Beilschmiedia is a genus of about 260 to 270 species[1] of trees or shrubs,[4] with about 80 species in tropical Africa and Madagascar.[5] They are commonly canopy trees, growing at elevations from near sea level to 2200 m. The trees grow in well-developed rainforests, and in warm or temperate forests on poorer sedimentary soils.[6][7] Most species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions. They are widespread in tropical Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.[7] The timber of some species is very valuable.[citation needed]
Ecology
Beilschmiedia falls within the Lauraceae, a family of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs. Many botanical species are similar in foliage to the Lauraceae due to convergent evolution. Those plants are adapted to high rainfall and humidity. The patterns of speciation in the Lauraceae indicate, since the onset of aridification on the continents 15 million years ago (Mya), rainforest species diversified.[8] One of the products of aridification is the isolation of populations and this likely caused the increase in the rate of speciation as found in the Lauraceae. This genus has species adapted to the laurel forest habitat, so common in the Lauraceae and species adapted to a more Mediterranean-type climate with a dry season with lower rainfall. The morphology of sclerophyllous species is divergent from other humid tropical climate species of the genus. The greatest diversity of species and a greater presence of the genus is given in cloud forest and tropical rainforest in Asia and Southeast Asia.[2][4] In Madagascar, the genus Beilschmiedia is particularly important in the island flora, and their species were isolated when the island was separated from the African continent.
The genus Beilschmiedia is present in a greater climatic distribution area than other genera of Lauraceae, Beilschmiedia species grow well in moist, well-drained ground, and tolerate a variety of soil types, and attain a maximum in tropical and wetter areas of distribution, but their pattern of speciation results in some cases from the product of aridification of the habitat. Some Beilschmiedia species are adapted to drier conditions than the typical Lauraceae.[4] Some endangered relict species are living in temperate areas[6] and are distributed in Mediterranean climate, and tropical and subtropical lowland forests and montane rainforest.[8]
Shade-loving B.mannii grows in riverine and swamp forest, or in evergreen primary and secondary forest. B.gaboonensis, B.lebrunii, and B.nitida are included in subgenus Hufelandia of Beilschmiedia. B. variabilis and B. zenkeri are included in section Acrothecon.[5]
Beilschmiedia gaboonensis is a medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with a bole diameter up to 60cm. It is distributed from Nigeria to DR Congo and occurs in wet and marshy locations in lowland rainforest. B. lebrunii is a rare tree up to 15 m tall with a bole diameter up to 30cm, occurring in DR Congo in forest at 1450–1700 m elevation. B. nitida is a shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, distributed in Cameroon and Congo.
Beilschmiedia variabilis is a shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall with a bole diameter up to 25cm, occurring rather commonly in Congo in the understorey of forest in swampy, periodically inundated or drier locations. B.zenkeri is a shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall, occurring in Cameroon and Congo in swampy and periodically inundated forest.
The genus Beilschmiedia responded to favourable climatic periods and expanded across the available habitat, adapting also to more extreme conditions, but depending on favorable soil edaphic conditions. Beilschmiedia species need an annual oscillation of the temperature moderated by the proximity of the ocean and many species resist bad cold and frost.
A related vegetal community evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana, and species of this community are now found on several separate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including South America, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and New Caledonia. Lauroid-leaved plant communities are found from humid montane tropical to cool temperate Southern Hemisphere climates, and important elements of what is known as the Antarctic flora.[7]
The genus Beilschmiedia is present in Mexico, Venezuela, and southern Chile and Argentina from the Pacific Ocean to the Andes between 38° and 45° S latitude, where rainfall is abundant, from 1500 to 2500mm according to locality and distributed throughout the year, but with some subhumid Mediterranean climate influence for three to four months in summer, and where temperatures are mild, with no month falling below 5°C, and the warmest month below 22°C.[8]
Laurophyll trees appear in the highlands highlands of New Guinea and New Britain, the Cape York Peninsula and the coastal mountains of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, as well as New Caledonia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. These laurel forests are home to plants of the Antarctic flora related to those in the Valdivian laurel forests of southern Chile, including species of the laurel family and southern beech (Nothofagus). Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and New Caledonia were parts of the ancient supercontinentGondwana, and have drifted north over millions of years with the Indo-Australian tectonic plate.
Frequently, their bark is pale to dark brown, smooth or coarse, and they have fine, reddish-brown hairs densely covering the branchlets, and the young leaves are reddish. The dark green leaves are alternate and leathery. Sometimes broad, others small and narrow, the leaves have distinctive depressed veins. The flowers are greenish to cream to yellow-green, and pedicellate of 4–6mm. The flowers often are clothed in dense reddish-brown hairs. The flowers are hermaphroditic and arranged in inflorescences. The inflorescence is an erect panicle arising from the leaf axil.[2] The stamens are in two whorls; the ovary is in a superior position.[9]
The fruit is variable from one species to other' in some species it is a drupe, large and globose green, 12cm in diameter with a tip at the apex. In other species, the fruit is an erect, plum-like, dark purple or sometimes elliptical to ovoid drupe, dark purple when ripe, and covered in a waxy bloom. In others, the fruit is a black, round drupe with a glaucous bloom, with a single seed inside. Seed dispersal for many Beilschmiedia species is by birds that swallow them, so they are shaped to attract the birds. The one-seeded fruits are an important food source for birds, including being a favorite food of the native pigeons in New Zealand.
