Bisporella citrina

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Bisporella citrina
Bisporella citrina 1.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Helotiaceae
Genus: Bisporella
Species:
B. citrina
Binomial name
Bisporella citrina
(Batsch) Korf & S.E.Carp. (1974)
Synonyms [1] [2]
  • Octospora citrina Hedw. (1789)
  • Peziza citrinaBatsch (1789)
  • Calycina citrina(Hedw.) Gray (1821)
  • Helotium citrinum(Hedw.) Fr. (1849)
  • Calycella citrina(Batsch) Boud. (1885)

Bisporella citrina, commonly known as yellow fairy cups or lemon discos, is a species of fungus in the family Helotiaceae. The fungus produces tiny yellow cups up to 3 mm (1⁄8 in) in diameter, often without stalks, that fruit in groups or dense clusters on decaying deciduous wood that has lost its bark. The widely distributed species is found in North Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central and South America. Found in late summer and autumn, the fungus is fairly common, but is easily overlooked owing to its small size. There are several similar species that can in most cases be distinguished by differences in color, morphology, or substrate. Microscopically, B. citrina can be distinguished from these lookalikes by its elliptical spores, which have a central partition, and an oil drop at each end.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was originally described from Europe in 1789 by German naturalist August Batsch as Peziza citrina. [3] Elias Fries sanctioned this name in the second volume of his Systema Mycologicum (1821). [4] Jean Louis Émile Boudier transferred the species to Calycella in 1885. [5] Another historical name for the fungus was derived from Johann Hedwig's 1789 [6] Octospora citrina. [7] Fries referred Hedwig's name to Helotium in 1846, [8] and for several decades the fungus was known as either Calycella citrina or Helotium citrinum, depending on which generic concept an author accepted. In a 1974 publication, Richard Korf noted that the generic name Helotium competes with a basidiomycete genus of the same name, and under the rules of botanical nomenclature, the ascomycete version of the name had to be abandoned because the basidiomycete version was sanctioned by Fries in 1832, and thus had priority. He also pointed out that the generic name Calycella could not be used, as it is a synonym of an older name Calycina , which contains species that bear no taxonomic relationship to Helotium citrinum. Accordingly, he formally transferred Helotium citrinum to Bisporella , to produce the new combination Bisporella citrina. Korf further noted that since Bisporella was published by Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1884, [9] it had priority over Boudier's 1885 Calycella. [7] Calycella has since been folded into Bisporella. [10]

The specific epithet citrina is derived from the Latin citrin, meaning "lemon yellow". [11] Common names for the fungus include "yellow fairy cups", [12] and the British Mycological Society-approved "lemon disco"; [13] the name "disco" is short for Discomycetes, an older term for ascomycete species with disc- and cup-shaped fruit bodies. [12] Samuel Frederick Gray called it the "lemon funnel-stool" in his 1821 work A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. [14]

Description

Fruit bodies begin as spherical, closed globules, before expanding. The smooth, bright yellow fruit bodies are small—typically less than 3 mm (1⁄8 in) in diameter and up to 1 mm (1⁄32 in) high—and shallowly cup- or disc-shaped. The inner surface is smooth, and bright yellow, while the outer surface is a paler yellow. In mass, the spore color is white. The stalk is broad, pale yellow in color, and short to nearly absent; [15] when present it is rarely more than 1 mm. [16] The fruit bodies may be so numerous that their shapes are distorted by overcrowding. [15] Fruit bodies that have dried are wrinkled and have a dull orangish-brown color. The fruit bodies have no distinctive taste nor odor, and are not edible. [17]

The smooth spores are roughly elliptical, measuring 8–14 by 3–5  μm; in maturity they have one cross-wall, and oil drops at either end. [18] The asci (spore-bearing cells) measure 100–135 by 7–10 μm. The paraphyses are shaped liked narrow cylinders with diameters up to 1.5 μm, [19] and have tips that are rounded or somewhat club-shaped. [20] β-Carotene is the predominant pigment responsible for the yellow color of the fruit body. [21]

Similar species

There are several small yellow discomycetes with which Bisporella citrina might be confused. Lookalikes include the acorn cup ( Hymenoscyphus fructigenus ) that grows on fallen acorns and hickory nuts. The green stain fungus ( Chlorociboria aeruginascens ) forms blue-green cups, and stains its wood substrate bluish-green. [15] Lachnellula arida is up to 6 mm (1⁄4 in) in diameter, and has hairs around the edge of its cup, and its outer surface is covered with short brown hairs. [22] Fruit bodies of Bisporella sulfurina have a coloration similar to B. citrina, but they are smaller and grow in clusters on old, blackened, fungal stroma on wood. [12]

