Bitruncated cubic honeycomb

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Bitruncated cubic honeycomb
Bitruncated cubic tiling.png   HC-A4.png
Type Uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol 2t{4,3,4}
t1,2{4,3,4}
Coxeter-Dynkin diagram CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
Cell type (4.6.6)
Face types square {4}
hexagon {6}
Edge figure isosceles triangle {3}
Vertex figure Bitruncated cubic honeycomb verf2.png
(tetragonal disphenoid)
Space group
Fibrifold notation
Coxeter notation
Im3m (229)
8o:2
[[4,3,4]]
Coxeter group , [4,3,4]
DualOblate tetrahedrille
Disphenoid tetrahedral honeycomb
Cell: Oblate tetrahedrille cell.png
Properties isogonal, isotoxal, isochoric
The bitruncated cubic honeycomb shown here in relation to a cubic honeycomb Cubes-A4 ani.gif
The bitruncated cubic honeycomb shown here in relation to a cubic honeycomb

The bitruncated cubic honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of truncated octahedra (or, equivalently, bitruncated cubes). It has 4 truncated octahedra around each vertex. Being composed entirely of truncated octahedra, it is cell-transitive. It is also edge-transitive, with 2 hexagons and one square on each edge, and vertex-transitive. It is one of 28 uniform honeycombs.

Contents

John Horton Conway calls this honeycomb a truncated octahedrille in his Architectonic and catoptric tessellation list, with its dual called an oblate tetrahedrille, also called a disphenoid tetrahedral honeycomb. Although a regular tetrahedron can not tessellate space alone, this dual has identical disphenoid tetrahedron cells with isosceles triangle faces.

Geometry

It can be realized as the Voronoi tessellation of the body-centred cubic lattice. Lord Kelvin conjectured that a variant of the bitruncated cubic honeycomb (with curved faces and edges, but the same combinatorial structure) was the optimal soap bubble foam. However, a number of less symmetrical structures have later been found to be more efficient foams of soap bubbles, among which the Weaire–Phelan structure appears to be the best.

The honeycomb represents the permutohedron tessellation for 3-space. The coordinates of the vertices for one octahedron represent a hyperplane of integers in 4-space, specifically permutations of (1,2,3,4). The tessellation is formed by translated copies within the hyperplane.

Symmetric group 4; permutohedron 3D; l-e factorial numbers.svg

The tessellation is the highest tessellation of parallelohedrons in 3-space.

Projections

The bitruncated cubic honeycomb can be orthogonally projected into the euclidean plane with various symmetry arrangements. The highest (hexagonal) symmetry form projects into a nonuniform rhombitrihexagonal tiling. A square symmetry projection forms two overlapping truncated square tiling, which combine together as a chamfered square tiling.

Orthogonal projections
Symmetryp6m (*632)p4m (*442)pmm (*2222)
Solid Bitruncated cubic honeycomb ortho2.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb ortho4.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb ortho1.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb ortho3.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb ortho5.png
Frame Bitruncated cubic honeycomb orthoframe2.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb orthoframe4.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb orthoframe1.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb orthoframe3.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb orthoframe5.png

Symmetry

The vertex figure for this honeycomb is a disphenoid tetrahedron, and it is also the Goursat tetrahedron (fundamental domain) for the Coxeter group. This honeycomb has four uniform constructions, with the truncated octahedral cells having different Coxeter groups and Wythoff constructions. These uniform symmetries can be represented by coloring differently the cells in each construction.

Five uniform colorings by cell
Space group Im3m (229)Pm3m (221)Fm3m (225)F43m (216)Fd3m (227)
Fibrifold 8o:24:22:21o:22+:2
Coxeter group ×2
[[4,3,4]]
=[4[3[4]]]
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node c1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png = CDel branch c1.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch c1.png

[4,3,4]
=[2[3[4]]]
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node c2.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png = CDel branch c1-2.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch c2-1.png

[4,31,1]
=<[3[4]]>
CDel nodeab c1-2.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node c3.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png = CDel node c3.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodeab c1-2.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node c3.png

[3[4]]
 
