Bidens amplissima

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Bidens amplissima
B.amp5.jpg
Status COSEWIC SC.svg
Special Concern (COSEWIC)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Bidens
Species:
B. amplissima
Binomial name
Bidens amplissima
Synonyms [1]
  • Bidens cernua var. elataTorr. & A.Gray
  • Bidens elata(Torr. & A.Gray) Sherff

Bidens amplissima, also known as the Vancouver Island beggarticks, is an annual wetland species in the family Asteraceae which displays a broad range of morphological variation and has a geographic range restricted to southwestern British Columbia and adjacent Washington State. Due to its limited global range and susceptibility to anthropogenic threats, B. amplissima is federally listed as Special Concern under Canada's Species at Risk Act and is blue-listed in British Columbia. [2] Bidens amplissima shares a variety of morphological characteristics with two closely related species, B. cernua and B. tripartita , making identification challenging. [3] [4] Accurate identification also often depends on multiple morphological characters such as leaf shape, ray florets and achene shape. [3]

Contents

Distribution and abundance

The global distribution of B. amplissima is restricted southwestern British Columbia and area of adjacent Washington State. [2] [5] Bidens amplissima was thought to be endemic to British Columbia until 2002 when specimens held at a herbarium in Washington State were found to be originally misidentified as B. cernua and were in fact B. amplissima. [6] Populations are thought to exist in Snohomish County. However, there are no published records on the size of populations in the United States (US). [3]

Although its global geographic range is restricted mainly to British Columbia, more than 85% of its known range, many uncertainties remain regarding the current abundance and distribution. [2] There are some reports of the plant also being found in Manitoba and Nebraska, but these are almost certainly introductions. [7] [8] [9] [10]

As of 2014, B. amplissima has been recorded at 59 locations throughout British Columbia with 27 locations occurring on Vancouver Island. No surveys have been conducted to examine the presence or abundance of B. amplissima within its known range. [3]

Habitat

Bidens amplissima can often be found at the edges of wetlands, bogs, and tidal areas with fluctuating water levels [3] [6] [11] and often occupies openings at the edges of wetlands. [2] Although B. amplissima most often occurs on the edges of ponds and streams, it can also be found in tidal zones. [7] [12] [13] Lastly, as a hydrophyte, B. amplissima is most prolific in hydric soils. [3]

Morphology

General description

Bidens amplissima is an annual species growing up to 120 cm (4 feet) tall. [11] Roots are fibrous, stems are rigid and branching. [8]

Stem leaves are opposite, unstalked, and the lower and middle leaves are often deeply three-lobed. However, leaves are also often simple and not lobed. The leaf margin is coarsely toothed or incised, glabrous, and roughly 8–20 cm long.

Mature flowering plant of Bidens amplissima Bidens3.jpg
Mature flowering plant of Bidens amplissima
Mature flowering plant of Bidens amplissima B.AMP1.jpg
Mature flowering plant of Bidens amplissima
Mature flowering plant of Bidens amplissima Bidens 4.jpg
Mature flowering plant of Bidens amplissima
Threat categories used by the IUCN Status COSEWIC.svg
Threat categories used by the IUCN

Bidens amplissima produces numerous yellow flower heads containing both disc florets and ray florets. [11] Ray and disk flowers and occur in a terminal cluster at the top of the plant. Involucral bracts are in two rows, the outer ones about 8–10, leafy, fringed with small hairs, linear-lanceolate with entire margins, up to 7.5 cm long, the inner ones narrowly egg-shaped, 8–12mm long. Ray flowers are 8–11, yellow, 3.5–8mm long, while disk flowers are yellow. [14]

The fruits of Bidens amplissima are achenes which are wedge-shaped with flat or concave summits. Achenes are 5–7mm long, with retrorsely-barbed awns which are 2–4mm long. [14]

Morphological variation

Bidens amplissima is often confused with two closely related species, B. cernua and B. tripartita. B. amplissima can be distinguished from B. cernua, which has cartilaginous and concave achene summits, globular flower heads, and more numerous petals than B. amplissima. Bidens amplissima can also be separated from B. tripartita, which can be very similar in appearance, however B. tripartita lacks ray petals. [14]

