Beilschmiedia

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Beilschmiedia
BeilschmiediaTawaKing.jpg
Beilschmiedia tawa
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Laurales
Family: Lauraceae
Genus: Beilschmiedia
Nees
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
  • AfrodaphneStapf
  • AnaueriaKosterm.
  • BellotaGay
  • Bernieria Baill.
  • BolduNees
  • Hufelandia Nees
  • Lauromerrillia C.K.Allen
  • Nesodaphne Hook.f.
  • PurkayasthaeaPurkay.
  • Thouvenotia Danguy
  • Tylostemon Engl.
  • WimmeriaNees

Beilschmiedia is a genus of trees and shrubs in family Lauraceae. Most of its species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions, and they are widespread in tropical Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. [2] The best-known species to gardeners in temperate areas are B. berteroana and B. miersii because of their frost tolerance. Seeds of B. bancroftii were used as a source of food by Australian Aborigines. [3] Timbers of some species are very valuable.

Contents

Overview

Beilschmiedia miersii Beilschmedia miersii.JPG
Beilschmiedia miersii
Taraire leaves and drupe Taraire2367drupe.jpg
Taraire leaves and drupe

Beilschmiedia is a genus of about 260 to 270 species [1] of trees or shrubs, [4] with about 80 species in tropical Africa and Madagascar. [5] They are commonly canopy trees, growing at elevations from near sea level to 2200 m. The trees grow in well-developed rainforests, and in warm or temperate forests on poorer sedimentary soils. [6] [7] Most species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions. They are widespread in tropical Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. [7] The timber of some species is very valuable.[ citation needed ]

Ecology

Beilschmiedia falls within the Lauraceae, a family of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs. Many botanical species are similar in foliage to the Lauraceae due to convergent evolution. Those plants are adapted to high rainfall and humidity. The patterns of speciation in the Lauraceae indicate, since the onset of aridification on the continents 15 million years ago (Mya), rainforest species diversified. [8] One of the products of aridification is the isolation of populations and this likely caused the increase in the rate of speciation as found in the Lauraceae. This genus has species adapted to the laurel forest habitat, so common in the Lauraceae and species adapted to a more Mediterranean-type climate with a dry season with lower rainfall. The morphology of sclerophyllous species is divergent from other humid tropical climate species of the genus. The greatest diversity of species and a greater presence of the genus is given in cloud forest and tropical rainforest in Asia and Southeast Asia. [2] [4] In Madagascar, the genus Beilschmiedia is particularly important in the island flora, and their species were isolated when the island was separated from the African continent.

The genus Beilschmiedia is present in a greater climatic distribution area than other genera of Lauraceae, Beilschmiedia species grow well in moist, well-drained ground, and tolerate a variety of soil types, and attain a maximum in tropical and wetter areas of distribution, but their pattern of speciation results in some cases from the product of aridification of the habitat. Some Beilschmiedia species are adapted to drier conditions than the typical Lauraceae. [4] Some endangered relict species are living in temperate areas [6] and are distributed in Mediterranean climate, and tropical and subtropical lowland forests and montane rainforest. [8]

Shade-loving B. mannii grows in riverine and swamp forest, or in evergreen primary and secondary forest. B. gaboonensis, B. lebrunii, and B. nitida are included in subgenus Hufelandia of Beilschmiedia. B. variabilis and B. zenkeri are included in section Acrothecon. [5]

Beilschmiedia gaboonensis is a medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with a bole diameter up to 60 cm. It is distributed from Nigeria to DR Congo and occurs in wet and marshy locations in lowland rainforest. B. lebrunii is a rare tree up to 15 m tall with a bole diameter up to 30 cm, occurring in DR Congo in forest at 1450–1700 m elevation. B. nitida is a shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, distributed in Cameroon and Congo.

Beilschmiedia variabilis is a shrub or small tree up to 10 m tall with a bole diameter up to 25 cm, occurring rather commonly in Congo in the understorey of forest in swampy, periodically inundated or drier locations. B. zenkeri is a shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall, occurring in Cameroon and Congo in swampy and periodically inundated forest.

The genus Beilschmiedia responded to favourable climatic periods and expanded across the available habitat, adapting also to more extreme conditions, but depending on favorable soil edaphic conditions. Beilschmiedia species need an annual oscillation of the temperature moderated by the proximity of the ocean and many species resist bad cold and frost.