CDel node c3.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodeab c1-2.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node c4.png
×2
[[3[4]]]
=[[3[4]]]
CDel branch c1.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch c2.png
Coxeter diagram CDel branch 11.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel nodes 11.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 11.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel branch 11.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch 11.png
truncated octahedra 1
Uniform polyhedron-43-t12.svg
1:1
Uniform polyhedron-43-t12.svg : Uniform polyhedron-43-t12.svg
2:1:1
Uniform polyhedron-43-t12.svg : Uniform polyhedron-43-t12.svg : Uniform polyhedron-33-t012.png
1:1:1:1
Uniform polyhedron-33-t012.png : Uniform polyhedron-33-t012.png : Uniform polyhedron-33-t012.png : Uniform polyhedron-33-t012.png
1:1
Uniform polyhedron-33-t012.png : Uniform polyhedron-33-t012.png
Vertex figure Bitruncated cubic honeycomb verf2.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb verf.png Cantitruncated alternate cubic honeycomb verf.png Omnitruncated 3-simplex honeycomb verf.png Omnitruncated 3-simplex honeycomb verf2.png
Vertex
figure
symmetry
[2+,4]
(order 8)
[2]
(order 4)
[ ]
(order 2)
[ ]+
(order 1)
[2]+
(order 2)
Image
Colored by
cell
Bitruncated Cubic Honeycomb1.svg Bitruncated Cubic Honeycomb.svg Bitruncated cubic honeycomb3.png Bitruncated cubic honeycomb2.png Bitruncated Cubic Honeycomb1.svg
The regular skew apeirohedron {6,4|4} contains the hexagons of this honeycomb. Muoctahedron.png
The regular skew apeirohedron {6,4|4} contains the hexagons of this honeycomb.

The [4,3,4], CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png, Coxeter group generates 15 permutations of uniform tessellations, 9 with distinct geometry including the alternated cubic honeycomb. The expanded cubic honeycomb (also known as the runcinated tesseractic honeycomb) is geometrically identical to the cubic honeycomb.

C3 honeycombs
Space
group
Fibrifold Extended
symmetry
Extended
diagram
OrderHoneycombs
Pm3m
(221)
4:2[4,3,4]CDel node c1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c2.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node c3.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c4.png×1CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png 1, CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png 2, CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png 3, CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png 4,
CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png 5, CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.png 6
Fm3m
(225)
2:2[1+,4,3,4]
↔ [4,31,1]
CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node c1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c2.png
CDel nodes 10ru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node c1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c2.png
HalfCDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png 7, CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png 11, CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.png 12, CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.png 13
I43m
(217)
4o:2[[(4,3,4,2+)]]CDel branch.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes hh.pngHalf × 2CDel branch.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes hh.png (7),
Fd3m
(227)
2+:2[[1+,4,3,4,1+]]
↔ [[3[4]]]
CDel branch.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes h1h1.png
CDel branch 11.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch.png
Quarter × 2CDel branch.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes h1h1.png 10,
Im3m
(229)
8o:2[[4,3,4]]CDel branch c2.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodeab c1.png×2

CDel branch.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes 11.png (1), CDel branch 11.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes.png 8, CDel branch 11.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes 11.png 9

The [4,31,1], CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes.png, Coxeter group generates 9 permutations of uniform tessellations, 4 with distinct geometry including the alternated cubic honeycomb.

B3 honeycombs
Space
group
Fibrifold Extended
symmetry
Extended
diagram
OrderHoneycombs
Fm3m
(225)
2:2[4,31,1]
↔ [4,3,4,1+]
CDel node c1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c2.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 10lu.png
CDel node c1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c2.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h1.png
×1CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 10lu.png 1, CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 10lu.png 2, CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 10lu.png 3, CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 10lu.png 4
Fm3m
(225)
2:2<[1+,4,31,1]>
↔ <[3[4]]>
CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodeab c1.png
CDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodeab c1.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.png
×2CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes.png (1), CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 11.png (3)
Pm3m
(221)
4:2<[4,31,1]>CDel node c3.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c2.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodeab c1.png×2

CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes.png 5, CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes.png 6, CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes.png 7, CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 11.png (6), CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 11.png 9, CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 11.png 10, CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 11.png 11

This honeycomb is one of five distinct uniform honeycombs [1] constructed by the Coxeter group. The symmetry can be multiplied by the symmetry of rings in the Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams:

