Chandler Bridge Formation

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Chandler Bridge Formation
Stratigraphic range: Chattian (Arikareean)
~27–24  Ma
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Type Formation
Unit of Cooper Group
UnderliesEdisto Formation
Overlies Ashley Formation
Lithology
Primary Sandstone
Location
Coordinates 32°48′N79°48′W / 32.8°N 79.8°W / 32.8; -79.8
Approximate paleocoordinates 32°54′N74°12′W / 32.9°N 74.2°W / 32.9; -74.2
RegionFlag of South Carolina.svg  South Carolina
CountryFlag of the United States.svg  United States
Type section
Named for Chandler Bridge
Usa edcp relief location map.png
Orange pog.svg
Chandler Bridge Formation (the United States)
USA South Carolina relief location map.svg
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Chandler Bridge Formation (South Carolina)

The Chandler Bridge Formation is a geologic formation in South Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Chattian (Late Oligocene) of the Paleogene period, corresponding to the Arikareean in the NALMA classification. [1] The formation overlies the Ashley Formation and is overlain by the Edisto Formation. [2]

Contents

Vertebrate paleofauna

Mammals

Carnivorans

Carnivorans reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Phocidae Gen. et. sp. indeterminateProximal portion of a right femur (ChM PV5712). [3] "A taxon closely comparable to the most specialized phocid, the modern genus Cystophora".

Cetaceans

Cetaceans reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Agorophiidae Upper sandy unit. [4] Referred to as Genus Y.
Agorophius A. sp."ChM PV 4256 (a partial skull and mandible with isolated teeth and associated postcrania)". [5] An odontocete.
Agorophius pygmaeus.jpg
Ankylorhiza A. tiedemaniPartial skeleton (CCNHM 103). [6] An odontocete also found in the Ashley and Belgrade formations.
Ankylorhiza tiedemani life reconstruction by PaleoGeek.png
Coronodon C. newtonorumA manmade exposure in the vicinity of North Charleston, South Carolina. [7] Partial skeleton (ChM PV 2778). [7] A toothed mysticete.
C. planifronsDrainage ditch in North Charleston, South Carolina. [7] Partial skeleton (CCNHM 166) & isolated upper right M3 (CCNHM 8732). [7] A toothed mysticete.
Cotylocara C. macei [8] A xenorophid.
Cotylocara.jpg
Echovenator E. sandersi"Drainage ditch associated with Limehouse Branch Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina". [9] A nearly-complete skull. [9] A xenorophid.
Eomysticetus E. carolinensisBed 2. [10] A mysticete.
E whitmoreiBed 3, uppermost portion of the formation. [10] A mysticete.
cf. Eurhinodelphinidae Upper sandy unit. [4]
cf. Squalodelphinidae Upper sandy unit. [4]
Squalodon A premolar (BCGM 9198). [11]

Sirenians

Sirenians reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Crenatosiren C. olseni [12] A dugongid also known from the Ashley and Parachucla formations.
Metaxytherium M. albifontanumRemains of a subadult individual (SC 89.115) and a young adult individual (ChM PV4757). [13] A dugongid also found in the Parachucla Formation.
Priscosiren P. atlanticaSC 89.254. [14] A dugongid.
Stegosiren S. macei [15] A dugongid also found in the Ashley Formation.
Stegosiren skeleton.jpg

Reptiles

Birds

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Birds reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Palaeochenoides P. mioceanusDistal end of a tarsometatarsus. [16] A dubious pelagornithid, may instead be from the Cooper Formation.
Pelagornis P. sandersi Bed 2 near Charleston Airport. [17] A pelagornithid.
Pelagornis sandersi.png
Sulidae Upper sandy unit. [4]
Tympanonesiotes T. wetmoreiA very fragmentary piece of tarsometatarsus. [16] A dubious pelagornithid, may instead be from the Cooper Formation.

