Coccinella undecimpunctata f. inscutellataRoubal, 1931
Coccinella undecimpunctata, the eleven-spot ladybird or eleven-spotted lady beetle, it is native to central Asia,[2] though commonly found in Europe, and formerly North America as its populations are decreasing.[2][3] It is of the family Coccinellidae, commonly referred to as ladybugs or lady beetles.
C. undecimpunctata is a lady beetle with eleven black spots found on its red/orange elytra. Its size can range from around 4.0 to 5.0mm.[4] It may look as if this beetle has six spots on each elytron, but the black spot in the center of the elytra, just behind the pronotum, counts as just one.
Distribution
Endemic to the Palearctic - Europe, North Africa, European Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Middle Asia, Western Asia, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, Pakistan, and North India.[5][6]C. undecimpunctata has been introduced to Australia[7] as a biological control agent. It has been said that C. undecimpunctata was introduced to New Zealand[8] as a form of pest control as well, but this has proven to be false.[9]
C. undecimpunctata
Habitat and diet
C. undecimpunctata feeds on aphids associated with grasses - in fields, in ruderal biotopes, on steppe (including Pannonian steppe), stone quarries, wastelands, dry forest edges in meadows and coastal meadow, in open habitats with grasses, and near rivers. Frequently in biotopes with Ammophila arenaria it also occurs on alluvial soils, detritus, on dead grass and in biotopes with Salix purpurea.[10] It is salt-resistant and can feed on aphids inhabiting Atriplex tatarica and other grasses associated with saline areas.[11]
Biology
Reproduction
C. undecimpunctata reproduce sexually, and have a tendency to cannibalize other individuals'/pairs' eggs.[12] They do this because it improves their own eggs' viability, increases their fecundity, and decreases development time of remaining offspring.[12] However, these benefits depend on which sex is cannibalizing eggs—paternal cannibalization increases fecundity and egg viability, whereas maternal cannibalization only increases egg viability.[12] If both parents cannibalize eggs, pupation and general developmental time decreases.[12]
Symbionts
Wolbachia
Wolbachia is a genus of maternally inherited bacteria that infects mainly arthropods.[13] This bacteria kills male offspring in the egg, favoring female offspring—If host eggs are exposed to a heat treatment, the bacteria dies and leaves no molecular trace.[13]
Relationship to humans
As a form of pest control
Lady beetles are used as a form of pest control for various pests as well as by various modes, whether they be used within a house for hobby plants, in a garden for food, or for more industrial-like settings. Biological forms of pest control are used because they are less harmful than insecticides, which can have negative or even dangerous effects on the plant, beneficial insects, and even humans.[14]C. undecimpunctata has been proven to be an excellent measure of pest control for cotton mealybugs (Phenacoccus solenopsis), though females tend to eat more over their lifespan than males do.[14] Another pest, C. undecimpunctata, is known for being used as pest control for aphids. Rather than just using the beetles as adults for pest control, it has been shown that they eat just under 1.5 times more in their fourth instar than they do as adults.[15] It is best to release C. undecimpunctata populations when pest populations are low.[15]
Insecticides
While some prefer to use biological pest control such as releasing predators into an area to get rid of pests, insecticides are still used widely. Sometimes biological and chemical pest control are used simultaneously, or the natural fauna in the area are not accounted for when insecticides are used—chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and spinosad are insecticides used on a common prey of C. undecimpunctata, the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae).[16] While these insecticides are much more effective on the prey, B. brassicae, both chlorpyrifos and spinosad are still much more unsafe for C. undecimpunctata than deltamethrin.[16] Other insecticides like pirimicarb and pymetrozine are recommended as they do not have a significant impact on C. undecimpunctata, where buprofezin, when sprayed on larvae, decreased survival rate to adulthood by 33%.[17]
1 2 Smyth, R., Allee, L., & Losey, J. (2013). The status of Coccinella undecimpunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in North America: An updated distribution from citizen science data. Coleopterists Bulletin, 67(4), 532-535.
↑ Wheeler, A., & Hoebeke, E. (2008). Rise and fall of an immigrant lady beetle: Is Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) still present in North America? Proceedings Of The Entomological Society Of Washington, 110(3), 817-823.
↑ N. B. Nikitsky and А. S. Ukrainsky , 2016 The Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) of Moscow Province ISSN 0013-8738, Entomological Review, 2016, Vol. 96, No. 6, pp. 710–735 ISSN 0013-8738 online pdf
↑ Galbreath, R., & Cameron, P. (2015). The introduction of the eleven-spotted ladybird Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to New Zealand in 1874: a spurious record created by cumulative misreporting. New Zealand Entomologist, 38(1), 7-9.
↑ Koch, K., Die Käfer Mitteleuropas, Ökologie. Vol. 2 (Goecke und Evers Verlag, Krefeld, 1989).
↑ Dyadechko, N.P., ..The Coccinellidae of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, 1954) [in Russian].
1 2 3 4 Bayoumy, M., Abou-Elnaga, A., Ghanim, A., & Mashhoot, G. (2016). Egg cannibalism potential benefits for adult reproductive performance and offspring fitness of Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 26(1), 35-42
1 2 Elnagdy, S., Messing, S., & Majerus, M. (2013). Two strains of male-killing Wolbachia in a ladybird, Coccinella undecimpunctata, from a hot climate. PLOS ONE, 8(1).
1 2 Hameed, A., Saleem, H., Ahmad, S., Iqbal, J., Karar, H., & Amin, A. (2013). Predatory potential and life history characteristics of eleven spotted beetle, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. reared on cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(6), 1555-1562.
1 2 Cabral, S., Soares, A., & Garcia, P. (2009). Predation by Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Myzus persicaeSulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae): Effect of prey density. Biological Control, 50(1), 25-29.
1 2 El-Hawary, F., Amr, E., & Farag, N. (2010). Impact of some insecticides on the predator, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccenillidae) and its prey, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Homoptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 20(2), 149-153.
↑ Cabral, S., Garcia, P., & Soares, A. (2008). Effects of pirimicarb, buprofezin and pymetrozine on survival, development and reproduction of Coccinella undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18(3), 307-318.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