A related vegetal community evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana, and species of this community are now found on several separate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including South America, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and New Caledonia. Lauroid-leaved plant communities are found from humid montane tropical to cool temperate Southern Hemisphere climates, and important elements of what is known as the Antarctic flora. [7]

The genus Beilschmiedia is present in Mexico, Venezuela, and southern Chile and Argentina from the Pacific Ocean to the Andes between 38° and 45° S latitude, where rainfall is abundant, from 1500 to 2500 mm according to locality and distributed throughout the year, but with some subhumid Mediterranean climate influence for three to four months in summer, and where temperatures are mild, with no month falling below 5 °C, and the warmest month below 22 °C. [8]

Laurophyll trees appear in the highlands highlands of New Guinea and New Britain, the Cape York Peninsula and the coastal mountains of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, as well as New Caledonia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. These laurel forests are home to plants of the Antarctic flora related to those in the Valdivian laurel forests of southern Chile, including species of the laurel family and southern beech (Nothofagus). Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and New Caledonia were parts of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana, and have drifted north over millions of years with the Indo-Australian tectonic plate.

Description

Beilschmiedia tarairi Taraire2367branches.jpg
Beilschmiedia tarairi

Frequently, their bark is pale to dark brown, smooth or coarse, and they have fine, reddish-brown hairs densely covering the branchlets, and the young leaves are reddish. The dark green leaves are alternate and leathery. Sometimes broad, others small and narrow, the leaves have distinctive depressed veins. The flowers are greenish to cream to yellow-green, and pedicellate of 4–6 mm. The flowers often are clothed in dense reddish-brown hairs. The flowers are hermaphroditic and arranged in inflorescences. The inflorescence is an erect panicle arising from the leaf axil. [2] The stamens are in two whorls; the ovary is in a superior position. [9]

The fruit is variable from one species to other' in some species it is a drupe, large and globose green, 12 cm in diameter with a tip at the apex. In other species, the fruit is an erect, plum-like, dark purple or sometimes elliptical to ovoid drupe, dark purple when ripe, and covered in a waxy bloom. In others, the fruit is a black, round drupe with a glaucous bloom, with a single seed inside. Seed dispersal for many Beilschmiedia species is by birds that swallow them, so they are shaped to attract the birds. The one-seeded fruits are an important food source for birds, including being a favorite food of the native pigeons in New Zealand.

Species

The type species is Beilschmiedia roxburghiana , which ranges from the Himalayas to southern China, Indo-China and Peninsular Malaysia. Three Beilschmiedia species are endemic to New Zealand. taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi) is a common canopy tree in the lowland forests of the North Island. The others are the common canopy tree tawa, (B. tawa), which has thin, willow-like leaves, and the tawaroa (B. tawaroa), which is similar to tawa but has broader leaves. The New Zealand pigeon is the only species which can disperse the large seeds of the taraire, which pass through its gut unharmed.

Beilschmiedia miersii and Beilschmiedia berteroana are endangered sclerophyllous trees endemic to central Chile. The northern belloto (B. miersii) grows in coastal forest, while the southern belloto (B. berteroana) grows in submontane Andean zone of the central Chile's temperate deciduous forest region. Both forest associations are currently represented in the Chilean government's system of wild protected areas.

Accepted species

268 species are currently accepted: [1]

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Premna is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, first described for modern science in 1771. It is widespread through tropical and subtropical regions in Africa, southern Asia, northern Australia, and various islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