Species
The type species is Beilschmiedia roxburghiana, which ranges from the Himalayas to southern China, Indo-China and Peninsular Malaysia. Three Beilschmiedia species are endemic to New Zealand. taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi) is a common canopy tree in the lowland forests of the North Island. The others are the common canopy tree tawa, (B.tawa), which has thin, willow-like leaves, and the tawaroa (B.tawaroa), which is similar to tawa but has broader leaves. The New Zealand pigeon is the only species which can disperse the large seeds of the taraire, which pass through its gut unharmed.
Beilschmiedia miersii and Beilschmiedia berteroana are endangered sclerophyllous trees endemic to central Chile. The northern belloto (B.miersii) grows in coastal forest, while the southern belloto (B.berteroana) grows in submontane Andean zone of the central Chile's temperate deciduous forest region. Both forest associations are currently represented in the Chilean government's system of wild protected areas.
Beilschmiedia tovarensis(Klotzsch & H.Karst. ex Meisn.) Sachiko Nishida – Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Trinidad
Olea is a genus of about 40 species in the family Oleaceae, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Middle East, southern Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and Australasia. They are evergreen trees and shrubs, with small, opposite, entire leaves. The fruit is a drupe. Leaves of Olea contain trichosclereids.
Arisaema is a large and diverse genus of the flowering plant family Araceae. The largest concentration of species is in China and Japan, with other species native to other parts of southern Asia as well as eastern and central Africa, Mexico and eastern North America. Asiatic species are often called cobra lilies, while western species are often called jack-in-the-pulpit; both names refer to the distinctive appearance of the flower, which consists of an erect central spadix rising from a spathe.
Microdesmis is a genus of plant of the family Pandaceae. It is native to tropical Africa, China and Southeast Asia.
Microdesmis pierlotianaJ.Léonard - Cameroon, Gabon, Congo-Brazzaville, Zaïre, Central African Republic
Microdesmis puberulaHook.f. ex Planch - widespread across central Africa from Nigeria east to Uganda, south to Angola
Microdesmis yafunganaJ.Léonard - Zaïre
Cleistanthus is a plant genus of the family Phyllanthaceae, tribe Bridelieae, first described as a genus in 1848. It is widespread in much of the Old World Tropics in Asia, Africa, Australia, and various oceanic islands. Cleistanthus collinus is known for being toxic and may be the agent of homicides or suicides.
Drypetes is a plant genus of the family Putranjivaceae, in the order Malpighiales.
Machilus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae. It is found in temperate, subtropical, and tropical forest, occurring in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Indochina, the Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It is sometimes included in the genus Persea, and currently includes about 100 species.
Phoebe is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the Laurel family, Lauraceae. There are 75 accepted species in the genus, distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and New Guinea. 35 species occur in China, of which 27 are endemic. The first description of the genus was of the type species P. lanceolata made in 1836 by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in Systema Laurinarum, p. 98.
Costus is a group of herbaceous perennial plants in the family Costaceae, described by Linnaeus as a genus in 1753. It was formerly known as Hellenia after the Finnish botanist Carl Niclas von Hellens. It is widespread through tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
Chionanthus, common name: fringetrees, is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae.
Actinodaphne is an Asian genus of flowering plants in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It contains approximately 125 species of dioecious evergreen trees and shrubs.
Pothos is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia, and various islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Alseodaphne is a genus of plants in the family Lauraceae, endemic to China and Southeast Asia. The genus has 96 species of evergreen trees to shrubs. They have bisexual flowers, a fruit stalk that is red, green, or yellow, and black fruit.
Nothaphoebe is a genus of plant in family Lauraceae. It contains 21 species, which range from mainland Southeast Asia through Indonesia and the Philippines to New Guinea.
Premna is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, first described for modern science in 1771. It is widespread through tropical and subtropical regions in Africa, southern Asia, northern Australia, and various islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Premna acuminataR.Br. - Australia, New Guinea
Premna acutataW.W.Sm. - southwestern China
Premna albaH.J.Lam - Palau
Premna ambongensisMoldenke - Madagascar
Premna amplectensWall. ex Schauer - Thailand, Myanmar
Premna wuiBoufford & B.M.Barthol. - China (Yunnan)
Premna yunnanensisW.W.Sm - China
Homalomena is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. Homalomena are found in southern Asia and the southwestern Pacific. Many Homalomena have a strong smell of anise. The name derives apparently from a mistranslated Malayan vernacular name, translated as homalos, meaning flat, and mene = moon.
Beilschmiedia gaboonensis is an evergreen tree in the subgenus Hufelandia of the genus Beilschmiedia, in the family Lauraceae. It is native to central Africa. It is a medium-sized tree which can measure up to 30 m tall with a bole diameter of up to 60 cm. It is distributed from southern Nigeria to the Congo basin, occurring in Cameroon, Gabon and Zaïre. It is associated with marshy locations in lowland rainforest. Similarly to Beilschmiedia mannii, it is known under the trade names "kanda" and "pink kanda". The bark is used in analgesic and healing ointments.
Alseodaphnopsis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae.
Donella is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Sapotaceae.
Kuloa is a genus of plants in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It contains three species native to central Africa, which were previously classed in genus Ocotea.
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