Crocodilians

Crocodilians reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Gavialosuchus G. carolinensisA tooth (BCGM 9197). [11] Now moved to the genus Thecachampsa . [18]
Thecachampsa T. carolinensisA tooth (BCGM 9197). [11] A gavialid.
Thecachampsa carolinensis.jpg

Testudines

Testudines reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Ashleychelys A. palmeriMultiple specimens. [19] A cheloniid also found in the Ashley Formation.
Bairdemys B. healeyorumA largely complete skeleton and a partial anterior carapace. [20] A podocnemid.
Carolinochelys C. wilsoniUpper sandy unit. [4] Multiple specimens. [19] A cheloniid.
Carolinachelys wilsoni skull and shell.jpg
cf. Egyptemys cf. E. sp.Bed 1. [21] CCNHM 4289 (a ridged carapacial ossicle). [21] A dermochelyid.
Natemys N. sp. 1CCNHM 4405.1–4405.5 (five associated non-ridged carapacial ossicles); CCNHM 5540, 5541, and 5542 (three non-ridged carapacial ossicles). [21] A dermochelyid, also known from the Ashley Formation.
Procolpochelys P. charlestonensisChM PV6056 (a largely complete carapace associated with a few fragmentary vertebrae, pectoral girdle elements, humerus, and femur) and a skull fragment. [19] A cheloniid.
Procolpochelys charlestonensis skull and shell.jpg
cf. Psephophorus cf. P. sp.Bed 1. [21] CCNHM 5543 (an isolated ridged ossicle). [21] A dermochelyid, also found in the Ashley Formation.
Psephophorus sp. LACM.jpg

Fish

Bony fish

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Bony Fish reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Aglyptorhynchus A. sp.2 isolated vertebral centra. [11]
Cylindracanthus C. sp.Upper sandy unit. [4] A billfish.
Histiophorus H. rotundusChM PV4864. [22] A swordfish, now reassigned to Xiphiorhynchus. [22]
Xiphiorhynchus X. cf. X. aegyptiacus"McKewn Subdivision, North Charleston, Dorchester County, South Carolina". [4] A partial rostrum. [4] A swordfish.
X. rotundusChM PV4864. [22] A swordfish.

Rays

Rays reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Anoxypristis A single rostral spine. [11] A sawfish.
AnoxypristisCuspidataCSIRO.jpg
Dasyatidae Dasyatidae gen. et. sp. indet.Teeth (BCGM 9100 and 9101, SC 2009.18.19). [11] A stingray.
Dasyatis D. cavernosaTeeth (BCGM 9096, 9097, and 9103, SC 2009.18.17). [11] A stingray.
D. rugosaBCGM 9098 and 9099, SC 2009.18.18. [11] A stingray.
Gymnura G. sp.A tooth (BCGM 9107). [11] A butterfly ray.
Gymnura micrura .jpg
Mobula M. cf. M. loupianensisBCGM 9133–9142, SC 2009.18.20. [11]
Myliobatinae Myliobatinae gen. indet.Partial medial teeth and complete lateral teeth (BCGM 9114–9117, SC 2009.18.22). [11] An eagle ray.
Paramobula P. fragilisTeeth (BCGM 9111–9113, SC 2009.18.21). [11]
Plinthicus P. stenodonUpper sandy unit. [4] BCGM 9118–9121, SC 2009.18.23 [11] The oldest record of this species.
Raja Raja mccollumi"Summerville, Dorchester County, South Carolina". [11] Teeth. [11] A skate also found in the Ashley Formation.
R. sp.Teeth (BCGM 9087–9089, SC 2009.18.16). [11] A skate with teeth twice as large as those of R. mccollumi, but far less common. [11]
Rhinoptera R. cf. R. studeriTeeth (BCGM 9122 and 9123, SC 2009.18.24). [11] A cownose ray.
R. sp.Upper sandy unit. [4] A cownose ray.
Rhinoptera steindachneri.jpg
Rhynchobatus R. pristinusTeeth (BCGM 9084–9086, SC 2009.18.14). [11] A wedgefish.

