Bidens amplissima | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Asteraceae |
Genus: | Bidens |
Species: | B. amplissima |
Binomial name | |
Bidens amplissima | |
Synonyms [1] | |
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Bidens amplissima, also known as the Vancouver Island beggarticks, is an annual wetland species in the family Asteraceae which displays a broad range of morphological variation and has a geographic range restricted to southwestern British Columbia and adjacent Washington State. Due to its limited global range and susceptibility to anthropogenic threats, B. amplissima is federally listed as Special Concern under Canada's Species at Risk Act and is blue-listed in British Columbia. [2] Bidens amplissima shares a variety of morphological characteristics with two closely related species, B. cernua and B. tripartita , making identification challenging. [3] [4] Accurate identification also often depends on multiple morphological characters such as leaf shape, ray florets and achene shape. [3]
The global distribution of B. amplissima is restricted southwestern British Columbia and area of adjacent Washington State. [2] [5] Bidens amplissima was thought to be endemic to British Columbia until 2002 when specimens held at a herbarium in Washington State were found to be originally misidentified as B. cernua and were in fact B. amplissima. [6] Populations are thought to exist in Snohomish County. However, there are no published records on the size of populations in the United States (US). [3]
Although its global geographic range is restricted mainly to British Columbia, more than 85% of its known range, many uncertainties remain regarding the current abundance and distribution. [2] There are some reports of the plant also being found in Manitoba and Nebraska, but these are almost certainly introductions. [7] [8] [9] [10]
As of 2014, B. amplissima has been recorded at 59 locations throughout British Columbia with 27 locations occurring on Vancouver Island. No surveys have been conducted to examine the presence or abundance of B. amplissima within its known range. [3]
Bidens amplissima can often be found at the edges of wetlands, bogs, and tidal areas with fluctuating water levels [3] [6] [11] and often occupies openings at the edges of wetlands. [2] Although B. amplissima most often occurs on the edges of ponds and streams, it can also be found in tidal zones. [7] [12] [13] Lastly, as a hydrophyte, B. amplissima is most prolific in hydric soils. [3]
Bidens amplissima is an annual species growing up to 120 cm (4 feet) tall. [11] Roots are fibrous, stems are rigid and branching. [8]
Stem leaves are opposite, unstalked, and the lower and middle leaves are often deeply three-lobed. However, leaves are also often simple and not lobed. The leaf margin is coarsely toothed or incised, glabrous, and roughly 8–20 cm long.
Bidens amplissima produces numerous yellow flower heads containing both disc florets and ray florets. [11] Ray and disk flowers and occur in a terminal cluster at the top of the plant. Involucral bracts are in two rows, the outer ones about 8–10, leafy, fringed with small hairs, linear-lanceolate with entire margins, up to 7.5 cm long, the inner ones narrowly egg-shaped, 8–12mm long. Ray flowers are 8–11, yellow, 3.5–8mm long, while disk flowers are yellow. [14]
The fruits of Bidens amplissima are achenes which are wedge-shaped with flat or concave summits. Achenes are 5–7mm long, with retrorsely-barbed awns which are 2–4mm long. [14]
Bidens amplissima is often confused with two closely related species, B. cernua and B. tripartita. B. amplissima can be distinguished from B. cernua, which has cartilaginous and concave achene summits, globular flower heads, and more numerous petals than B. amplissima. Bidens amplissima can also be separated from B. tripartita, which can be very similar in appearance, however B. tripartita lacks ray petals. [14]
The current view regarding the phylogenetic history of B. amplissima is that it originated as a hybrid of B. cernua and B. tripartita sometimes after the last glaciation. This view is strongly supported by the morphological traits shared among these species, the small distribution of B. amplissima, and genetic analysis. [3] Despite its relatively recent origins, B. amplissima displays distinct genetics when compared to its parent species. [3] [15]
An examination of Polynesian Bidens by Ganders et al. (2000) also described the ITS base sequences and isozymes of four species from North America. This study strongly indicated that B. amplissima was most closely related to B. cernua and B. tripartita, given that the genetics of these species were almost identical. [16]
Bidens amplissima is Federally listed as Special Concern under Canada's Species at Risk Act. Given that most of its range is restricted to southwestern British Columbia, more than 85% of its known range, conservation and management within the province is crucial to the longevity of the species. [3]
Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide. Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized. The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The generic name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bis ("two") and dens ("tooth").
