95% of species preferring the shallow water of intertidal or subtidal (less than 200 m or 660 ft) areas. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caridea</span> Infraorder of shrimp

The Caridea, commonly known as caridean shrimp or true shrimp, from the Greek word καρίς, καρίδος, are an infraorder of shrimp within the order Decapoda. This infraorder contains all species of true shrimp. They are found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water. Many other animals with similar names – such as the mud shrimp of Axiidea and the boxer shrimp of Stenopodidea – are not true shrimp, but many have evolved features similar to true shrimp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decapod</span> Order of crustaceans

The Decapoda or decapods are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, and includes crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, and prawns. Most decapods are scavengers. The order is estimated to contain nearly 15,000 extant species in around 2,700 genera, with around 3,300 fossil species. Nearly half of these species are crabs, with the shrimp and Anomura including hermit crabs, porcelain crabs, squat lobsters making up the bulk of the remainder. The earliest fossils of the group date to the Devonian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reptantia</span> Suborder of crustaceans

Reptantia is a clade of decapod crustaceans named in 1880 which includes lobsters, crabs and many other well-known crustaceans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleocyemata</span> Suborder of crustaceans

Pleocyemata is a suborder of decapod crustaceans, erected by Martin Burkenroad in 1963. Burkenroad's classification replaced the earlier sub-orders of Natantia and Reptantia with the monophyletic groups Dendrobranchiata (prawns) and Pleocyemata. Pleocyemata contains all the members of the Reptantia, as well as the Stenopodidea, and Caridea, which contains the true shrimp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astacidea</span> Infraorder of crustaceans

Astacidea is an infraorder of decapod crustaceans including lobsters, crayfish, and their close relatives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thalassinidea</span> Infraorder of crustaceans

Thalassinidea is a former infraorder of decapod crustaceans that live in burrows in muddy bottoms of the world's oceans. In Australian English, the littoral thalassinidean Trypaea australiensis is referred to as the yabby, frequently used as bait for estuarine fishing; elsewhere, however, they are poorly known, and as such have few vernacular names, "mud lobster" and "ghost shrimp" counting among them. The burrows made by thalassinideans are frequently preserved, and the fossil record of thalassinideans reaches back to the late Jurassic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upogebiidae</span> Family of crustaceans

Upogebiidae is a family of mud shrimp crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Gebiidea, within the order Decapoda. They are infauna, living their entire adult lives in seafloor burrows. Over 100 species have been identified, with different species often highly specialized for different types of substrate, even including sea sponges or coral. They are filter feeders, although some species also deposit feed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callianassidae</span> Family of crustaceans

Callianassidae is a family of ghost shrimp crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Axiidea, within the order Decapoda.

<i>Gilvossius tyrrhenus</i> Species of crustacean

Gilvossius tyrrhenus is a species of mud shrimp which grows to a length of 70 mm (2.8 in). It lives in burrows in shallow sandy parts of the sea-bed in the Mediterranean Sea and northern Atlantic Ocean. It is the most common thalassinidean in the Mediterranean, and has been used as bait by fishermen for at least 200 years.

<i>Thalassina</i> Genus of lobsters

Thalassina is a genus of mud lobsters found in the mangrove swamps of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. Its nocturnal burrowing is important for the recycling of nutrients in the mangrove ecosystem, although it is sometimes considered a pest of fish and prawn farms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axiidae</span> Family of crustaceans

Axiidae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Axiidea, within the order Decapoda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gebiidea</span> Infraorder of crustaceans

Gebiidea is an infraorder of decapod crustaceans. Gebiidea and Axiidea are divergent infraoders of the former infraorder Thalassinidea. These infraorders have converged ecologically and morphologically as burrowing forms. Based on molecular evidence as of 2009, it is now widely believed that these two infraorders represent two distinct lineages separate from one another. Since this is a recent change, much of the literature and research surrounding these infraorders still refers to the Axiidea and Gebiidea in combination as "thalassinidean" for the sake of clarity and reference. This division based on molecular evidence is consistent with the groupings proposed by Robert Gurney in 1938 based on larval developmental stages.