Sharks

Sharks reported from the Chandler Bridge Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceMaterialNotesImages
Alopias A. cf. A. vulpinus Teeth (BCGM 9046–9048, SC 2009.18.3). [11] A thresher shark.
Thresher shark.jpg
Bythaelurus B. sp.A fragmentary tooth (BCGM 9074). [11] A catshark.
Bythaelurus canescens.jpg
Carcharias C. cuspidatusTeeth (BCGM 9051 and 9052). [11] A sand shark.
Carcharias cuspidatus.jpg
C. sp.A posterior tooth (BCGM 9053) and a lateral tooth from a very young individual (BCGM 9054). [11] A sand shark.
Carcharhinus C. gibbesiBCGM 9056–9062, SC 2009.18.6. [11] The most abundant non-batoid elasmobranch in the Chandler Bridge sample. [11]
Carcharhinus gibbesi - Chandler Bridge Formation - USA.jpg
C. leucas Upper sandy unit. [4] The bull shark.
Carcharhinus leucas, Koh Phangan.jpg
Carcharocles C. angustidens Upper sandy unit. [4] Teeth. [23] Reassigned to the genus Otodus .
C. sp.Teeth (BCGM 9055, SC 2009.18.5). [11] Reassigned to the genus Otodus .
Cetorhinus ?C. parvusScales (BCGM 9049 and 9050, SC 2009.18.4). [11] A basking shark.
Galeocerdo G. 'casei'Upper sandy unit. [4]
Galeorhinus G. sp.Teeth (BCGM 9080–9083, SC 2009.18.13). [11] A houndshark.
Galeorhinus galeus SI3.jpg
Hemipristis H. serra Teeth (BCGM 9071–9073, SC 2009.18.10). [11] A weasel shark.
Hemipristis serra teeth.jpg
Nebrius N. cf. N. serraA tooth (SC 2009.18.1). [11] A nurse shark.
Otodus O. angustidens Upper sandy unit. [4] Teeth. [23] Assemblages dominated by teeth of juveniles and neonates, with few adults present, suggesting a nursery area for the species. [23]
4-25 Angustidens.jpg
O. sp.Teeth (BCGM 9055, SC 2009.18.5). [11] A megatooth shark.
Physogaleus P. aduncusTeeth (BCGM 9063–9066, SC 2009.18.7). [11] A ground shark.
P. contortusUpper sandy unit. [4] A ground shark.
P. sp.Broken and/or abraded teeth (BCGM 9067 and 9068, SC 2009.18.8). [11] A ground shark.
Rhincodon R. cf. R. typus Teeth (BCGM 9044 and 9045, SC 2009.18.2). [11] The oldest fossil record of the whale shark.
Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) with open mouth in La Paz, Mexico.jpg
Rhizoprionodon R. sp.Small, imperfectly preserved teeth (BCGM 9069 and 9070, SC 2009.18.9). [11] A sharpnose shark.
Rhizoprionodon terraenovae nmfs.jpg
Sphyrna S. cf. S. media BCGM 9075–9077, SC 2009.18.11. [11] A hammerhead shark.
Sphyrna media SI.jpg
S. zygaena BCGM 9078 and 9079, SC 2009.18.12. [11] The more common of the two hammerhead shark species found in the formation. [11]
Sphyrna zygaena noaa.jpg
Squatina S. cf. S. angeloidesBCGM 9042 and 9043. [11] An angelshark.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Chandler Bridge Formation at Fossilworks.org
  2. ↑ Albright et al., 2019, p.84
  3. ↑ J., Ray, Clayton Edward. Emry, Robert (2002). Cenozoic mammals of land and sea : tributes to the career of Clayton E. Ray. Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 179–183. OCLC   1035595001.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 McCuen, William; Ishimori, Aika; Boessenecker, Robert (2020-07-13). "A New Specimen of Xiphiorhynchus sp. cf. aegyptiacus (Istiophoriformes, Xiphioidei, Xiphiidae) and Billfish Diversity in the Oligocene of South Carolina". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 8: 98–104. doi: 10.18435/vamp29367 . ISSN   2292-1389. S2CID   225527250.
  5. ↑ Boessenecker, Robert W.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2018-09-28). "New records of the archaic dolphin Agorophius (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the upper Oligocene Chandler Bridge Formation of South Carolina, USA". PeerJ. 6: e5290. doi: 10.7287/peerj.5290v0.1/reviews/2 . PMC   6166619 . PMID   30280011.
  6. ↑ Boessenecker, Robert W.; Churchill, Morgan; Buchholtz, Emily A.; Beatty, Brian L.; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2020-08-17). "Convergent Evolution of Swimming Adaptations in Modern Whales Revealed by a Large Macrophagous Dolphin from the Oligocene of South Carolina". Current Biology. 30 (16): 3267–3273.e2. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E3267B. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.012 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   32649912. S2CID   220435400.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Boessenecker, Robert.W; Beatty, Brian.L.; Geiser, Johnathan.H. (April 2023). "New specimens and species of the Oligocene toothed baleen whale Coronodon from South Carolina and the origin of Neoceti". Paleontology and Evolutionary Science. 11: e14795. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14795 .
  8. ↑ Geisler, Jonathan H.; Colbert, Matthew W.; Carew, James L. (April 2014). "A new fossil species supports an early origin for toothed whale echolocation". Nature. 508 (7496): 383–386. Bibcode:2014Natur.508..383G. doi:10.1038/nature13086. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   24670659. S2CID   4457391.