A3 honeycombs
Space
group
Fibrifold Square
symmetry
Extended
symmetry
Extended
diagram
Extended
group
Honeycomb diagrams
F43m
(216)
1o:2a1 Scalene tetrahedron diagram.png [3[4]]CDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.png(None)
Fm3m
(225)
2:2d2 Sphenoid diagram.png <[3[4]]>
↔ [4,31,1]
CDel node c3.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodeab c1-2.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node c3.png
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c3.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodeab c1-2.png
×21
CDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 10luru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.png  1 ,CDel node 1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 10luru.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node 1.png  2
Fd3m
(227)
2+:2g2 Half-turn tetrahedron diagram.png [[3[4]]]
or [2+[3[4]]]
CDel branch 11.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch.png
CDel node h1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h1.png
×22CDel branch 11.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch.png  3
Pm3m
(221)
4:2d4 Digonal disphenoid diagram.png <2[3[4]]>
↔ [4,3,4]
CDel node c1.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodeab c2.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node c1.png
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node c1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node c2.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
×41
CDel node.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes 11.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node.png  4
I3
(204)
8−or8 Regular tetrahedron diagram.png [4[3[4]]]+
↔ [[4,3+,4]]
CDel branch c1.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch c1.png
CDel branch c1.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes.png
½×8
↔ ½×2
CDel branch hh.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch hh.png  (*)
Im3m
(229)
8o:2[4[3[4]]]
↔ [[4,3,4]]
×8
×2
CDel branch 11.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch 11.png  5

Alternated form

Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb
Type Convex honeycomb
Schläfli symbol 2s{4,3,4}
2s{4,31,1}
sr{3[4]}
Coxeter diagrams CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes hh.png = CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h0.png
CDel nodes hh.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png = CDel node h0.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png
CDel node h.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes hh.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node h.png = CDel node h0.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h0.png
Cells tetrahedron
icosahedron
Vertex figure Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb verf.png
Coxeter group [[4,3+,4]],
Dual Ten-of-diamonds honeycomb
Cell: Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb dual cell.png
Properties vertex-transitive

This honeycomb can be alternated, creating pyritohedral icosahedra from the truncated octahedra with disphenoid tetrahedral cells created in the gaps. There are three constructions from three related Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams: CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png, CDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes hh.png, and CDel node h.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes hh.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node h.png. These have symmetry [4,3+,4], [4,(31,1)+] and [3[4]]+ respectively. The first and last symmetry can be doubled as [[4,3+,4]] and [[3[4]]]+.

The dual honeycomb is made of cells called ten-of-diamonds decahedra.

Five uniform colorings
Space group I3 (204)Pm3 (200)Fm3 (202)Fd3 (203)F23 (196)
Fibrifold 8−o422o+1o
Coxeter group [[4,3+,4]][4,3+,4][4,(31,1)+][[3[4]]]+[3[4]]+
Coxeter diagram CDel branch hh.pngCDel 4a4b.pngCDel nodes.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node h.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node h.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes hh.pngCDel branch hh.pngCDel 3ab.pngCDel branch hh.pngCDel node h.pngCDel split1.pngCDel nodes hh.pngCDel split2.pngCDel node h.png
Orderdoublefullhalfquarter
double
quarter
Image
colored by cells
Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb1.png Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb2.png Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb3.png Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb1.png Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb4.png

This honeycomb is represented in the boron atoms of the α-rhombohedral crystal. The centers of the icosahedra are located at the fcc positions of the lattice. [2]

Alfaboron.jpg

Nonuniform variants with [4,3,4] symmetry and two types of truncated octahedra can be doubled by placing the two types of truncated octahedra to produce a nonuniform honeycomb with truncated octahedra and hexagonal prisms (as ditrigonal trapezoprisms). Its vertex figure is a C2v-symmetric triangular bipyramid.

This honeycomb can then be alternated to produce another nonuniform honeycomb with pyritohedral icosahedra, octahedra (as triangular antiprisms), and tetrahedra (as sphenoids). Its vertex figure has C2v symmetry and consists of 2 pentagons, 4 rectangles, 4 isosceles triangles (divided into two sets of 2), and 4 scalene triangles.

See also

Notes

  1. , A000029 6-1 cases, skipping one with zero marks
  2. Williams, 1979, p 199, Figure 5-38.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Convex uniform honeycomb</span> Spatial tiling of convex uniform polyhedra

In geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Runcinated 5-cell</span>

In four-dimensional geometry, a runcinated 5-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a runcination of the regular 5-cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cubic honeycomb</span> Only regular space-filling tessellation of the cube

The cubic honeycomb or cubic cellulation is the only proper regular space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of cubic cells. It has 4 cubes around every edge, and 8 cubes around each vertex. Its vertex figure is a regular octahedron. It is a self-dual tessellation with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. John Horton Conway called this honeycomb a cubille.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb</span> Quasiregular space-filling tesselation

The tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb, alternated cubic honeycomb is a quasiregular space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of alternating regular octahedra and tetrahedra in a ratio of 1:2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quarter cubic honeycomb</span>

The quarter cubic honeycomb, quarter cubic cellulation or bitruncated alternated cubic honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of tetrahedra and truncated tetrahedra in a ratio of 1:1. It is called "quarter-cubic" because its symmetry unit – the minimal block from which the pattern is developed by reflections – is four times that of the cubic honeycomb.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetragonal disphenoid honeycomb</span>

