Basfia

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Basfia
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Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Pasteurellales
Family: Pasteurellaceae
Genus: Basfia
Kuhnert et al. 2010
Species:
B. succiniciproducens
Binomial name
Basfia succiniciproducens
Kuhnert et al. 2010

Basfia is a monotypic genus of bacterium from the Pasteurellaceae family, first described in 2010. [1] Its only species, Basfia succiniciproducens, is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, and immobile bacterium. [2] It was first isolated from bovine rumen in 2008. [3] [4] Its ability to produce relatively large quantities of succinic acid through fermentation in biomass hydrolysates is potentially important for industrial biotechnology. [5]

Contents

Features

Its beneficial features include broad facultative anaerobic metabolism, genetic tractability, and substrate utilization. [5] The bacterium is cocci to rod-shaped and, like all Pasteurellaceae, has no flagella, i.e., it cannot actively move. The bacterium is gram-negative, i.e., it only has a thin, single-layer murein envelope that does not contain any teichoic acids. Information on individual cell sizes is not scientifically documented. Colonies reach a diameter of 0.1 to 0.5 millimeters after 24 hours of growth and are colored translucent gray. [6]

Basfia succiniciproducens, like the majority of Pseudomonadota, was characterized solely by physiological or biochemical features, while it has no eidonomic features compared to other species and genera of the Pasteurellaceae. The first description fulfills the minimum standards applicable for characterizing a new species and genus within the Pasteurellaceae. [7] [8]

All known strains anaerobically produce significant amounts of succinic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid as metabolic products during fermentation.

Isolation

The bacterium was isolated during a screening for bacteria from the rumen of domestic cattle that are potentially useful in succinic acid production. It was first isolated in 2008, but its scientific description was made available in 2009. [4] However, according to information from Kuhnert et al. 2009, it was not validly described. [2]

Characteristics

B. succiniciproducens can be cultivated biotechnologically both on the classic fermentation medium glucose (sugar syrup, starch) and on glycerine. Glycerin is obtained as raw glycerin in the production of rapeseed methyl ester (biodiesel) in large quantities and is therefore available as an inexpensive raw material for combined use. [9]

In 2008, Scholten was able to achieve yields of up to 5.8 g/L succinic acid based on D-glucose and sucrose with the newly isolated and at the time not yet described bacterium, with a productivity of up to 1.5 g/L 1·h, and the yield was a maximum of 0.6 grams of succinic acid per gram of substrate. They achieved yields of 8.4 g/L, 0.9 g/L·h, and 1.2 g/g substrate with raw glycerol. [10] In comparison with other bacteria, particularly Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, Escherichia coli, and Actinobacillus succinogenes, the maximum yield per liter is comparatively low, but the yield based on the substrate input and the productivity are comparable and can also be optimized by optimizing the logs. Bacteria based on raw glycerin as a substrate, for which the first approaches to continuous cultivation are in development, show particularly good properties. [9]

Application of succinic acid

Succinic acid is a chemical with an annual demand of around 15,000 tons. It is conventionally produced based on butadiene and n-butane with maleic anhydride as an intermediate. It is primarily used as a basis for various chemical and pharmaceutical industries (tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-butanediol, etc.) and bio-based plastics such as polyamides (PA), polyesters, co-polyesters, and polyesteramides. Succinic acid is of interest as a biotechnologically manufactured product, and the market potential of several hundred thousand tons is forecasted. [11] Together with other representatives of the C4-dicarboxylic acids, such as fumaric and malic acid, the US Department of Energy identified succinic acid in 2004 as one of twelve platform chemicals with particular biotechnological manufacturing potential. [11] [12]

Various other potential succinic acid producers have been examined, such as Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, [11] Escherichia coli, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, [13] and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metabolic engineering for the production of high quantities of succinic acid should be optimized. [14]

Related Research Articles

An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. Anaerobes may be unicellular or multicellular. Most fungi are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen to survive. However, some species, such as the Chytridiomycota that reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes; for these species, anaerobic respiration is used because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them. Deep waters of the ocean are a common anoxic environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Succinic acid</span> Dicarboxylic acid

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propionic acid</span> Carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H

Propionic acid is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH
3CH
2CO
2H. It is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. The anion CH
3CH
2CO−
2 as well as the salts and esters of propionic acid are known as propionates or propanoates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obligate anaerobe</span> Microorganism killed by normal atmospheric levels of oxygen

Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms killed by normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (20.95% O2). Oxygen tolerance varies between species, with some species capable of surviving in up to 8% oxygen, while others lose viability in environments with an oxygen concentration greater than 0.5%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entner–Doudoroff pathway</span> Series of interconnected biochemical reactions

