Bacopa

This article is about the plant genus. For the species in this genus that is widely used in herbal medicine, see Bacopa monnieri.

Bacopa
Bacopa monnieri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Plantaginaceae
Tribe:	Gratioleae
Genus:	Bacopa Aubl. (1775), nom. cons. [1]
Species [2]
60; see text
Synonyms [2]
AllocalyxCordem. (1895) AnisocalyxHance (1853) BlanckiaNeck. (1790), opus utique oppr. BramiAdans. (1763) BramiaLam. (1785) CaconapeaCham. in Linnaea 8: 28 (1833) CalytriplexRuiz & Pav. (1794) CardiolophusGriff. (1836) ConobeaAubl. (1775) HabershamiaRaf. (1825) HeptasMeisn. (1840) HerpestisGaertn. (1807) HydrantheliumKunth (1825) HydropyxisRaf. in Fl. Ludov.: 94 (1817) HydrotridaWilld. ex Britton & A.Br. (1913) MacuillamiaRaf. (1825) MonieraP.Browne (1756), nom. rej. MaeviellaRossow (1983-1985 publ. 1985) MellaVand. (1788) MonocardiaPennell (1919 publ. 1920) NaiadothrixPennell (1920) QuinquelobusBenj. (1847) RanapalusKellogg (1877) RanariaCham. (1833) SeptasLour. (1790), nom. illeg. SeptiliaRaf. (1838) SilvinulaPennell (1920) SinobacopaD.Y.Hong (1987) SphaerothecaCham. & Schltdl. (1827)

Bacopa is a genus of 60 aquatic plants belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. It is commonly known as waterhyssop (or water hyssop, though this is more misleading as Bacopa is not very closely related to hyssop but simply has a somewhat similar appearance).

Description

Bacopa monnieri in Hyderabad, India

They are annual or perennial, with decumbent or erect stems. The leaves are opposite or whorled, and sessile. The leaf blade is regular, round to linear, and the venation is palmate or pinnate. Its stems are hairy or smooth. The flowers are produced solitary or in pairs from leaf axils, usually radially symmetrical, with five sepals and five petals, and they are usually white, blue, or purple. Dispersal and propagation is by seeds and stem fragments. Crushed leaves have a distinctive 'lemon' scent.

Bacopa myriophylloides

Habitat and range

Bacopa species are found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly the Americas. A few are regarded as weeds and excess stock should not be dumped in warmer regions. Most grow in moist amphibious conditions, though some like B. myriophylloides seem to be wholly aquatic.

Uses

Bacopa monnieri is used in Ayurvedic medicine.^{[ citation needed ]} Preliminary clinical research found that the herb may improve cognition. ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Cultivation

Some of these species are commonly used in freshwater aquariums and ponds in warmer climates. Most are easy to grow and will tolerate a wide range of conditions. B. monnieri will tolerate brackish water up to 15 ppt, due to specialized adaptations that enable it to survive in saline environments. Algal infestation can be a problem in brighter lighting conditions. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Species

60 species are accepted. ^[2]

Bacopa albida (Pennell) Standl. Bacopa angulata (Benth.) Loefgr. & Edwall Bacopa aquatica Aubl. Bacopa arenaria (J.A.Schmidt) Loefgr. & Edwall Bacopa aubletiana Scatigna Bacopa australis V.C.Souza Bacopa axillaris (Benth.) Standl. Bacopa bacopoides (Benth.) Pulle Bacopa beccabunga (Griseb.) B.L.Rob. Bacopa bracteolata Standl. Bacopa braunii (Ernst) Pennell Bacopa callitrichoides (Kunth) Pennell Bacopa caroliniana (Walter) B.L.Rob.– lemon bacopa, blue water hyssop, giant bacopa Bacopa cochlearia (Huber) L.B.Sm. Bacopa congesta Chodat & Hassl. Bacopa connata (Pennell) Pennell Bacopa crenata (P.Beauv.) Hepper Bacopa decumbens (Fernald) F.N.Williams [9] Bacopa depressa (Benth.) Loefgr. & Edwall Bacopa dubia Chodat & Hassl. Bacopa egensis (Poepp.) Pennell Bacopa eisenii (Kellogg) Pennell– Gila River waterhyssop [10] Bacopa floribunda (R.Br.) Wettst. Bacopa gracilis (Benth.) Loefgr. & Edwall Bacopa gratioloides (Cham.) Chodat Bacopa hamiltoniana (Benth.) Wettst. Bacopa humifusa (Griseb.) B.L.Rob. Bacopa imbricata (Benth.) Pennell Bacopa innominata (G.Maza) Alain– tropical waterhyssop Bacopa lacertosa Standl.