Bidens tripartita is a common and widespread species of flowering plant in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, commonly known as three-lobe beggarticks, three-part beggarticks, leafy-bracted beggarticks or trifid bur-marigold. It is native to much of Eurasia, North Africa, and North America, with naturalized populations in Australia and on some Pacific Islands.
Bidens frondosa is a North American species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Canada, the United States, and Mexico It is known in many other parts of the world as an introduced species, including Europe, Asia, Morocco, and New Zealand. Its many common names include devil's beggarticks, devil's-pitchfork, devil's bootjack, sticktights, bur marigold, pitchfork weed, tickseed sunflower, leafy beggarticks, and common beggar-ticks.
Bidens pilosa is an annual species of herbaceous flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. Its many common names include hitch hikers, black-jack, beggarticks, farmer's friends and Spanish needle, but most commonly referred to as cobblers pegs. It is native to the Americas but is widely distributed as an introduced species in other regions worldwide including Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America and the Pacific Islands. In Chishona, it is called tsine.
Erigeron philadelphicus, the Philadelphia fleabane, is a species of flowering plant in the composite family (Asteraceae). Other common names include common fleabane, daisy fleabane, frost-root, marsh fleabane, poor robin's plantain, skervish, and, in the British Isles, robin's-plantain, but all of these names are shared with other species of fleabanes (Erigeron). It is native to North America and has been introduced to Eurasia.
Gaillardia aristata is a North American species of flowering plant in the sunflower family, known by the common names common blanketflower and common gaillardia. This perennial wildflower is widespread across much of North America, from Yukon east to Québec and south as far as California, Arizona, Illinois, and Connecticut, although it may be naturalized rather than native in parts of that range. It is also naturalized in scattered locations in Europe, Australia, and South America.
Balsamorhiza sagittata is a North American species of flowering plant in the tribe Heliantheae of the family Asteraceae known by the common name Arrowleaf Balsamroot. Also sometimes called Oregon sunflower, it is widespread across western Canada and much of the western United States.
Bidens laevis is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names larger bur-marigold and smooth beggarticks. It is native to South America, Mexico, and the southern and eastern United States. It grows in wetlands, including estuaries and riverbanks.
Bidens vulgata is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names big devils beggarticks and tall beggarticks. It is native to eastern and central North America from Nova Scotia to northern Georgia and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. It is an introduced species on the West Coast of North America as well as parts of Europe.
Anisocarpus madioides is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name woodland madia.
Microseris bigelovii is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name coastal silverpuffs. It is native to the west coast of North America, where its range extends from the southern tip of Vancouver Island to the northern coast of California.
Bidens micrantha is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name grassland beggarticks. It is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, where it and other Bidens species are known as kōʻokoʻolau. It occurs in many types of habitat on Lānaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi, including rocky cliffs, dry forests, mesic forests, wet forests, and high shrublands.
Bidens aristosa is a North American species of plants in the sunflower family. Common names include bearded beggarticks, western tickseed, long-bracted beggarticks, tickseed beggarticks, swamp marigold, and Yankee lice. It is native to eastern and central United States and south-central Canada, from Maine south to Florida and west as far as Ontario, Texas, and Nebraska. It grows in wet meadows and abandoned fields.
Actaea elata is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common name tall bugbane. It is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, where it can be found in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.
Bidens aurea , the Arizona beggarticks, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Mexico and found also in Arizona and Guatemala. The species is also naturalized in parts of Europe and South America.
Bidens connata , the purplestem beggarticks or London bur-marigold, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of Eurasia, North Africa, and North America, and naturalized in Australia and on certain Pacific Islands.
Bidens eatonii is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.
Bidens hyperborea is a coastal species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It grows along the coasts of Hudson Bay, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.
Erigeron filifolius is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common names thread-leaf fleabane.
Erigeron poliospermus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names gray-seeded fleabane, purple cushion fleabane, and hairy-seed fleabane. Native to western North America, it is mainly found to the east of the Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.