Ceratobasidium cornigerum

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Ceratobasidium cornigerum
2012-03-09 Ceratobasidium cornigerum (Bourd.) D.P. Rogers 203475.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus: Ceratobasidium
Species:
C. cornigerum
Binomial name
Ceratobasidium cornigerum
Synonyms

Corticium gramineumIkata & T. Matsuura (1910) sensu auct.
Rhizoctonia goodyerae-repentisCostantin & L.M. Dufour (1920) sensu auct.
Corticium cornigerumBourdot (1922)
Corticium pervagumPetch (1925)
Corticium invisumPetch (1925)
Rhizoctonia endophyticaH.K. Saksena & Vaartaja (1960) (invalid name) [1]
Rhizoctonia candidaW. Yamam. (1962) sensu auct. (invalid name) [1]
Rhizoctonia fragariaeS.S. Husain & W.E. McKeen (1963) (invalid name) [1]
Rhizoctonia cerealisE.P. Hoeven (1977) (invalid name) [1]
Ceratobasidium fragariaeKohmoto, N. Maek., Ogihara & S. Nishim. (1981) (invalid name) [2]
Ceratobasidium cerealeD.I. Murray & Burpee (1984)
Ceratobasidium gramineum(Ikata & T. Matsuura) Oniki, Ogoshi & T. Araki (1986) sensu auct.
Ceratorhiza goodyerae-repentis(Costantin & L.M. Dufour) R.T. Moore (1987) sensu auct.
Ceratorhiza fragariae(S.S. Husain & W.E. McKeen) R.T. Moore (1987) (invalid name) [1]
Ceratobasidium lantanae-camaraeH.C. Evans, R.W. Barreto & C.A. Ellison (1995)

Contents

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are thin, spread on the substrate out like a film (effused) and web-like. An anamorphic state is frequently obtained when isolates are cultured. Ceratobasidium cornigerum is saprotrophic, but is also a facultative plant pathogen, causing a number of economically important crop diseases, and an orchid endomycorrhizal associate. The species is genetically diverse and is sometimes treated as a complex of closely related taxa. DNA research shows the species (or species complex) actually belongs within the genus Rhizoctonia . [3]

Taxonomy

Corticium cornigerum was first described in 1922 by mycologist Hubert Bourdot, who found it growing in France on dead stems of Jerusalem artichoke. It was subsequently transferred to the genus Ceratobasidium by American mycologist Donald P. Rogers in 1935. [4] Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, places Ceratobasidium cornigerum within the genus Rhizoctonia, but this taxonomic problem has yet to be resolved. [3]

Anastomosis groups (AGs)

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is one of several species whose anamorphic states are sometimes referred to as "binucleate rhizoctonias". These binucleate rhizoctonias have been divided into genetically distinct "anastomosis groups" (AGs) based initially on hyphal anastomosis tests, [5] [6] subsequently supported by analyses of DNA sequences. [7] At least six of these AGs (AG-A, AG-B(o), AG-C, AG-D, AG-P, and AG-Q) have been linked to Ceratobasidium cornigerum, [2] [8] which may therefore be considered as a variable species (comprising at least six genetically distinct populations) or as a complex of morphologically similar species. In the latter case, it is not clear which of these AGs (if any) should take the original name C. cornigerum. [2]

Synonyms or associated species

The following taxa belong in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex and have been treated as synonyms or as closely related but independent species:

Description

The basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are effused, thin, and whitish. Microscopically they have colourless hyphae, 3 to 9  μm wide, without clamp connections. The basidia are ellipsoid to broadly club-shaped, 9 to 14 by 8 to 12 μm, bearing four sterigmata. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and broadly fusiform (spindle-shaped), measuring 6 to 11 by 4 to 6 μm. Pale brown sclerotia are sometimes produced, measuring 0.5 to 3 mm across. [2]

Habitat and distribution

If treated as a single species, Ceratobasidium cornigerum is cosmopolitan and has been reported from Asia, Australia, Europe, North & South America. It occurs as a soil saprotroph, producing basidiocarps on dead stems and fallen litter, but is also a facultative plant pathogen causing disease of crops and turf grass. It can also grow as a "web blight" pathogen on living leaves of trees and shrubs, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. [2] It is one of the commonest endomycorrhizal associates of terrestrial orchids. [10]