The tetragonal disphenoid tetrahedral honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of identical tetragonal disphenoidal cells. Cells are face-transitive with 4 identical isosceles triangle faces. John Horton Conway calls it an oblate tetrahedrille or shortened to obtetrahedrille.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order-5 cubic honeycomb</span> Regular tiling of hyperbolic 3-space

In hyperbolic geometry, the order-5 cubic honeycomb is one of four compact regular space-filling tessellations in hyperbolic 3-space. With Schläfli symbol {4,3,5}, it has five cubes {4,3} around each edge, and 20 cubes around each vertex. It is dual with the order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Icosahedral honeycomb</span> Regular tiling of hyperbolic 3-space

In geometry, the icosahedral honeycomb is one of four compact, regular, space-filling tessellations in hyperbolic 3-space. With Schläfli symbol {3,5,3}, there are three icosahedra around each edge, and 12 icosahedra around each vertex, in a regular dodecahedral vertex figure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truncated 24-cells</span>

In geometry, a truncated 24-cell is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the truncation of the regular 24-cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truncated 5-cell</span>

In geometry, a truncated 5-cell is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the truncation of the regular 5-cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Runcinated 24-cells</span>

In four-dimensional geometry, a runcinated 24-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a runcination of the regular 24-cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">24-cell honeycomb</span>

In four-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the 24-cell honeycomb, or icositetrachoric honeycomb is a regular space-filling tessellation of 4-dimensional Euclidean space by regular 24-cells. It can be represented by Schläfli symbol {3,4,3,3}.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space</span> Tiling of hyperbolic 3-space by uniform polyhedra

In hyperbolic geometry, a uniform honeycomb in hyperbolic space is a uniform tessellation of uniform polyhedral cells. In 3-dimensional hyperbolic space there are nine Coxeter group families of compact convex uniform honeycombs, generated as Wythoff constructions, and represented by permutations of rings of the Coxeter diagrams for each family.

In four-dimensional Euclidean geometry, the 4-simplex honeycomb, 5-cell honeycomb or pentachoric-dispentachoric honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation honeycomb. It is composed of 5-cells and rectified 5-cells facets in a ratio of 1:1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Architectonic and catoptric tessellation</span> Uniform Euclidean 3D tessellations and their duals

In geometry, John Horton Conway defines architectonic and catoptric tessellations as the uniform tessellations of Euclidean 3-space with prime space groups and their duals, as three-dimensional analogue of the Platonic, Archimedean, and Catalan tiling of the plane. The singular vertex figure of an architectonic tessellation is the dual of the cell of catoptric tessellation. The cubille is the only Platonic (regular) tessellation of 3-space, and is self-dual. There are other uniform honeycombs constructed as gyrations or prismatic stacks which are excluded from these categories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb</span>

In the field of hyperbolic geometry, the order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb arises as one of 11 regular paracompact honeycombs in 3-dimensional hyperbolic space. It is paracompact because it has cells composed of an infinite number of faces. Each cell is a hexagonal tiling whose vertices lie on a horosphere: a flat plane in hyperbolic space that approaches a single ideal point at infinity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order-6 cubic honeycomb</span>

The order-6 cubic honeycomb is a paracompact regular space-filling tessellation in hyperbolic 3-space. It is paracompact because it has vertex figures composed of an infinite number of facets, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. With Schläfli symbol {4,3,6}, the honeycomb has six ideal cubes meeting along each edge. Its vertex figure is an infinite triangular tiling. Its dual is the order-4 hexagonal tiling honeycomb.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangular tiling honeycomb</span>

The triangular tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular space-filling tessellations in hyperbolic 3-space. It is called paracompact because it has infinite cells and vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. It has Schläfli symbol {3,6,3}, being composed of triangular tiling cells. Each edge of the honeycomb is surrounded by three cells, and each vertex is ideal with infinitely many cells meeting there. Its vertex figure is a hexagonal tiling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order-4 square tiling honeycomb</span>

In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the order-4 square tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular honeycombs. It is paracompact because it has infinite cells and vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. Given by Schläfli symbol {4,4,4}, it has four square tilings around each edge, and infinite square tilings around each vertex in a square tiling vertex figure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order-4 octahedral honeycomb</span>

The order-4 octahedral honeycomb is a regular paracompact honeycomb in hyperbolic 3-space. It is paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. Given by Schläfli symbol {3,4,4}, it has four ideal octahedra around each edge, and infinite octahedra around each vertex in a square tiling vertex figure.

References