Other lookalikes include Hymenoscyphus species, including H. calyculus , but these can be distinguished by their distinct stalks, and growth on smaller woody debris like sticks and twigs, rather than logs and stumps. [20] Many other small, yellow discos have fringed or hairy margins to the discs, like Anthracobia melaloma ; this latter species grows on or near moss, rather than wood. [22] Chlorosplenium chlora is another small cup fungus resembling B. citrina. It has a bright yellow outer surface, but the hymenium becomes develops greenish tints in age. The common jellyspot fungus ( Dacrymyces stillatus ) is usually smaller but can approach the dimensions of B. citrina. Similar in color, its fruit bodies are usually blob-like rather than cup shaped. Another cup fungus that grows on dead beech wood is Neobulgaria pura , but its fruit bodies are larger, ranging from 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+5⁄8 in). [23]

Also similar are Bisporella pallescens, Dacrymyces capitatus, Guepiniopsis alpina , and members of Octospora . [22]

Lookalikes
Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 116.jpg Dacrymyces stillatus Nees 63238.jpg Lachnellula arida 46999.jpg
Hymenoscyphus calyculusDacrymyces stillatusLachnellula arida

Ecology and distribution

Bisporella citrina is saprobic, [20] and so obtains nutrients by breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler ones. Fruit bodies are typically encountered growing in dense clusters on the surface of rotten wood (especially deciduous trees), particularly beech. They have also been found growing on the fruit bodies of the polypore fungus Daedaleopsis confragosa . [24] In a study of the succession of fungi associated with the decay of a 120-year-old healthy beech tree uprooted by strong winds, B. citrina was found on the wood about three years after the fall. It appeared after early colonizers such as Quaternaria quaternata , Tubercularia vulgaris (the anamorph form of Nectria cinnabarina ), and Bulgaria inquinans , and was followed by Stereum hirsutum and Nectria cinnabarina. [25]

The widespread fungus is known from North Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Central and South America, [12] Australia, [26] and New Zealand. [27] It is one of the most common of the small discomycetes. [12]

Related Research Articles

Helotiales Order of fungi

Helotiales is an order of the class Leotiomycetes within the division Ascomycota. According to a 2008 estimate, the order contains 10 families, 501 genera, and at least 3881 species.

<i>Spathularia flavida</i> Species of fungus

Spathularia flavida, commonly known as the yellow earth tongue, the yellow fan, or the fairy fan, is an ascomycete fungus found in coniferous forests of Asia, Europe and North America. It produces a small, fan- or spoon-shaped fruit body with a flat, wavy or lobed cream to yellow colored "head" raised on a white to cream stalk. The height is usually approximately 2–5 cm, and up to 8 cm. The fungus fruits on the ground in mosses, forest duff or humus, and fruit bodies may occur singly, in large groups, or in fairy rings. The spores produced by the fungus are needle-like, and up to 95 micrometres long. Several varieties have been described that differ largely in their microscopic characteristics. S. flavida has been described by authorities variously as inedible, of unknown edibility, or edible but tough.

<i>Sarcoscypha coccinea</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, scarlet elf cap, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. The fungus, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, has been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. The type species of the genus Sarcoscypha, S. coccinea has been known by many names since its first appearance in the scientific literature in 1772. Phylogenetic analysis shows the species to be most closely related to other Sarcoscypha species that contain numerous small oil droplets in their spores, such as the North Atlantic island species S. macaronesica. Due to similar physical appearances and sometimes overlapping distributions, S. coccinea has often been confused with S. occidentalis, S. austriaca, and S. dudleyi.

<i>Gyromitra infula</i> Species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae

Gyromitra infula, commonly known as the hooded false morel or the elfin saddle, is a fungus in the family Helvellaceae. The dark reddish-brown caps of the fruit bodies develop a characteristic saddle-shape in maturity, and the ends of both saddle lobes are drawn out to sharp tips that project above the level of the fruit body. The stipe is white or flushed pale brown, smooth on the outside, but hollow with some chambers inside. It is found in the Northern Hemisphere, usually in the late summer and autumn, growing on rotting wood or on hard packed ground. G. infula is considered inedible as it contains the toxic compound gyromitrin which, when metabolized by the body, is converted into monomethylhydrazine, a component of some rocket fuels. The toxin may be removed by thorough cooking. Gyromitra fungi are included in the informal category "false morels".