Hosts (specifically strawberries) and symptoms

Symptoms are most visible in the first fruiting year and are most apparent during the last couple of weeks before harvest. [11] > [12] [13] Early symptoms will include reduced vigor and a decrease in the ability to survive high water conditions. Plants may experience lodging when water demand is high. [11] [12] [13] Infected plants may continue to grow but will show aboveground symptoms including stunting, decreased fruit size, and numerous dead older leaves. [14] [12] [13] Belowground symptoms include the deterioration of roots. Infected plants may have feeder and main roots that are smaller and covered in black lesions. Feeder roots will appear water soaked. [13] In the early stages of infection, the core of the root will appear white while the exterior begins to show black lesions. In severely affected roots, both the core and the outer tissue of the root will be black [3]. Stained feeder roots may reveal masses of moniliform cells of R. fragariae. Characteristics of R. fragariae include hyphal branching pattern, dolipore septa, and moniliform resting cells. The binucleated hyphae directly penetrate the root. [12]

Environment

Black root rot is commonly found in field with a long history of strawberry production. [13] Increased chances of disease are likely if there are stress factors such as herbicide injury, winter or cold injury, excessive soil moisture, soil compaction or repeated freezing of roots. [11] [12] [13] Black root rot is not usually introduced into the new planting through nursery stock or contaminated equipment but is instead often due to one or more of the disease-causing fungi already present in the soil. [11] Black root rot is a disease complex on strawberry, which means that one or more organisms can infect the host. For strawberries, the common fungi are Pythium spp, Fusarium spp, and Rhizoctonia spp, along with several species of nematodes that function together to cause disease. [12] Strawberries have been shown to have greater levels of rot when simultaneously exposed to both R. fragariae and P. penetrans (nematode). [15]

Importance

Black root rot is a common disease in North Carolina, a top strawberry producing region, and much of the southeastern region of the United States, having been shown to reduce yields by 20 to 40%. This is the main reason growers fumigate their fields in this region. [12] Pre-planting fumigation may suppress the disease during the year of planting, but typically it does not offer any lasting control and cultivars resistant to black root rot are not currently available. [14] Black root rot has been a challenge for strawberry growers for at least a century, and probably longer. Black root rot of strawberry is recorded to have been prevalent in Massachusetts, Michigan, and New York in the years 1902 and 1908. In 1920 a Rhizoctonia species was first assigned as the causal pathogen responsible for “dying out” of strawberry beds in western Washington. By 1988, R. fragariae was isolated from more than 70% of plants from commercial strawberry fields in Connecticut in cultivation for more than one year. [16]

Economic importance

Under various names, fungi in the Ceratobasidium cornigerum complex are known to cause a range of diseases in commercial crops.

The AG-A group (Ceratobasidium ramicola) causes various diseases, including "strawberry black root rot", [17] [18] diseases of soya bean, pea, and pak choy, [19] and "silky threadblight" of Pittosporum and other shrubs. [20]

The AG-D group (Ceratobasidium cereale) causes "sharp eyespot" of cereals [9] [21] and "yellow patch" in turf grass. [21] [22]

Corticium invisum was described as the causal agent of "black rot" of tea in Sri Lanka, whilst Corticium pervagum causes a leaf and stem blight of cocoa. [23] Ceratobasidium ochroleucum (Corticium stevensii) was described causing a blight of apple and quince trees in Brazil, [24] but the name is of uncertain application because of confusion with Rhizoctonia noxia . [2]

Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae was described from Brazil as the causal agent of a web blight of the invasive shrub Lantana camara , suggesting it has potential as a biocontrol agent. [25]

Related Research Articles

<i>Phytophthora</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Phytophthora is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes, whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems. The cell wall of Phytophthora is made up of cellulose. The genus was first described by Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1875. Approximately 210 species have been described, although 100–500 undiscovered Phytophthora species are estimated to exist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plant disease</span> Diseases of plants

Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrates, or other pests that affect plant health by eating plant tissues and causing injury that may admit plant pathogens. The study of plant disease is called plant pathology.

<i>Pythium</i> Genus of single-celled organisms

Pythium is a genus of parasitic oomycetes. They were formerly classified as fungi. Most species are plant parasites, but Pythium insidiosum is an important pathogen of animals, causing pythiosis. The feet of the fungus gnat are frequently a vector for their transmission.

<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Species of fungus

Rhizoctonia solani is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are thin, effused, and web-like, but the fungus is more typically encountered in its anamorphic state, as hyphae and sclerotia. The name Rhizoctonia solani is currently applied to a complex of related species that await further research. In its wide sense, Rhizoctonia solani is a facultative plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. It causes various plant diseases such as root rot, damping off, and wire stem. It can also form mycorrhizal associations with orchids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Damping off</span> Horticultural disease or condition

Damping off is a horticultural disease or condition, caused by several different pathogens that kill or weaken seeds or seedlings before or after they germinate. It is most prevalent in wet and cool conditions.