  1. Premna acuminataR.Br. - Australia, New Guinea
  2. Premna acutataW.W.Sm. - southwestern China
  3. Premna albaH.J.Lam - Palau
  4. Premna ambongensisMoldenke - Madagascar
  5. Premna amplectensWall. ex Schauer - Thailand, Myanmar
  6. Premna angolensisGürke - tropical Africa
  7. Premna angustifloraH.J.Lam - Palau
  8. Premna annulataH.R.Fletcher - Thailand, Laos, Vietnam
  9. Premna aureolepidotaMoldenke - Madagascar
  10. Premna balakrishnaniiA.Rajendran & P.Daniel - Tamil Nadu
  11. Premna balansaeDop - Vietnam
  12. Premna barbataWall. ex Schauer - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar
  13. Premna bengalensisC.B.Clarke - Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Vietnam
  14. Premna bequaertiiMoldenke - Uganda, Rwanda, Zaïre
  15. Premna bracteataWall. ex C.B.Clarke - Himalayas, Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Assam, Bhutan, Myanmar
  16. Premna cambodianaDop - Cambodia, Vietnam
  17. Premna cavalerieiH.Lév - China
  18. Premna chevalieriDop - Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China
  19. Premna chrysoclada(Bojer) Gürke - Kenya, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau
  20. Premna collinsaeCraib - Thailand
  21. Premna confinisC.Pei & S.L.Chen ex C.Y.Wu - China
  22. Premna congolensisMoldenke - Zaïre, Angola, Cabinda
  23. Premna cordifoliaRoxb. - Thailand, Vietnam, Malaya
  24. Premna coriaceaC.B.Clarke - Indian Subcontinent, Thailand, Andaman Islands
  25. Premna corymbosaRottler - India, Sri Lanka, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
  26. Premna crassaHand.-Mazz. - Vietnam, China
  27. Premna debianaA.Rajendran & P.Daniel - Arunachal Pradesh
  28. Premna decaryiMoldenke - Madagascar
  29. Premna decurrensH.J.Lam - Indonesia
  30. Premna discolorVerdc. - Kenya
  31. Premna dubiaCraib - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
  32. Premna esculentaRoxb. - Assam, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand
  33. Premna fohaiensisC.Pei & S.L.Chen ex C.Y.Wu - China (Yunnan)
  34. Premna fordiiDunn - China
  35. Premna fulvaCraib - Indochina, Indonesia, China
  36. Premna garrettiiH.R.Fletcher - Thailand
  37. Premna glaberrimaWight - southern India
  38. Premna glandulosaHand.-Mazz. - China (Yunnan)
  39. Premna gracillimaVerdc. - Kenya, Tanzania
  40. Premna grandifoliaA.D.J. Meeuse, illegitimate name, = Premna hutchinsonii
  41. Premna grossaWall. ex Schauer - Myanmar
  42. Premna guillauminiiMoldenke - New Caledonia
  43. Premna hainanensisChun & F.C.How - China (Hainan)
  44. Premna hans-joachimiiVerdc. - Tanzania
  45. Premna henryana(Hand.-Mazz.) C.Y.Wu - China
  46. Premna herbaceaRoxb. - Himalayas, Yunnan, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea, northern Australia
  47. Premna hildebrandtiiGürke - Zaire, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
  48. Premna hispidaBenth. - West Africa
  49. Premna humbertiiMoldenke - Madagascar
  50. Premna hutchinsoniiMoldenke - Ivory Coast
  51. Premna interruptaWall. ex Schauer - southern China, Himalayas, Indochina
  52. Premna jalpaigurianaT.K.Paul - West Bengal
  53. Premna khasianaC.B.Clarke - Assam, Thailand
  54. Premna lepidellaMoldenke - Madagascar
  55. Premna ligustroidesHemsl - China
  56. Premna longiacuminataMoldenke - Madagascar
  57. Premna longifoliaRoxb. - Himalayas
  58. Premna longipetiolataMoldenke - Madagascar
  59. Premna lucensA.Chev. - West Africa
  60. Premna macrophyllaWall. ex Schauer - Assam, Indochina
  61. Premna madagascariensisMoldenke - Madagascar
  62. Premna mariannarumSchauer - Mariana Islands
  63. Premna matadiensisMoldenke - Zaïre, Angola
  64. Premna maximaT.C.E. Fr. - Kenya
  65. Premna mekongensisW.W.Sm. - China (Yunnan)
  66. Premna micranthaSchauer - India, Assam, Bangladesh
  67. Premna microphyllaTurcz. - Japan, Ryukyu Islands, China
  68. Premna millefloraC.B.Clarke - Assam
  69. Premna milneiBaker - Nigeria, Bioko
  70. Premna minorDomin - Queensland
  71. Premna mollissimaRoth - Indian Subcontinent, Yunnan, Indochina, Philippines
  72. Premna mooiensis(H.Pearson) W.Piep - Mozambique, Eswatini, South Africa
  73. Premna mortehaniiDe Wild - Zaïre
  74. Premna mundanthuraiensisA.Rajendran & P.Daniel - Tamil Nadu
  75. Premna neurophyllaChiov. - Ethiopia
  76. Premna oblongataMiq. - Indonesia, Philippines
  77. Premna odorataBlanco - - Indian Subcontinent, Yunnan, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, northern Australia; naturalized in Miami-Dade County in Florida
  78. Premna oliganthaC.Y.Wu - China
  79. Premna oligotrichaBaker - Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania
  80. Premna orangeanaCapuron - Madagascar
  81. Premna paisehensisC.Pei & S.L.Chen - China (Guangxi)
  82. Premna pallescensRidl.- Borneo, Indonesia
  83. Premna parasiticaBlume - Indonesia
  84. Premna parvilimbaC.Pei - China (Yunnan)
  85. Premna paucinervis(C.B.Clarke) Gamble - Kerala, Tamil Nadu
  86. Premna paulobarbataH.J.Lam - Mariana Islands
  87. Premna perplexansMoldenke - Madagascar
  88. Premna perrieriMoldenke - Madagascar
  89. Premna pinguisC.B.Clarke - Assam, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Java
  90. Premna politaHiern - Angola
  91. Premna procumbensMoon - India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
  92. Premna protrusaA.C.Sm. & S.Darwin - Fiji
  93. Premna puberulaPamp. - China
  94. Premna pubescensBlume - Indonesia, Philippines, Christmas Island
  95. Premna puerensisY.Y.Qian - China (Yunnan)
  96. Premna punduanaWall. ex Schauer - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bangladesh
  97. Premna puniceaC.Y.Wu - China (Yunnan)
  98. Premna purpurascensThwaites - Sri Lanka
  99. Premna quadrifoliaSchumach. & Thonn. - West Africa
  100. Premna rabakensisMoldenke - Cambodia
  101. Premna regularisH.J.Lam - Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea
  102. Premna repensH.R.Fletcher - Thailand
  103. Premna resinosa(Hochst.) Schauer - East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India
  104. Premna richardsiaeMoldenke - Tanzania
  105. Premna rubroglandulosaC.Y.Wu - China (Yunnan)
  106. Premna scandensRoxb. - China (Yunnan), Himalayas, Andaman Island, Indochina
  107. Premna schimperiEngl - East Africa
  108. Premna schliebeniiWerderm. - Tanzania, Mozambique
  109. Premna scoriarumW.W.Sm. - Tibet, Yunnan, Myanmar
  110. Premna senensisKlotzsch - eastern + central Africa
  111. Premna serrataH.R.Fletcher - Thailand
  112. Premna serratifoliaL. - widespread in East Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, northern Australia, islands of Pacific + Indian Oceans
  113. Premna siamensisH.R.Fletcher - Thailand
  114. Premna stenobotrysMerr. - Vietnam
  115. Premna steppicolaHand.-Mazz. - China
  116. Premna sterculiifoliaKing & Gamble - Malaya but extinct
  117. Premna straminicaulisC.Y.Wu - China (Yunnan)
  118. Premna subcapitataRehder - China
  119. Premna sulphurea(Baker) Gürke - Angola
  120. Premna sunyiensisC.Pei - China (Guangdong)
  121. Premna szemaoensisPei - China (Yunnan)
  122. Premna tahitensisJ.Schauer - many islands of the Pacific
  123. Premna tanganyikensisMoldenke - Tanzania, Mozambique
  124. Premna tapintzeanaDop - China (Yunnan)
  125. Premna teniiC.Pei - China (Yunnan)
  126. Premna thoreliiDop - Laos
  127. Premna thwaitesiiC.B.Clarke - Sri Lanka
  128. Premna tomentosaWilld. - Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Queensland, Solomon Islands
  129. Premna trichostomaMiq. - Southeast Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea
  130. Premna urticifoliaRehder - China (Yunnan)
  131. Premna velutinaGürke - Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique
  132. Premna venulosaMoldenke - Madagascar
  133. Premna wightianaSchauer - India, Sri Lanka
  134. Premna wuiBoufford & B.M.Barthol. - China (Yunnan)
  135. Premna yunnanensisW.W.Sm - China
<i>Homalomena</i> Genus of flowering plants