Phylogeny and genetics

The current view regarding the phylogenetic history of B. amplissima is that it originated as a hybrid of B. cernua and B. tripartita sometimes after the last glaciation. This view is strongly supported by the morphological traits shared among these species, the small distribution of B. amplissima, and genetic analysis. [3] Despite its relatively recent origins, B. amplissima displays distinct genetics when compared to its parent species. [3] [15]

An examination of Polynesian Bidens by Ganders et al. (2000) also described the ITS base sequences and isozymes of four species from North America. This study strongly indicated that B. amplissima was most closely related to B. cernua and B. tripartita, given that the genetics of these species were almost identical. [16]

Conservation

Bidens amplissima is Federally listed as Special Concern under Canada's Species at Risk Act. Given that most of its range is restricted to southwestern British Columbia, more than 85% of its known range, conservation and management within the province is crucial to the longevity of the species. [3]

Related Research Articles

<i>Bidens</i> Genus of plants

Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide. Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized. The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The generic name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bis ("two") and dens ("tooth").

<i>Bidens tripartita</i> Species of plants in the sunflower family

Bidens tripartita is a common and widespread species of flowering plant in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, commonly known as three-lobe beggarticks, three-part beggarticks, leafy-bracted beggarticks or trifid bur-marigold. It is native to much of Eurasia, North Africa, and North America, with naturalized populations in Australia and on some Pacific Islands.

<i>Bidens frondosa</i> North American species of flowering plant

Bidens frondosa is a North American species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Canada, the United States, and Mexico It is known in many other parts of the world as an introduced species, including Europe, Asia, Morocco, and New Zealand. Its many common names include devil's beggarticks, devil's-pitchfork, devil's bootjack, sticktights, bur marigold, pitchfork weed, tickseed sunflower, leafy beggarticks, and common beggar-ticks.

<i>Bidens pilosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Bidens pilosa is an annual species of herbaceous flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. Its many common names include hitch hikers, black-jack, beggarticks, farmer's friends and Spanish needle, but most commonly referred to as cobblers pegs. It is native to the Americas but is widely distributed as an introduced species in other regions worldwide including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America and the Pacific Islands. In Chishona, it is called tsine.

<i>Erigeron philadelphicus</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron philadelphicus, the Philadelphia fleabane, is a species of flowering plant in the composite family (Asteraceae). Other common names include common fleabane, daisy fleabane, frost-root, marsh fleabane, poor robin's plantain, skervish, and, in the British Isles, robin's-plantain, but all of these names are shared with other species of fleabanes (Erigeron). It is native to North America and has been introduced to Eurasia.

<i>Gaillardia aristata</i> Species of flowering plant

Gaillardia aristata is a North American species of flowering plant in the sunflower family, known by the common names common blanketflower and common gaillardia. This perennial wildflower is widespread across much of North America, from Yukon east to Québec and south as far as California, Arizona, Illinois, and Connecticut, although it may be naturalized rather than native in parts of that range. It is also naturalized in scattered locations in Europe, Australia, and South America.

<i>Balsamorhiza sagittata</i> Species of flowering plant

Balsamorhiza sagittata is a North American species of flowering plant in the tribe Heliantheae of the family Asteraceae known by the common name Arrowleaf Balsamroot. Also sometimes called Oregon sunflower, it is widespread across western Canada and much of the western United States.

<i>Bidens laevis</i> Species of flowering plant

Bidens laevis is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names larger bur-marigold and smooth beggarticks. It is native to South America, Mexico, and the southern and eastern United States. It grows in wetlands, including estuaries and riverbanks.

<i>Bidens vulgata</i> Species of flowering plant

Bidens vulgata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names big devils beggarticks and tall beggarticks. It is native to eastern and central North America from Nova Scotia to northern Georgia and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. It is an introduced species on the West Coast of North America as well as parts of Europe.

<i>Anisocarpus madioides</i> Species of flowering plant

Anisocarpus madioides is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name woodland madia.

Microseris bigelovii is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name coastal silverpuffs. It is native to the west coast of North America, where its range extends from the southern tip of Vancouver Island to the northern coast of California.

<i>Bidens micrantha</i> Species of flowering plant

Bidens micrantha is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name grassland beggarticks. It is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, where it and other Bidens species are known as kōʻokoʻolau. It occurs in many types of habitat on Lānaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi, including rocky cliffs, dry forests, mesic forests, wet forests, and high shrublands.