Bacopa lanigera (Cham. & Schltdl.) Wettst. Bacopa laxiflora (Benth.) Edwall Bacopa lecomtei Bonati Bacopa lisowskiana Mielcarek Bacopa longipes (Pennell) Standl. Bacopa madagascariensis (Benth.) Pennell Bacopa micromonnieria (Griseb.) B.L.Rob. Bacopa minuta Borhidi & O.Muñiz Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.– water hyssop, moneywort, herb of grace Bacopa monnierioides (Cham.) B.L.Rob. Bacopa myriophylloides (Benth.) Wettst. Bacopa neuwiedii Scatigna Bacopa occultans (Hiern) Hutch. & Dalziel Bacopa oxycalyx Alain Bacopa paraguariensis (S.Moore) Hassl. Bacopa pennellii G.M.Barroso & Ichaso Bacopa punctata Engl. Bacopa repens (Sw.) Wettst. [9] Bacopa reptans (Benth.) Edwall Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. – disc waterhyssop Bacopa salzmannii (Benth.) Edwall Bacopa scabra (Benth.) Descole & Borsini Bacopa scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Scatigna Bacopa semiserrata (Schrank) B.L.Rob. Bacopa serpyllifolia (Benth.) Pennell Bacopa sessiliflora (Benth.) Edwall Bacopa stemodioides (Pennell) Pennell Bacopa stricta (Schrad.) Wettst. ex Edwall– yerba de culebra [10] Bacopa valerii Standl. & L.O.Williams Bacopa verticillata (Pennell & Gleason) Pennell

See also

• Chaenostoma cordatum syn. Sutera cordata, a plant also known by the obsolete name Bacopa.

References

1. "Genus: Bacopa Aubl". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
2. Bacopa Aubl. Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 14 May 2024.
3. Aguiar, Sebastian; Borowski, Thomas (2013). "Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri". Rejuvenation Research. 16 (4): 313–326. doi:10.1089/rej.2013.1431. ISSN   1557-8577. PMC   3746283 . PMID   23772955.
4. Kongkeaw, C; Dilokthornsakul, P; Thanarangsarit, P; Limpeanchob, N; Norman Scholfield, C (2014). "Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 151 (1): 528–35. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008. PMID   24252493.
5. Neale, Chris; Camfield, David; Reay, Jonathon; Stough, Con; Scholey, Andrew (5 February 2013). "Cognitive effects of two nutraceuticals Ginseng and Bacopa benchmarked against modafinil: a review and comparison of effect sizes". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 75 (3): 728–737. doi:10.1111/bcp.12002. ISSN   0306-5251. PMC   3575939 . PMID   23043278.
6. Ali, G.; Srivastava, P.S.; Iqbal, M. (1999). "Proline Accumulation, Protein Pattern and Photosynthesis in Bacopa Monniera Regenerants Grown under Na Cl Stress". Biologia Plantarum. 42: 89–95. doi: 10.1023/A:1002127711432 . S2CID   30418903.
7. "Histological and Morphological Responses of Bacopa Monnieri (L.) Pennell in Glycophytic and Halophytic Conditions | International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research". 31 December 2018.
8. Native Plants Hawaii. "Bacopa monnieri" . Retrieved 19 July 2012.
9. "GRIN Species Records of Bacopa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
10. "Bacopa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 18 January 2011.