Bignonia capreolata

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Bignonia capreolata
Bignonia capreolata Arkansas.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Genus: Bignonia
Species:
B. capreolata
Binomial name
Bignonia capreolata
Synonyms [2]
  • Anisostichus capreolata (L.) Bureau
  • Aristolochia durior Hill
  • Batocydia capreolata Mart. ex DC., pro syn.
  • Bignonia argyrea violascens Jacob-Makoy
  • Bignonia capreolata f. lutea Heineke
  • Bignonia capreolata var. atrosanguinea Hook.f.
  • Doxantha capreolata (L.) Miers
  • Isotrema durior (Hill) H.Huber

Bignonia capreolata is a vine commonly referred to as crossvine. [3] The common name refers to the cross-shaped pattern revealed when the stem is cut; this pattern results from four radial wedges of phloem embedded within the stem's xylem. [4] It is native to the central and southern United States. [5] The vine climbs without twining but does produce tendrils. It produces long tubular flowers which are red and yellow and frequently have a mocha fragrance. [6] The leaves are dark green to almost purple and produced as opposite pairs with terminal tendrils. The vine often climbs very high, with leaves only remaining on the uppermost portion of the plant. Crossvine can spread aggressively through stolons and may need to be managed in garden or domestic settings. [7]

Contents

There was for some time confusion surrounding the name of this plant, which was apparently sometimes referred to as "Bignonia crucigera", a name more properly referring to a different plant altogether. [8]

Description

Stems

The stems of Bignonia capreolata are woody, slender, and capable of extensive growth. The unique cross-shaped internal structure of the stems gives the plant its common name, "crossvine." [9] [5] [10]

Leaves

Bignonia capreolata features opposite leaves, each divided into two glossy, dark green leaflets. These are connected by a central tendril with adhesive pads at its tips, allowing the plant to climb surfaces such as wood, stone, and brick without additional support. In cooler climates, the foliage turns bronze or reddish-purple during autumn. [11]

The compound leaves of Bignonia capreolata consist of two leathery, dark green leaflets. Each leaflet is elliptic to ovate, with a smooth margin and a glossy upper surface. A tendril arises between the leaflets, terminating in small adhesive pads that enable the plant to cling to vertical surfaces. [12]

Flowers

The flowers, which bloom from late spring to early summer, are tubular and trumpet-shaped, typically 1.5–2 inches (3.8–5 cm) long. They exhibit a vibrant orange to reddish-orange hue with yellow throats. Blooming in clusters, they are highly fragrant and serve as an essential nectar source for hummingbirds and bees. [5]

Fruits and seeds

The fruits are elongated, flat capsules that measure 4–8 inches (10–20 cm) long. These capsules ripen in late summer, splitting open to release numerous winged seeds. This wind-dispersal mechanism enables the plant to colonize new areas effectively. [9] [5] [10]

Taxonomy

The genus Bignonia is named after Jean-Paul Bignon. Molecular phylogenetic studies reveal that Bignonia capreolata shares a close relationship with other climbing members of the family, such as Campsis radicans (trumpet creeper). These species likely diversified in response to ecological pressures, such as competition for sunlight in dense forests. [12] [13]

Distribution and habitat

Native to the southeastern United States, Bignonia capreolata is commonly found in woodlands, thickets, and along riverbanks. Its range extends from Maryland and Virginia to Florida in the south and westward to Texas and Oklahoma. It is most abundant in warm, humid climates but has adapted to cooler environments in its northern range. [5]

The plant often grows in mixed forests, where it can climb trees and shrubs to access sunlight. It is equally comfortable in suburban and urban landscapes, where it is used to create green walls and shaded areas. [5]

Bignonia capreolata thrives in USDA hardiness zones 5 through 9. It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soils but is adaptable to sandy, loamy, and clay soil types. While it performs best in full sun, it tolerates partial shade, though reduced sunlight may limit flower production. [5]

Uses

Due to its vibrant flowers and dense foliage, Bignonia capreolata is a popular choice for decorative purposes. It is often used to cover pergolas, arbors, fences, and walls, creating a lush, natural canopy. Its fast growth and ability to climb vertical structures make it particularly effective for landscaping projects that aim to add height or cover unsightly areas. [5]

The vine is frequently planted for erosion control along slopes and riverbanks, where its extensive root system helps stabilize soil. It has an ability to thrive in various conditions and its tubular flowers attract hummingbirds and butterflies. [14]

Medicinal use

Bignonia capreolata 'Tangerine Beauty' Bignonia capreolata 1.jpg
Bignonia capreolata 'Tangerine Beauty'

One 18th century report describes a medicinal use for cross-vine by the Cherokee people: [15]

The vines or climbing stems of the climber (Bigonia Crucigera) are equally divided longitudinally into four parts by the same number of their membranes somewhat resembling a piece of white tape by which means, when the vine is cut through and divided traversely, it presents to view the likeness of a cross. This membrane is of a sweet, pleasant taste. The country people of Carolina crop these vines to pieces, together with china brier and sassafras roots, and boil them in their beer in the spring, for diet drink, in order to attenuate and purify the blood and juices. It is a principal ingredient in Howard's famous infusion for curing the yaws, etc., the virtues and use of which he obtained from Indian Doctors.