Homalomena is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. Homalomena are found in southern Asia and the southwestern Pacific. Many Homalomena have a strong smell of anise. The name derives apparently from a mistranslated Malayan vernacular name, translated as homalos, meaning flat, and mene = moon.

Beilschmiedia gaboonensis is an evergreen tree in the subgenus Hufelandia of the genus Beilschmiedia, in the family Lauraceae. It is native to central Africa. It is a medium-sized tree which can measure up to 30 m tall with a bole diameter of up to 60 cm. It is distributed from southern Nigeria to the Congo basin, occurring in Cameroon, Gabon and Zaïre. It is associated with marshy locations in lowland rainforest. Similarly to Beilschmiedia mannii, it is known under the trade names "kanda" and "pink kanda". The bark is used in analgesic and healing ointments.

Alseodaphnopsis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae.

Donella is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Sapotaceae.

Kuloa is a genus of plants in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It contains three species native to central Africa, which were previously classed in genus Ocotea.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Beilschmiedia Nees. Plants of the World Online . Accessed 11 April 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Henk van der Werff (2003). "A synopsis of the genus Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) in Madagascar" (PDF). Adansonia . sér. 3. 25 (1): 77–92.
  3. "Australian aborigines from Rainforests". Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  4. 1 2 3 "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website".
  5. 1 2 "Protabase Record". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  6. 1 2 Carlos Ramirez; Cristina San Martin; Jose San Martin; Rodrigo Villaseñor (2004). "Comparación fitosociológica de los bosques de Belloto (Beilschmiedia, Lauraceae) en Chile central" [Phytosociological comparisons of Belloto (Beilschmiedia, Lauraceae) forests in central Chile]. Bosque (in Spanish). 25 (1): 69–85.
  7. 1 2 3 "Description and images of Beilschmiedia berteroana (), a native Chilean plant, provided by the supplier of native exotic Chilean seeds, Chileflora.com". chileflora.com.
  8. 1 2 3 William J. León H. & Narcisana Espinoza de Pernía (2000). "Estudio anatómico del leño de siete especies del género Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae)" (PDF). Revista Forestal Venezolana. 44 (1): 47–56.
  9. "Student 1". mobot.org.