<i>Hydnellum aurantiacum</i>

Hydnellum aurantiacum is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the orange spine or orange Hydnellum for its reddish orange or rusty red colored fruit bodies. Like other tooth fungi, it bears a layer of spines rather than gills on the underside of the cap. Due to substantial declines in sightings, this species is listed as critically endangered in the United Kingdom.

<i>Scutellinia scutellata</i> Species of fungus

Scutellinia scutellata, commonly known as the eyelash cup, the Molly eye-winker, the scarlet elf cap, the eyelash fungus or the eyelash pixie cup, is a small saprophytic fungus of the genus Scutellinia. It is the type species of Scutellinia, as well as being the most common and widespread. The fruiting bodies are small red cups with distinct long, dark hairs or "eyelashes". These eyelashes are the most distinctive feature and are easily visible with a magnifying glass. The species is common in North America and Europe, and has been recorded on every continent. S. scutellata is found on rotting wood and in other damp habitats, typically growing in small groups, sometimes forming clusters. It is sometimes described as inedible, but its small size means it is not suitable for culinary use. Despite this, it is popular among mushroom hunters due to its unusual "eyelash" hairs, making it memorable and easy to identify.

<i>Chorioactis</i> Genus of fungi that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster

Chorioactis is a genus of fungi that contains the single species Chorioactis geaster. The mushroom is commonly known as the devil's cigar or the Texas star in the United States, while in Japan it is called kirinomitake (キリノミタケ). This extremely rare mushroom is notable for its unusual appearance and disjunct distribution; it is found only in select locales in Texas and Japan. The fruit body, which grows on the stumps or dead roots of cedar elms or dead oaks, somewhat resembles a dark brown or black cigar before it splits open radially into a starlike arrangement of four to seven leathery rays. The interior surface of the fruit body bears the spore-bearing tissue known as the hymenium, and is colored white to brown, depending on its age. The fruit body opening can be accompanied by a distinct hissing sound and the release of a smoky cloud of spores.

<i>Verpa bohemica</i> Species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae found in northern North America, Europe, and Asia

Verpa bohemica is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Commonly known as the early morel or the wrinkled thimble-cap. The mushroom has a pale yellow or brown thimble-shaped cap—2 to 4 cm in diameter by 2 to 5 cm long—that has a surface wrinkled and ribbed with brain-like convolutions. The cap hangs from the top of a lighter-colored, brittle stem that measures up to 12 cm long by 1 to 2.5 cm thick. Microscopically, the mushroom is distinguished by its large spores, typically 60–80 by 15–18 µm, and the presence of only two spores per ascus.

<i>Urnula craterium</i> Species of fungus

Urnula craterium is a species of cup fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. It is parasitic on oak and various other hardwood species; it is also saprobic, as the fruit bodies develop on dead wood after it has fallen to the ground. Appearing in early spring, its distinctive goblet-shaped and dark-colored fruit bodies have earned it the common names devil's urn and the gray urn. The distribution of U. craterium includes eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. It produces bioactive compounds that can inhibit the growth of other fungi. The asexual (imperfect), or conidial stage of U. craterium is a plant pathogen known as Conoplea globosa, which causes a canker disease of oak and several other hardwood tree species.

<i>Microstoma floccosum</i> Species of fungus

Microstoma floccosum is a species in the cup fungus family Sarcoscyphaceae. It is recognizable by its deep funnel-shaped, scarlet-colored fruit bodies bearing white hairs on the exterior. Found in the United States and Asia, it grows on partially buried sticks and twigs of oak trees.

<i>Pseudoplectania nigrella</i> Species of fungus

Pseudoplectania nigrella, commonly known as the ebony cup, the black false plectania, or the hairy black cup, is a species of fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae. The fruit bodies of this saprobic fungus are small blackish cups, typically up to 2 cm (0.8 in) broad, that grow in groups on soil, often amongst pine needles and short grass near coniferous trees. Pseudoplectania nigrella has a worldwide distribution, and has been found in North America, the Caribbean, Britain, Europe, India, Madagascar, New Zealand, and Japan. The fungus produces a unique chemical compound, plectasin, that has attracted research interest for its ability to inhibit the growth of the common human pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.