In 2012, researchers at Bastyr University published a paper revealing that they had identified the indole alkaloid reserpine in crossvine. [16]

The vine has been used by the native Americans for many health alignments such as, to purify blood by an infusion of leaves. The bark has been smashed and used for edema and headaches and gargled the mashed root for infusion. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vine</span> Plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent stems or runners

A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent stems, lianas, or runners. The word vine can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.

<i>Campsis radicans</i> Species of vine

Campsis radicans, the trumpet vine, yellow trumpet vine, or trumpet creeper, is a species of flowering plant in the trumpet vine family Bignoniaceae, native to eastern North America, and naturalized elsewhere. Growing to 10 metres, it is a vigorous, deciduous woody vine, notable for its showy trumpet-shaped flowers. It inhabits woodlands and riverbanks, and is also a popular garden plant.

<i>Erythrina herbacea</i> Species of legume

Erythrina herbacea, commonly known as the coral bean, Cherokee bean, Mamou plant in South Louisiana, red cardinal or cardinal spear, is a flowering shrub or small tree found throughout the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico; it has also been reported from parts of Central America and, as an introduced species, from Pakistan. Various other systematic names have been used for this plant in the past, including Erythrina arborea, Erythrina hederifolia, Erythrina humilis, Erythrina rubicunda, Corallodendron herbaceum and Xyphanthus hederifolius.

<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i> Species of plant

Gelsemium sempervirens is a twining vine in the family Gelsemiaceae, native to subtropical and tropical America: Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, and southeastern and south-central United States. It has a number of common names including yellow jessamine or confederate jessamine or jasmine, Carolina jasmine or jessamine, evening trumpetflower, gelsemium and woodbine.

<i>Lathyrus latifolius</i> Species of plant in the pea family

Lathyrus latifolius, the perennial peavine, perennial pea, broad-leaved everlasting-pea, or just everlasting pea, is a robust, sprawling herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae. It is native to Europe but is present on other continents, such as North America and Australia, where it is most often seen along roadsides.

<i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Parthenocissus quinquefolia, known as Virginia creeper, Victoria creeper, five-leaved ivy, or five-finger, is a species of flowering vine in the grape family, Vitaceae. It is native to eastern and central North America, from southeastern Canada and the eastern United States west to Manitoba and Utah, and south to eastern Mexico and Guatemala.

<i>Parthenocissus inserta</i> Species of vine

Parthenocissus inserta, also known as thicket creeper, false Virginia creeper, woodbine, or grape woodbine, is a woody vine native to North America, in southeastern Canada and a large area of the United States, from Maine west to Montana and south to New Jersey and Missouri in the east, and Texas to Arizona in the west. It is present in California, but it may be an introduced species that far west. It is introduced in Europe.

<i>Xanthorhiza</i> Genus of flowering plants

Xanthorhiza simplicissima (yellowroot) is the only member of the genus Xanthorhiza, and one of very few genera in the family Ranunculaceae with a woody stem. It is native to the eastern United States from Maine south to northern Florida and west to Ohio and eastern Texas. It contains the alkaloid berberine, which has a number of traditional and contemporary uses for dyeing and medicine.

<i>Passiflora lutea</i> Species of vine

Passiflora lutea, commonly known as yellow passionflower, is a flowering perennial vine in the family Passifloraceae, native to the central and eastern United States. The vine has three-lobed leaves and small, yellowish-green, fringed flowers that appear in the summer, followed by green fruit that turn almost black at maturity. It grows in moist to wet habitats.

<i>Lonicera hispidula</i> Species of plant

The perennial vine Lonicera hispidula is a species of honeysuckle known as pink honeysuckle and, less often, California honeysuckle. It is a low-elevation woodlands shrub or vine domestically grown, specifically found on the West Coast of North America.

<i>Lathyrus sylvestris</i> Plant species in the pea family

Lathyrus sylvestris, the flat pea or narrow-leaved everlasting-pea, is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is native to parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia.