<i>Colletotrichum acutatum</i> Species of fungus

Colletotrichum acutatum is a plant pathogen and endophyte. It is the organism that causes the most destructive fungal disease, anthracnose, of lupin species worldwide. It also causes the disease postbloom fruit drop on many varieties of citrus, especially Valencia and navel oranges in Florida.

Ceratobasidium ochroleucum is a species of fungus in the family Ceratobasidiaceae. Basidiocarps are effused and web-like and were originally described from Brazil, causing a thread blight of apple and quince trees. The fungus was subsequently reported as a leaf disease on orchard crops in North America, but since descriptions of Ceratobasidium orchroleucum vary considerably and no type specimen exists, its identity remains unclear. Roberts (1999) considered it a "nomen dubium".

<i>Helicobasidium purpureum</i> Species of fungus

Helicobasidium purpureum is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Helicobasidium purpureum is an opportunistic plant pathogen and is one of the causes of violet root rot of crops and other plants. DNA sequencing suggests that it is a complex of more than one species. The species has a conidia-bearing anamorph in the Tuberculina persicina complex that is a parasite of rust fungi.

Helicobasidium longisporum is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Helicobasidium longisporum is an opportunistic plant pathogen and is one of the causes of violet root rot of crops and other plants. DNA sequencing suggests that it is a complex of more than one species.

Corticium invisum is a species of fungus in the class Agaricomycetes. It is a corticioid fungus and a plant pathogen, the causal agent of black rot of tea, and was originally described from Sri Lanka. Corticium invisum has never been redescribed or reviewed and is unlikely to be a species of Corticium in the modern sense. Roberts (1999) referred Petch's original specimens to Ceratobasidium cornigerum.

Phytophthora fragariae is a fungus-like (oomycete) plant pathogen that causes red stele, otherwise known as Lanarkshire disease, in strawberries. Symptoms of red stele can include a red core in the roots, wilting of leaves, reduced flowering, stunting, and bitter fruit. The pathogen is spread via zoospores swimming through water present in the soil, released from sporangia.

Helicobasidium mompa is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Helicobasidium mompa is an opportunistic plant pathogen and is one of the causes of violet root rot of crops and other plants. DNA sequencing suggests that it is a distinct, eastern Asian species.

Rhizoctonia noxia is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are thin, effused, and web-like. The species is tropical to sub-tropical and is mainly known as a plant pathogen, the causative agent of "kole-roga" or black rot of coffee and various blights of citrus and other trees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corticiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Corticiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Corticiales. The family formerly included almost all the corticioid fungi, whether they were related or not, and as such was highly artificial. In its current sense, however, the name Corticiaceae is restricted to a comparatively small group of corticioid genera within the Corticiales.

<i>Ceratobasidium</i> Genus of fungi

Ceratobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are effused and the genus is sometimes grouped among the corticioid fungi, though species also retain features of the heterobasidiomycetes. Anamorphic forms were formerly referred to the genus Ceratorhiza, but this is now considered a synonym of Rhizoctonia. Ceratobasidium species, excluding the type, are also now considered synonymous with Rhizoctonia and some species have been transferred to the latter genus. Species are saprotrophic, but several are also facultative plant pathogens, causing a number of commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids.

<i>Rhizoctonia</i> Genus of fungi

Rhizoctonia is a genus of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Species form thin, effused, corticioid basidiocarps, but are most frequently found in their sterile, anamorphic state. Rhizoctonia species are saprotrophic, but some are also facultative plant pathogens, causing commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids. The genus name was formerly used to accommodate many superficially similar, but unrelated fungi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceratobasidiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Ceratobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. All species within the family have basidiocarps that are thin and effused. They have sometimes been included within the corticioid fungi or alternatively within the "heterobasidiomycetes". Species are saprotrophic, but some are also facultative plant pathogens or are associated with orchid mycorrhiza. Genera of economic importance include Ceratobasidium and Rhizoctonia, both of which contain plant pathogenic species causing diseases of commercial crops and turf grass.

<i>Helicobasidium</i> Genus of fungi


Helicobasidium is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid basidia. Asexual anamorphs, formerly referred to the genus Thanatophytum, produce sclerotia. Conidia-bearing anamorphs are parasitic on rust fungi and are currently still referred to the genus Tuberculina.