<i>Plectania nannfeldtii</i> Species of fungus

Plectania nannfeldtii, commonly known as Nannfeldt's Plectania, the black felt cup, or the black snowbank cup fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. The fruit bodies of this species resemble small, black, goblet-shaped shallow cups up to 3 cm wide, with stems up to 4 cm long attached to black mycelia. Fruit bodies, which may appear alone or in groups on the ground in conifer duff, are usually attached to buried woody debris, and are commonly associated with melting snow. Plectania nannfeldtii is found in western North America and in Asia, often at higher elevations. Similar black cup fungi with which P. nannfeldtii may be confused include Pseudoplectania vogesiaca, P. nigrella, and Helvella corium.

<i>Pholiota flammans</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota flammans, commonly known as the yellow pholiota, the flaming Pholiota, or the flame scalecap, is a basidiomycete agaric mushroom of the genus Pholiota. Its fruit body is golden-yellow in color throughout, while its cap and stem are covered in sharp scales. As it is a saprobic fungus, the fruit bodies typically appear in clusters on the stumps of dead coniferous trees. P. flammans is distributed throughout Europe, North America, and Asia in boreal and temperate regions. Its edibility has not been clarified.

<i>Sarcoscypha occidentalis</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha occidentalis, commonly known as the stalked scarlet cup or the western scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the Pezizales order. Fruit bodies have small, bright red cups up to 2 cm (0.8 in) wide atop a slender whitish stem that is between 1 to 3 cm long. A saprobic species, it is found growing on hardwood twigs, particularly those that are partially buried in moist and shaded humus-rich soil. The fungus is distributed in the continental United States east of the Rocky Mountains, Central America, the Caribbean, and Asia. It is distinguished from the related species S. coccinea and S. austriaca by differences in geographical distribution, fruiting season, and fruit body structure. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that it is most closely related to other Sarcoscypha species that contain large oil droplets in their spores. The species Molliardiomyces occidentalis is an imperfect form of the fungus that lacks a sexually reproductive stage in its life cycle.

<i>Sarcoscypha dudleyi</i> Species of fungus

Sarcoscypha dudleyi, commonly known as the crimson cup or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. In addition to its main distribution in the central to eastern United States, the fungus has also been recorded once in Bulgaria. It has been frequently confused with Sarcoscypha coccinea, but can be distinguished from this and other related species in Sarcoscypha by differences in microscopic characteristics, such as the presence and number of oil droplets in the spores. The species Molliardiomyces dudleyi is an imperfect form of the fungus that lacks a sexually reproductive stage in its life cycle.

<i>Guepinia</i> Genus of fungi

Guepinia is a genus of fungus in the Auriculariales order. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Guepinia helvelloides, commonly known as the apricot jelly. The fungus produces salmon-pink, ear-shaped, gelatinous fruit bodies that grow solitarily or in small tufted groups on soil, usually associated with buried rotting wood. The fruit bodies are 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) tall and up to 17 cm (6.7 in) wide; the stalks are not well-differentiated from the cap. The fungus, although rubbery, is edible, and may be eaten raw with salads, pickled, or candied. It has a white spore deposit, and the oblong to ellipsoid spores measure 9–11 by 5–6 micrometers. The fungus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and has also been collected from South America.

<i>Pholiota squarrosa</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota squarrosa, commonly known as the shaggy scalycap, the shaggy Pholiota, or the scaly Pholiota, is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Common in North America and Europe, it is often an opportunistic parasite, and has a wide range of hosts among deciduous trees, although it can also infect conifers. It can also live as a saprobe, deriving nutrients from decomposing wood. The mushroom is typically found growing in clusters at the base of trees and stumps. Both the cap and the stem are covered in small, pointed scales that are pointed downward and backward. The crowded gills are yellowish, then later rust-brown. The mushroom has an odor that, depending on the author, has been described as resembling garlic, lemon, radish, onion, or skunk. It has a strong taste, resembling radishes. Though edible to some, it may be toxic, especially if consumed in combination with alcohol. The mushroom contains unique chemicals thought to help it infect plants by neutralizing defensive responses employed by them. The very similar P. squarrosoides differs in having a paler cap that is sticky between the scales, and smaller spores.

<i>Galiella rufa</i> Species of fungus

Galiella rufa, commonly known as the rubber cup, the rufous rubber cup, or the hairy rubber cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. The fungus produces cup-shaped fruit bodies that typically grow in clusters on branches and exposed portions of buried wood throughout eastern and Midwest North America and in Malaysia. The fruit bodies have the texture of tough, gelatinous rubber, and have a rough, blackish-brown, felt-like outer surface and a smooth reddish-brown inner surface. Although generally considered inedible by North American mushroom field guides, it is commonly consumed in Malaysia. The fungus produces several interesting natural products.