The Entner–Doudoroff pathway is a metabolic pathway that is most notable in Gram-negative bacteria, certain Gram-positive bacteria and archaea. Glucose is the substrate in the ED pathway and through a series of enzyme assisted chemical reactions it is catabolized into pyruvate. Entner and Doudoroff (1952) and MacGee and Doudoroff (1954) first reported the ED pathway in the bacterium Pseudomonas saccharophila. While originally thought to be just an alternative to glycolysis (EMP) and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), some studies now suggest that the original role of the EMP may have originally been about anabolism and repurposed over time to catabolism, meaning the ED pathway may be the older pathway. Recent studies have also shown the prevalence of the ED pathway may be more widespread than first predicted with evidence supporting the presence of the pathway in cyanobacteria, ferns, algae, mosses, and plants. Specifically, there is direct evidence that Hordeum vulgare uses the Entner–Doudoroff pathway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capnophile</span> Microorganism that flourishes in a carbon dioxide rich environment

Capnophiles are microorganisms that thrive in the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms</span>

Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) are a group of microorganisms that, under certain conditions, facilitate the removal of large amounts of phosphorus from their environments. The most studied example of this phenomenon is in polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria (PAB) found in a type of wastewater processing known as enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR), however phosphate hyperaccumulation has been found to occur in other conditions such as soil and marine environments, as well as in non-bacterial organisms such as fungi and algae. PAOs accomplish this removal of phosphate by accumulating it within their cells as polyphosphate. PAOs are by no means the only microbes that can accumulate phosphate within their cells and in fact, the production of polyphosphate is a widespread ability among microbes. However, PAOs have many characteristics that other organisms that accumulate polyphosphate do not have that make them amenable to use in wastewater treatment. Specifically, in the case of classical PAOs, is the ability to consume simple carbon compounds without the presence of an external electron acceptor by generating energy from internally stored polyphosphate and glycogen. Many bacteria cannot consume carbon without an energetically favorable electron acceptor and therefore PAOs gain a selective advantage within the mixed microbial community present in the activated sludge. Therefore, wastewater treatment plants that operate for enhanced biological phosphorus removal have an anaerobic tank prior to the other tanks to give PAOs preferential access to the simple carbon compounds in the wastewater that is influent to the plant.

Denitrobacterium is a genus of Actinomycetota with a single species, in the family Coriobacteriaceae. Originally isolated from the bovine rumen, Denitrobacterium are non-motile and non-spore forming. The only described species in this genus is Denitrobacterium detoxificans. The specific niche of this bacterium in the bovine rumen is theorized to be the detoxification/metabolism of nitrotoxins and miserotoxin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixed acid fermentation</span> Biochemical conversion of six-carbon sugars into acids in bacteria

In biochemistry, mixed acid fermentation is the metabolic process by which a six-carbon sugar is converted into a complex and variable mixture of acids. It is an anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) fermentation reaction that is common in bacteria. It is characteristic for members of the Enterobacteriaceae, a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes E. coli.

In biology, syntrophy, syntrophism, or cross-feeding is the cooperative interaction between at least two microbial species to degrade a single substrate. This type of biological interaction typically involves the transfer of one or more metabolic intermediates between two or more metabolically diverse microbial species living in close proximity to each other. Thus, syntrophy can be considered an obligatory interdependency and a mutualistic metabolism between different microbial species, wherein the growth of one partner depends on the nutrients, growth factors, or substrates provided by the other(s).

Zymomonas mobilis is a Gram negative, facultative anaerobic, non-sporulating, polarly-flagellated, rod-shaped bacterium. It is the only species found in the genus Zymomonas. It has notable bioethanol-producing capabilities, which surpass yeast in some aspects. It was originally isolated from alcoholic beverages like the African palm wine, the Mexican pulque, and also as a contaminant of cider and beer in European countries.

Klebsiella aerogenes, previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes, is a Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, citrate-positive, indole-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. Capable of motility via peritrichous flagella, the bacterium is approximately 1–3 microns in length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glycerol dehydrogenase</span>

Glycerol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.6, also known as NAD+-linked glycerol dehydrogenase, glycerol: NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, GDH, GlDH, GlyDH) is an enzyme in the oxidoreductase family that utilizes the NAD+ to catalyze the oxidation of glycerol to form glycerone (dihydroxyacetone).

Rhodovulum sulfidophilum is a gram-negative purple nonsulfur bacteria. The cells are rod-shaped, and range in size from 0.6 to 0.9 μm wide and 0.9 to 2.0 μm long, and have a polar flagella. These cells reproduce asexually by binary fission. This bacterium can grow anaerobically when light is present, or aerobically (chemoheterotrophic) under dark conditions. It contains the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyll a and of carotenoids.

Actinobacillus succinogenes is a bacterium. It is a succinic acid-producing strain first isolated from the bovine rumen. It is a facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, Gram-negative rod. Its type strain is ATCC 55618T.

Microbial production of Succinic acid can be performed with wild bacteria like Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens and Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens or genetically modified Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Understanding of the central carbon metabolism of these organisms is crucial in determining the maximum obtainable yield of succinic acid on the carbon source employed as substrate.

Syntrophococcus sucromutans is a Gram-negative strictly anaerobic chemoorganotrophic Bacillota. These bacteria can be found forming small chains in the habitat where it was first isolated, the rumen of cows. It is the type strain of genus Syntrophococcus and it has an uncommon one-carbon metabolic pathway, forming acetate from formate as a product of sugar oxidation.

Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense is a slightly acidophilic, anaerobic, thermophile first isolated from hot springs in New Zealand, hence its name. It is Gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated, rod-shaped forming oval terminal endospores. Strain JW/SL-NZ613T is its type strain. Its genome has been sequenced.

Butyrivibrio hungatei is a species of Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, butyrate-producing bacteria. It is curved rod-shaped and motile by means of single polar or subpolar flagellum and is common in the rumen. Its type strain is JK 615T.

Bacteroides caccae is a saccharolytic gram-negative bacterium from the genus Bacteroides. They are obligate anaerobes first isolated from human feces in the 1980s. Prior to their discovery, they were known as the 3452A DNA homology group. The type strain is now identified as ATCC 43185.

References

  1. ↑ "Genus: Basfia". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  2. 1 2 Kuhnert, Peter; Scholten, Edzard; Haefner, Stefan; Mayor, Désirée; Frey, Joachim (2010). "Basfia succiniciproducens gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Pasteurellaceae isolated from bovine rumen". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (1): 44–50. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.011809-0 . ISSN   1466-5026. PMID   19648315.
  3. ↑ "CCUG 57335T - Basfia succiniciproducens". www.ccug.se. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  4. 1 2 "Renewable all-rounder - BASF Intermediates". www.intermediates.basf.com. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  5. 1 2 Salvachúa, Davinia; Smith, Holly; St. John, Peter C.; Mohagheghi, Ali; Peterson, Darren J.; Black, Brenna A.; Dowe, Nancy; Beckham, Gregg T. (2016-08-01). "Succinic acid production from lignocellulosic hydrolysate by Basfia succiniciproducens". Bioresource Technology. 214: 558–566. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.018 . ISSN   0960-8524. PMID   27179951.
  6. ↑ Kuhnert, Peter; Scholten, Edzard; Haefner, Stefan; Mayor, Désirée; Frey, Joachim (January 2010). "Basfia succiniciproducens gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Pasteurellaceae isolated from bovine rumen". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60 (Pt 1): 44–50. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.011809-0 . ISSN   1466-5026. PMID   19648315.
  7. ↑ "Taxonomy browser (Basfia succiniciproducens)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  8. ↑ Christensen, Henrik; Kuhnert, Peter; Busse, Hans-Jürgen; Frederiksen, Wilhelm C.; Bisgaard, Magne (2007). "Proposed minimal standards for the description of genera, species and subspecies of the Pasteurellaceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57 (1): 166–178. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64838-0 . ISSN   1466-5026. PMID   17220461.
  9. 1 2 Scholten, Edzard; Renz, Torsten; Thomas, Jochen (2009-08-25). "Continuous cultivation approach for fermentative succinic acid production from crude glycerol by Basfia succiniciproducens DD1". Biotechnology Letters. 31 (12): 1947–51. doi:10.1007/s10529-009-0104-4. ISSN   1573-6776. PMID   19705071. S2CID   19513810.
  10. ↑ Scholten, Edzard; Dägele, Dirk (2008-12-01). "Succinic acid production by a newly isolated bacterium". Biotechnology Letters. 30 (12): 2143–2146. doi:10.1007/s10529-008-9806-2. ISSN   1573-6776. PMID   18651227. S2CID   37454098.
  11. 1 2 3 Bechthold, I.; Bretz, K.; Kabasci, S.; Kopitzky, R.; Springer, A. (2008). "Succinic Acid: A New Platform Chemical for Biobased Polymers from Renewable Resources". Chemical Engineering & Technology. 31 (5): 647–654. doi:10.1002/ceat.200800063. ISSN   1521-4125.
  12. ↑ Werpy, T.; Petersen, G. (2004-08-01). "Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass: Volume I -- Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas". OSTI   15008859.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ↑ Lee, Sang Yup; Kim, Ji Mahn; Song, Hyohak; Lee, Jeong Wook; Kim, Tae Yong; Jang, Yu-Sin (2008-05-01). "From genome sequence to integrated bioprocess for succinic acid production by Mannheimia succiniciproducens". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 79 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1007/s00253-008-1424-3. ISSN   1432-0614. PMID   18340442. S2CID   39515715.
  14. ↑ Sánchez, Ailen M.; Bennett, George N.; San, Ka-Yiu (2005-05-01). "Novel pathway engineering design of the anaerobic central metabolic pathway in Escherichia coli to increase succinate yield and productivity". Metabolic Engineering. 7 (3): 229–239. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2005.03.001. ISSN   1096-7176. PMID   15885621.
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