Biffarius is a genus of ghost shrimp in the family Callianassidae, containing species formerly included in the genus Callianassa. Its members are small and generally live in the intertidal zone. In April 2020, a new species was described from the northeastern Brazilian coast. Biffarius was named in honour of Thomas A. Biffar, and includes the following species:

<i>Dorphinaxius</i> Genus of crustaceans

Dorphinaxius kermadecensis is a species of mud lobster native to the Norfolk Island, parts of New South Wales, and the Kermadec Islands of New Zealand. It is the only species in the genus Dorphinaxius. It has a depth range of 0–8 metres (0–26 ft).

<i>Acanthaxius</i> Genus of crustaceans

Acanthaxius is a genus of mud lobster native to the Indo-Pacific oceans. It has a slender rostrum which is longer than the eyestalks, is spinose and has seven spines and has a depth range of 228–438 metres (748–1,437 ft).

Gourretiidae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Axiidea, within the order Decapoda.

<i>Callichirus major</i> Species complex of ghost shrimp

Callichirus major sensu lato is a monophyletic species complex of ghost shrimp in the infraorder Axiidea, found in flat sandy beaches across the Pan-American coastline.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laomediidae</span>

Laomediidae is a family of mud shrimp crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Gebiidea, within the order Decapoda.

Axianassidae is a family of mud shrimp crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Gebiidea, within the order Decapoda.

Guyanacaris is a genus of Axiidae shrimp. Its type species is Guyanacaris hirsutimana. It contains the following species:

References

  1. ↑ de Saint Laurent, M. (1979). Vers une nouvelle classification des Crustacés Décapodes Reptantia. Bulletin de l'Office Nationale de Pêche de Tunisie, 3, 15–31.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dworschak, Peter C. (2012). Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea, Volume 9 Part B. BRILL. pp. 109–100. ISBN   9789047430179.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Pohle, G. and Santana, W., Gebiidea and Axiidea (=Thalassinidea), in Atlas of Crustacean Larvae, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2014, pp. 263–271.
  4. ↑ Golubinskaya, D.D., Korn, O.M. & Kornienko, E.S. "The seasonal dynamics and distribution of burrowing shrimp larvae of the infraorders Gebiidea and Axiidea in Amursky and Ussuriysky Bays, the Sea of Japan" Russ J Mar Biol (2016) 42: 232. doi : 10.1134/S1063074016030044
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Kornienko, E.S. "Burrowing shrimp of the infraorders Gebiidea and Axiidea (Crustacea: Decapoda)" Russ J Mar Biol (2013) 39: 1. doi : 10.1134/S1063074013010033
  6. 1 2 Wolfe, Joanna M.; Breinholt, Jesse W.; Crandall, Keith A.; Lemmon, Alan R.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Timm, Laura E.; Siddall, Mark E.; Bracken-Grissom, Heather D. (24 April 2019). "A phylogenomic framework, evolutionary timeline and genomic resources for comparative studies of decapod crustaceans". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 286 (1901). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0079 . PMC   6501934 . PMID   31014217.
  7. ↑ Poore, Gary C.B. (2010). "Axiidea". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 12 October 2024.
  8. ↑ Huxley, T. H. (1879). On the classification and the distribution of the crayfishes. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 1878(3), 752–788.
  9. ↑ Dana, J. D. (1852). Conspectus Crustaceorum, &c. Conspectus of the Crustacea of the Exploring Expedition under Capt. C. Wilkes, U. S. N. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 10–28.
  10. ↑ Kossmann, R. (1880). Malacostraca Anomura. In Reise in die Küstengebiete dea Rothen Meeres, Erste Hälfte. Leipzig: Zweite Hälfte.
  11. ↑ Arthur Anker (2010). Ctenocheloides attenboroughi n. gen., n. sp. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea: Ctenochelidae), a new ghost shrimp with pectinate claw fingers from Madagascar, Journal of Natural History, 44:29-30, 1789-1805. doi:10.1080/00222931003633219
  12. ↑ Sakai K. (1992). The families Callianideidae and Thalassinidae, with the description of two new subfamilies, one new genus, and two new species (Decapoda, Thalassinidea). Naturalists, Tokushima Biological Laboratory, Women's University, 4, 1–33.
  13. ↑ Poore, G. C. B. (1994). A phylogeny of the families of Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) with keys to families and genera. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 54, 79–120.
  14. ↑ "Axiopsis pica Kensley, 2003". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Dworschak, P.C. “Methods Collecting Axiidea and Gebiidea (Decapoda): a Review.” Annalen Des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B Für Botanik Und Zoologie, vol. 117, 2015, pp. 5–21. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43922304
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