<i>Trichoglossum hirsutum</i> Species of fungus

Trichoglossum hirsutum is a species of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called black earth tongues.

<i>Guepiniopsis alpina</i> Species of fungus

Guepiniopsis alpina, commonly known as the jelly cup, alpine jelly cone, or poor man's gumdrop, is a species of fungus in the family Dacrymycetaceae. The small, gelatinous Fruit bodies are orange and cone or cup shaped. Found in western North America and Iran, the fungus grows on decaying conifer wood.

References

  1. ↑ "Bisporella citrina (Batsch) Korf & S.E. Carp. 1974". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  2. ↑ "Synonymy: Bisporella citrina (Batsch) Korf & S.E. Carp". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  3. ↑ Batsch AJGK. (1789). Elenchus fungorum. Continuatio secunda (in Latin). Halae Magdeburgicae: Apud Joannem J. Gebauer. p. 95.
  4. ↑ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). 2. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 131.
  5. ↑ Boudier JLÉ. (1885). "Nouvelle classification naturelle des Discomycètes charnus". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 1: 112.
  6. ↑ Hedwig J. (1789). "Descriptio et adumbratio microscopico-analytica muscorum frondosorum". 1. Leipzig, Germany: in bibliopolio I. G. Mülleriano, 1787–97.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. 1 2 Korf RP. (1974). "Bisporella, a generic name for Helotium citrinum and its allies, and the generic names Calycella and Calycina". Mycotaxon. 1 (1): 51–62.
  8. ↑ Fries EM. (1846). Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae (in Latin). 2. Uppsala, Sweden: Typographia Academica. p. 355.
  9. ↑ Saccardo PA. (1884). "Conspectus generum Discomycetum hucusque cognitorum". Botanisches Centralblatt (in Latin). 18: 213–20, 247–55.
  10. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 113. ISBN   9780851998268.
  11. ↑ Evenson VS. (1997). Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains. Englewood, Colorado: Westcliffe Publishers. p. 54. ISBN   978-1-56-579192-3.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 553. ISBN   978-0-22-672117-0.
  13. ↑ Holden EM. (2003). "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-02. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
  14. ↑ Gray SF. (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. 1. London, UK: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 670.
  15. 1 2 3 Sundberg W, Bessette A (1987). Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America. Macmillan Field Guides. New York, New York: Collier Books. p. 4. ISBN   0020636903.
  16. ↑ Dickinson C, Lucas J (1982). VNR Color Dictionary of Mushrooms. New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 13. ISBN   978-0-44-221998-7.
  17. ↑ Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London, UK: Frances Lincoln. p. 64. ISBN   0-7112-2378-5.
  18. ↑ Trudell S, Ammirati J (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 293–4. ISBN   978-0881929355.
  19. ↑ Seaver FJ. (1951). "The North American Cup-fungi". New York, New York: Self-published.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. 1 2 3 Kuo M. "Bisporella citrina". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
  21. ↑ Miller MW. (1961). The Pfizer Handbook of Microbial Metabolites. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 669.
  22. 1 2 3 Davis RM, Sommer R, Menge JA (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. University of California Press. pp. 401–3. ISBN   978-0-52-095360-4.
  23. ↑ Mitchell K. (2006). Field Guide to Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Britain and Europe (Field Guide). New Holland Publishers. p. 184. ISBN   1-84537-474-6.
  24. ↑ Bills GF, Mueller GM, Foster MS (2004). Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 367. ISBN   0125095511.
  25. ↑ Fenwick GA. (1996). "The breakdown of a beech tree – the first five years". Mycologist. 10 (1): 26–8. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(96)80047-4.
  26. ↑ Gates G, Mohammed C, Wardlaw T, Ratkowsky DA, Davidson NJ (2011). "The ecology and diversity of wood-inhabiting macrofungi in a native Eucalyptus obliqua forest of southern Tasmania, Australia". Fungal Ecology. 4 (1): 56–67. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2010.07.005.
  27. ↑ Allen RB, Buchanan PK, Clinton PW, Cone AJ (2000). "Composition and diversity of fungi on decaying logs in a New Zealand temperate beech (Nothofagus) forest" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 30 (7): 1025–33. doi:10.1139/cjfr-30-7-1025.[ permanent dead link ]

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