Blochius Temporal range: | |
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Blochius longirostris | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Clade: | Percomorpha |
Order: | Istiophoriformes |
Family: | † Blochiidae Bleeker, 1859 |
Genus: | † Blochius Volta, 1796 |
Species | |
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Blochius is an extinct genus of prehistoric billfish from the Eocene. It is only known from the Monte Bolca deposits in Italy, and was likely restricted to shallow, tropical waters of the Tethys Sea. [1] [2]
The existence of Blochius was known as early as 1709, where it is mentioned in a written account by Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, who identified a fragment of a Blochius skeleton and identified it as being either related to the Xiphias (swordfish) or Siluro (catfish). It was not until the advent of Linnean taxonomy that it properly received a scientific name by Giovanni Serafino Volta, who named Blochius in 1796 after pioneering ichthyologist Marcus Elieser Bloch. [3]
It is one of two known definite genera in the family Blochiidae, alongside Loancorhynchus from earlier in the Eocene of Chile. [4] The indeterminate remains of a Blochius-like fish are known from the Late Paleocene of Peru. [5] Indeterminate blochiid remains are also known from the middle Eocene of Uzbekistan, and from the latest Paleocene/earliest Eocene Danata Formation of Turkmenistan. [6] [7] Other potential blochiids such as Acestrus , Aglyptorhynchus , Hemirhabdorhynchus , Cylindracanthus and Congorhynchus are based on highly fragmentary remains and it is thus uncertain if they are blochiids, or even billfish for the last two. [2] [8] [3] Some authorities have found the Blochiidae to be basal billfish not closely related to any extant groups, whereas others find them to be more closely related to swordfish (Xiphiidae) than to marlins & sailfish (Istiophoridae). [9]
The following species are known, all from Italy:
Blochius had a very slender elongated body, a narrow head with elongated upper and lower jaws and large eyes. Much like its modern relatives such as swordfish, it had an elongated rostrum. [2] [10] Although generally small in size at around 2 feet in length, it could reach a maximum length of 2.155 metres (7.07 ft). The rostrum generally comprised 40% of the body length. [3] [11] It likely hunted in a manner similar to modern needlefish. [3] [11]
Marlins are fish from the family Istiophoridae, which includes 11 species.
Monte Bolca is a lagerstätte near Verona, Italy that was one of the first fossil sites with high quality preservation known to Europeans, and is still an important source of fossils from the Eocene.
The billfish are a group of saltwater predatory fish characterised by prominent pointed bills (rostra), and by their large size; some are longer than 4 m (13 ft). Extant billfish include sailfish and marlin, which make up the family Istiophoridae; and swordfish, sole member of the family Xiphiidae. They are often apex predators which feed on a wide variety of smaller fish, crustaceans and cephalopods. These two families are sometimes classified as belonging to the order Istiophoriformes, a group which originated around 71 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous, with the two families diverging around 15 million years ago in the Late Miocene. However, they are also classified as being closely related to the mackerels and tuna within the suborder Scombroidei of the order Perciformes. However, the 5th edition of the Fishes of the World does recognise the Istiophoriformes as a valid order, albeit including the Sphyraenidae, the barracudas.
Congorhynchus is an enigmatic, likely polyphyletic genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish that was described by E. Darteville and E. Casier in 1949.
Eospinus daniltshenkoi is an extinct tetraodontid bony fish from the Eocene. Its fossils are from the Danata Formation lagerstatten of Ypresian Turkmenistan.
Bajaichthys is an extinct Ypresian zeid from the Monte Bolca Lagerstätten of Italy. It contains a single species, B. elegans, and is the only member of the family Bajaichthyidae.
Turkmenidae is an extinct family of lamprids from the Paleogene of the west-central Asia, in what was formerly the Peri-Tethys Ocean. They were small, disk-shaped fish that bore a strong resemblance to their closest living relatives, the opahs.
Ceratoichthys is an extinct genus of lookdown-like prehistoric jackfish that lived during the late Ypresian epoch, of the Early Eocene. It contains a single species, C. pinnatiformis of Monte Bolca, Italy. It and Vomeropsis are the only known members of the extinct subfamily Vomeropsinae.
Cretazeus is an extinct genus of marine zeiform fish from the Late Cretaceous. It contains a single species, Cretazeus rinaldii from the late Campanian or early Maastrichtian age of Nardò, Italy. It is the oldest known zeiform fish, and is alternatively considered the only member of the family Cretazeidae or the most basal member of the family Parazenidae.
Acestrus is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish that lived during the lower Eocene in Europe. It contains one species, A. ornatus from the London Clay, known from a single braincase. It is thought to possibly be closely allied with billfish based on the braincase morphology, although it remains uncertain whether it had the rostrum characteristic of billfishes. Some authorities have suggested blochiid affinities.
Aulorhamphus is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish that lived from the early to middle Eocene. It contains four species known from the Early Eocene of Italy and the Middle Eocene of Russia. It was an aulorhamphid, an extinct family of syngnathiform fishes.
Bolcyrus is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine eel that lived during the Early Eocene. It was a member of the family Congridae, which also contains modern conger eels.
Carangodes is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived during the early Eocene. It contains a single species, C. bicornis, from the famous Monte Bolca site in Italy. It is the only known member of the extinct perciform family Carangodidae.
Aglyptorhynchus is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine billfish that was distributed worldwide from the early Eocene to the early Miocene. Fossils are primarily known from the Northern Hemisphere, but one species is also known to have inhabited the waters off New Zealand.
Cylindracanthus is an extinct genus of Cretaceous to Eocene aged ray-finned fish. It is almost exclusively known from bony rostrum fragments as well as some associated teeth, with the rest of the skeleton being cartilaginous. While originally considered to be closely related to billfish, the structure of its rostrum is dissimilar, and is unlikely to be closely related, some later studies suggested closer affinities to the Acipenseriformes. However, this was later rejected due to the lack of osteocytes in histologically examined specimens, which resembles the condition of derived teleosts. A close relation to Blochius has been suggested.
This list of fossil fish species is a list of taxa of fish that have been described during the year 2012. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.
Giovanni Serafino Volta (1764–1842) was an Italian priest, naturalist, and palaeontologist, best known for his studies of fossil fish from Monte Bolca.
Istiophoriformes are an order of bony fish which is not fully recognized by some taxonomists, with some including the two extant families Xiphiidae and Istiophoridae, and others, including the family Sphyraenidae.
Siphonostomites hesionoides is a species of polychaete annelid known only from subtidal lagoon deposits from the Early Eocene of Monte Bolca, Verona, Italy.