  9. 1 2 Churchill, Morgan; Martinez-Caceres, Manuel; de Muizon, Christian; Mnieckowski, Jessica; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2016-08-22). "The Origin of High-Frequency Hearing in Whales". Current Biology. 26 (16): 2144–2149. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2144C. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.004 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   27498568. S2CID   3944589.
  10. 1 2 Sanders, A. E.; Barnes, L. G. (2002-09-14). "Paleontology of the late Oligocene Ashley and Chandler Bridge Formations of South Carolina, 3: Eomysticetidae, a new family of primitive mysticetes". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 93: 313–356.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 "Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
  12. ↑ Domning, Daryl P. (1997-06-19). "Fossil Sirenia of the west Atlantic and Caribbean region. VI. Crenatosiren olseni (Reinhart, 1976)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (2): 397–412. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..397D. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010984. ISSN   0272-4634.
  13. ↑ VÉLEZ-JUARBE, JORGE; DOMNING, DARYL P. (2014). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. Ix. Metaxytherium Albifontanum, Sp. Nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 444–464. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..444V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.799072. ISSN   0272-4634. JSTOR   24523238. S2CID   86498351.
  14. ↑ Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Domning, Daryl P. (2014-06-07). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region: X. Priscosiren atlantica, gen. et sp. nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (4): 951–964. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..951V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.815192. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   85297028.
  15. ↑ Domning, Daryl P.; Beatty, Brian L. (October 2019). "Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean Region. XII. Stegosiren macei, gen. et sp. nov". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (3): e1650369. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0369D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1650369. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   203407242.
  16. 1 2 Olsen, Storrs L. (1985). Avian Biology, Vol. Vlll: Chapter 2 - THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS - Smithsonian Institution (PDF). Academic Press. pp. 79–252. ISBN   0-12-249408-3.
  17. ↑ Ksepka, Daniel T. (2014-07-22). "Flight performance of the largest volant bird". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (29): 10624–10629. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11110624K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320297111 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   4115518 . PMID   25002475.
  18. ↑ Paolo, Piras. Phylogenetic position of the crocodylian megadontosuchus arduini and tomistomine palaeobiogeography. OCLC   631972719.
  19. 1 2 3 Weems, Robert E.; Sanders, Albert E. (January 2014). "Oligocene pancheloniid sea turtles from the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 80–99. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34...80W. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.792826. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   128543145.
  20. ↑ Palaeontology), Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009 : Royal Tyrrell Museum of (2013). Morphology and evolution of turtles : proceedings of the Gaffney Turtle Symposium (2009) in honor of Eugene S. Gaffney. Springer. ISBN   978-94-007-4308-3. OCLC   1107732024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Fallon, Bailey; Boessenecker, Robert (2020). "Multispecies leatherback assemblage from the Chandler Bridge and Ashley formations (Oligocene) of South Carolina, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi: 10.4202/app.00740.2020 . ISSN   0567-7920. S2CID   229663826.
  22. 1 2 3 Monsch, Kenneth A.; Fierstine, Harry L.; Weems, Robert E. (2005-06-27). "Taxonomic revision and stratigraphic provenance of '†Histiophorus rotundus' Woodward 1901 (Teleostei, Perciformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 274–279. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0274:traspo]2.0.co;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   131173294.
  23. 1 2 3 Miller, A. E.; Gibson, M. L.; Boessenecker, R. W. (2021). "A megatoothed shark (Carcharocles angustidens) nursery in the Oligocene Charleston Embayment, South Carolina, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (2): Article number 24.2.a19. doi: 10.26879/1148 .

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