<i>Lonicera sempervirens</i> Species of honeysuckle

Lonicera sempervirens is a flowering plant species of honeysuckle vine native to the eastern United States which is known for its reddish flowers.

<i>Neogaerrhinum filipes</i> Species of flowering plant

Neogaerrhinum filipes, synonym Antirrhinum filipes, is an annual species of North American flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is known by the common name yellow twining snapdragon. This herbaceous plant is native to deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it is common.

<i>Bignonia magnifica</i> Species of plant

Bignonia magnifica, known as glowvine, is a species in the trumpet-vine family, Bignoniaceae. Originally described in the genus Bignonia in 1879, it was later transferred to the monotypic genus Saritaea as the sole species Saritaea magnifica, but has since been restored to Bignonia. It is native to Panama and northern South America, but has been introduced elsewhere.

Clytostoma was a genus of woody-stemmed vines from tropical America, native to Argentina and the southern part of Brazil. It is now considered a synonym of Bignonia. The botanical name comes from the Greek, klytos means splendid or beauteous, and stoma means mouth; alluding to the beautiful flowers. It was formerly separated from Bignonia chiefly on the basis of its simple slender tendrils, the short disk, and its habit of clambering over adjacent foliage using tendrils to hang on tight. The bright glossy green leaves of species formerly placed in this genus are lobed and divided with 2 leaflets, about 3in (7.6 cm) long and 1.5in (3.8 cm) wide. They are arranged opposite in pairs and tendrils arise at the ends of the leaf stalks. In late spring, the spectacular 1.5in (3.8 cm) trumpet flowers are borne terminally or along the branches. The flowers are pale lavender and delicately detailed with dark violet and purple veins. Flowers are followed by large prickly seed pods. This evergreen ornamental plant easily reaches to 16 feet and is a carefree grower.

<i>Clematis morefieldii</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Clematis morefieldii is a rare species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common names Morefield's leather flower and Huntsville vasevine.

<i>Clematis orientalis</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Clematis orientalis is a deciduous vine or scrambling shrub in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, that originates from Asia and Central Europe. It was brought to the United States as an ornamental plant but escaped cultivation leading to its classification as a noxious weed in some states. Common names for C. orientalis include Chinese clematis, Oriental virginsbower, orange peel, and orange peel clematis.

<i>Rubus argutus</i> Species of fruit and plant

Rubus argutus is a North American species of prickly bramble in the rose family. It is a perennial plant native to the eastern and south-central United States. Common names are sawtooth blackberry or tall blackberry after its high growth.

<i>Dolichandra unguis-cati</i> Species of flowering plant

Dolichandra unguis-cati, commonly known as cat's claw creeper, funnel creeper, or cat's claw trumpet, is a rapidly growing climbing vine belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. It affects all plant layers of the forest ecosystem spreading rapidly both vertically and horizontally.

<i>Bignonia callistegioides</i> Species of flowering plant

Bignonia callistegioides, also known as violet trumpet vine and lavender trumpet vine, is a vine native to southern Brazil and Argentina.

References

  1. NatureServe. "Bignonia capreolata Crossvine". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  2. 1 2 "Bignonia capreolata L." Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  3. Dirr, Michael. 1997. Dirr's Hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia. Timber Press. 493 pages.
  4. Metcalfe, C.R. and L. Chalk. 1950. Anatomy of the dicotyledons. Volume II. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (see page 1009).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NRCS. "Bignonia capreolata". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  6. Ask Melinda: Crossvine
  7. NRCS. "Bignonia capreolata". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2024-12-03. Plant Guide.
  8. Alwyn H. Gentry, Bignonia crucigera: A Case of Mistaken Identity, Taxon 24(1): 121-123 (Feb. 1975), a relevant portion of which may be previewed here.
  9. 1 2 "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  10. 1 2 "Crossvine — A Showstopping Native Vine | Piedmont Master Gardeners". piedmontmastergardeners.org. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  11. "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  12. 1 2 Missouri Botanical Garden. "Bignonia capreolata". Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. St. Louis. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  13. taxonomy. "Taxonomy browser (Bignonia capreolata)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  14. Stritch, Larry. "Crossvine (Bignonia capreolata L.)". U.S. Forest Service.
  15. William Bartram, Observations on the Creek and Cherokee Indians food traditions, in Transactions of the American Ethnological Society Vol. 3 Pt. 1. Extracts (1789).
  16. Clark, T. and K.C. Lund. "Presence of the Indole Alkaloid Reserpine in Bignonia capreolata L." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. September–November 2012. Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine