Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859) described var. megacanthum as "one of the most terribly armed plants in the genus."[8][9]
Early Flowering Stage
Description
Cirsium horridulum is a biennial herb up to 250 centimetres (100in) tall, with a large taproot and fleshy side roots that sometimes sprout new shoots. Leaves are up to 40 centimetres (16in) long with thick, sharp spines along the edges. There are usually several flower heads, also with sharp spines, each head with disc florets but no ray florets. Flower color varies from one plant to the next: white, yellow, pink, red or purple.[10]
The Houma people make an infusion of the leaves and root of the plant in whiskey. They use it as both as an astringent, and drink it to clear phlegm from lungs and throat. They also eat the tender, white hearts of the plant raw.[12] The Seminole use the spines of the plant as darts for their blowguns.[13]
Ecology
C. horridulum is a facultative upland species that can grow in wetlands, but is usually found in non-wetland ecosystems.[14] Its seeds are cypsela that are dispersed by birds and wind.[15]
It is a larval host to the little metalmark and the painted lady butterflies.[16] Its flowers are popular for their nectar and pollen with butterflies and bumble bees.[16]
The leaf epidermis is enclosed by both an inner and outer cuticle, which helps minimize the risk of pathogens entering the plant.[17]
↑ Davidse, G., M. Sousa-Peña, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera. 2015. Asteraceae. 5(2): ined. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp & F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F.
↑ Carnevali, G., J. L. Tapia-Muñoz, R. Duno de Stefano & I. M. Ramírez Morillo. 2010. Flora Ilustrada de la Peninsula Yucatán: Listado Florístico 1–326
↑ Nelson, C. H. 2008. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Honduras 1–1576. Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Tegucigalpa
↑ Nash, D. L. 1976. Tribe IX, Cynareae. En: Nash, D.L. & Williams, L.O. (eds), Flora of Guatemala - Part XII. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 423–428, 590
1 2 The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
↑ Pesacreta, T. C. and K. H. Hasenstein (1999). "The Internal Cuticle of Cirsium horridulum (Asteraceae) Leaves." American Journal of Botany 86(7): 923-928.
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