<i>Bidens aristosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Bidens aristosa is a North American species of plants in the sunflower family. Common names include bearded beggarticks, western tickseed, long-bracted beggarticks, tickseed beggarticks, swamp marigold, and Yankee lice. It is native to eastern and central United States and south-central Canada, from Maine south to Florida and west as far as Ontario, Texas, and Nebraska. It grows in wet meadows and abandoned fields.

<i>Actaea elata</i> Species of flowering plant

Actaea elata is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common name tall bugbane. It is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, where it can be found in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.

<i>Bidens aurea</i> North American species of flowering plant

Bidens aurea , the Arizona beggarticks, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Mexico and found also in Arizona and Guatemala. The species is also naturalized in parts of Europe and South America.

<i>Bidens connata</i> Species of flowering plant

Bidens connata , the purplestem beggarticks or London bur-marigold, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Eurasia, North Africa, and North America, and naturalized in Australia and on certain Pacific Islands.

Bidens eatonii is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.

<i>Bidens hyperborea</i> Species of aquatic plant

Bidens hyperborea is a coastal species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It grows along the coasts of Hudson Bay, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.

<i>Erigeron filifolius</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron filifolius is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common names thread-leaf fleabane.

<i>Erigeron poliospermus</i> Species of flowering plant

Erigeron poliospermus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names gray-seeded fleabane, purple cushion fleabane, and hairy-seed fleabane. Native to western North America, it is mainly found to the east of the Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

References

  1. The Plant List, Bidens amplissima Greene
  2. 1 2 3 4 Vancouver Island Beggarticks Working Group. 2014. Management plan for the Vancouver Island beggarticks (Bidens amplissima) in British Columbia. Prepared for the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC. 24 pp.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Buchanan, J., Currie, C., Stewart, D. (2015). Habitat associations dormancy, and germination of Vancouver Island beggarticks (Bidens amplissima): restoring populations in British Columbia. Prepared for British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, BC. 62 pp.
  4. Ganders, F. R., Klinkenberg, R., & Klinkenberg, B. (2003). Taxonomy in Conservation Biology: The Enigmatic Vancouver Island Beggarticks. Davidsonia vol 14(3), 63-70.
  5. Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  6. 1 2 Ganders, F. R., Klinkenberg, R., & Klinkenberg, B. (2002). British Columbia loses an endemic species: Bidens amplissima (Asteraceae) also occurs in Washington state. Botanical Electronic News (BEN) No. 293. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben293.html
  7. 1 2 Ganders, F. R., B. Klinkenberg, and R. Klinkenberg. 2003. Taxonomy in conservation: The enigmatic Vancouver Island beggarticks. Davidsonia 14: 63–70.
  8. 1 2 Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia, Bidens amplissima (vancouver island beggarticks) includes photos and British Columbia range map
  9. Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Bidens amplissima Page Author: Don Knoke Vancouver Island beggar ticks includes photos and Washington range map
  10. Fred Ganders 2003. British Columbia loses an endemic species: Bidens amplissima (Asteraceae) occurs also in Washington State. Botanical Electronic News No. 293 July 12, 2002
  11. 1 2 3 Flora of North America, Bidens amplissima Greene, Pittonia. 4: 268. 1901.
  12. Bryant, S. B. (2013). 2013 Surveys for Vancouver Island Beggarticks (Bidens amplissima) in the Little Campbell River Watershed. A Rocha Canada Conservation Science Series. A Rocha Canada, Surrey, B.C., Canada.
  13. Klinkenberg, B., & Klinkenberg, R. (2001). COSEWIC status report on the Vancouver Island beggarticks Bidens amplissima in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Vancouver Island beggarticks Bidens amplissima in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-25 pp.
  14. 1 2 3 "E-Flora BC Atlas Page". linnet.geog.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  15. Helenurm, K., & Ganders, F. R. (1985). Adaptive radiation and genetic differentiation in Hawaiian Bidens. Evolution, 39(4), 753-765.
  16. Ganders, F. R., Berbee, M., & Perseyedi, M. 2000. ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Systematic Botany,25(1), 122-133.