<i>Agroathelia rolfsii</i> Pathogen fungus

Agroathelia rolfsii is a corticioid fungus in the order Amylocorticiales. It is a facultative plant pathogen and is the causal agent of "southern blight" disease in crops.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Andersen TF, Stalpers JA (1994). "A checklist of Rhizoctonia epithets". Mycotaxon. 51: 437–457. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 239. ISBN   1-900347-69-5.
  3. 1 2 Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Bauer R, Kirschner R, Garnica S (2013). "Taxonomic re-evaluation of the Ceratobasidium-Rhizoctonia complex and Rhizoctonia butinii, a new species attacking spruce". Mycological Progress. 12 (4): 763–776. doi:10.1007/s11557-013-0936-0. S2CID   18958852.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Rogers DP (1935). "Notes on the lower basidiomycetes". University of Iowa Studies in Natural History. 17 (1): 1–43.
  5. ↑ Ogoshi A, Oniki M, Sakai R, Ui T (1979). "Anastomosis groups among isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 20: 33–39.
  6. ↑ Burpee LL, Sanders PL, Cole H, Sherwood RT (1980). "Anastomosis groups among isolates of Ceratobasidium cornigerum and related fungi". Mycologia. 72 (4): 689–701. doi:10.2307/3759762. JSTOR   3759762.
  7. ↑ González D, Carling DE, Kuninaga S, Vilgalys R, Cubeta MA (2001). "Ribosomal DNA systematics of Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus with Rhizoctonia anamorphs" (PDF). Mycologia. 93 (6): 1138–1150. doi:10.2307/3761674. JSTOR   3761674.
  8. 1 2 3 González García V, Portal Onco MA, Rubio Susan V (2006). "Biology and systematics of the form genus Rhizoctonia". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 4: 55–79. doi: 10.5424/sjar/2006041-178 .
  9. 1 2 Murray DIL, Burpee LL (1984). "Ceratobasidium cereale sp.nov., the teleomorph of Rhizoctonia cerealis". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 82: 170–172. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(84)80227-2.
  10. ↑ Gerfried Deutsch. "Mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids". Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Institute of Botany. Archived from the original on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Los, L. M. Root Rot of Strawberries/Black Root Rot of Strawberries.php?aid=260 "Black Root Rot of Strawberry".{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Louws, F. "Black Root Rot of Strawberry". content.ces.ncsu.edu.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ellis, M. A. "Black Root Rot of Strawberry". ohioline.osu.edu.
  14. 1 2 Elmer, Wade H.; LaMondia, James A. (1 February 1999). "Influence of Ammonium Sulfate and Rotation Crops on Strawberry Black Root Rot". Plant Disease. 83 (2): 119–123. doi:10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.2.119. PMID   30849792.
  15. ↑ Lamondia, J. A. (2003). "Interaction of Pratylenchus pentrans and Rhizoctonia fragariae in Strawberry Black Root Rot". Journal of Nematology. 35 (1): 17–22. PMC   2620604 . PMID   19265969.
  16. ↑ LaMondia, J. A. (2004). "Strawberry Black Root Rot". Advances in Strawberry Research. 23: 1–10. S2CID   4986045.
  17. ↑ LaMondia JA (2004). "Strawberry Black Root Rot" (PDF). Advances in Strawberry Research. 23: 1–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-21.
  18. ↑ Martin FN (2000). "Rhizoctonia spp. recovered from strawberry roots in central coastal California". Phytopathology. 90 (4): 345–353. doi:10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.4.345. PMID   18944583.
  19. ↑ Yang GH, Chen HR, Naito S, Ogoshi A, Deng YL (2005). "First report of AG-A of binucleate Rhizoctonia in China, pathogenic to soya bean, pea, snap bean and pak choy". Journal of Phytopathology. 153 (6): 333–336. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2005.00980.x.
  20. ↑ Martinez AP (1967). "Silky threadblight of Pittosporum" (PDF). Plant Pathology Circular (Florida). 60: 1–2.[ permanent dead link ]
  21. 1 2 "Rhizoctonia cerealis". Crop Compendium. Bayer CropScience. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  22. ↑ Corwin B, Tisserat N, Fresenberg B (June 2007). "Identification and Management of Turfgrass Diseases: Yellow patch". IPM Manuals. University of Missouri Extension, Plant Protection Program. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  23. ↑ Petch T. (1925). "Additions to Ceylon fungi III". Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. 9: 313–328.
  24. ↑ Stevens FL, Hall JG (1909). "Hypochnose of pomaceous fruits". Annales Mycologici. 7: 49–59.
  25. ↑ Barreto RW, Evans HC, Ellison CA (1995). "The mycobiota of the weed Lantana camara in Brazil, with particular reference to biological control". Mycological Research. 99 (7): 769–782. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80725-9.
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