Colubroidea | |
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Eastern ratsnake ( Pantherophis alleghaniensis ) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Reptilia |
Order: | Squamata |
Suborder: | Serpentes |
Clade: | Colubroides |
Superfamily: | Colubroidea Oppel, 1811 |
Families | |
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Colubroidea is a superfamily of snakes in the clade Colubroides that includes Colubridae, with some studies splitting Colubridae into multiple families that make up Colubroidea. Historically, Colubroidea also included other caenophidian snakes such as cobras and vipers, as these snakes form a clade. However these groups are now divided into several distinct, but related, families. [1] [2] [3] [4] Zaher et al. (2009) proposed to redefine Colubroidea for colubrids and related families, while designating Colubroides as the group containing vipers and cobras as well as colubroids. [1] The ReptileDatabase considers Colubroidea to be composed of Colubridae and the members of its sister group, Elapoidea, and does not recognize the division of Colubridae into multiple families. [5]
Colubroidea | |
Families and Subfamilies [1] [2] [3] [4]
Usual taxonomy: [5]
Alternate taxonomy: [4]
Unknown Genera incertae sedis (not currently placed in a family, usually because of the absence of genetic data, but suspected to be colubroids based on morphology)
Find | NALMA | Formation | Notes | Refs |
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Colubrinae indet. | Pleistocene | Cueva de Abra Travertine | Described from Cueva de Abra Travertine in Tamaulipas by W. W. Dalquest and E. Roth. 1970. Late Pleistocene mammals from a cave in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 15(2):217-230 | [6] |
?Pituophis sp. | Blancan | Described from Las Tunas Wash; Jeffries Site in Baja California Sur by W. E. Miller. 1980. The Late Pliocene Las Tunas Local Fauna from Southernmost Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 54(4):762-805 | [7] | |
Lampropeltis intermedius | Blancan | Goleta | Described from locality in Michoacán by C. A. Repenning. 1962. The Giant Ground Squirrel Paenemarmota. Journal of Paleontology 36(3):540-556 | [8] |
Find | SALMA | Basin | Formation | Country | Notes | Refs |
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"Colubroidea sp." sic | Laventan | VSM | Villavieja | Colombia | Described from same Los Mangos Fishbed in Huila; Colombophis portai and Eunectes stirtoni by R. Hoffstetter and J.-C. Rage. 1977. Le gisement de vertébrés Miocènes de La Venta (Colombie) et sa faune de serpents. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 63(2):161-190 | [9] |
indet. | Chasicoan Mayoan Laventan | Solimões | Solimões | Brazil | Described from Talismã, upper Purus River locality in Amazonas; the snakes Colombophis spinosus , aff. Epicrates sp. , Eunectes sp. , the turtle Chelonoidis sp. , crocodylians Acresuchus pachytemporalis and Caiman brevirostris , lizard cf. Paradracaena sp. , and many mammals by Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2006), "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography", Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 21 (3): 185–203, Bibcode:2006JSAES..21..185C, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005 , retrieved 2017-08-15 | [10] |
Colubrinae indet. | Holocene | Subandean Belt | Ñuapua | Bolivia | Described from Ñuapua 2 locality in Chuquisaca; snakes Tupinambis teguixin , Boidae indet., Crotalidae indet., turtles, frogs Leptodactylus cf. ocellatus , Bufo cf. paracnemis , birds Crypturellus tataupa , Podiceps minor , Podiceps auritus cornutus , Platalea ajaja , Rhea cf. Americana , Anas sp. , Coccyzus sp. , Dendrocygna sp. , Jacana sp. , Nyctibius sp. , Platalea sp. , cf. Rhynchotus sp. , Columbidae indet., Falconidae indet., Passeriformes indet., Rallidae indet., fossils of Tolypeutus matacus , Ceratrophrys cf. ornata , and Leposternon sp. , and many mammals including Homo sapiens by Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), "The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review", Revista técnica de YPFB, 12: 631–652, retrieved 2017-08-15 | [11] |
indet. | Chapadmalalan | Sierras de Córdoba | Brochero | Argentina | Described from Valle de Traslasierra - Paso del Río Arriba and Pedernara Cliffs locality in Córdoba; with Rhinella cf. arenarum , R. cf. spinulosa , Teius sp. , ?Liolaemus sp. , Iguanidae indet. and the mammals Chukimys favaloroi and Echimyidae indet. by L. E. Cruz, J. C. Fernicola, and C. A. Carignano. 2018. New Vertebrates of the Brochero Formation (Córdoba, Argentina): A Review of the Pliocene of Central Argentina. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25:315-326 | [12] |
indet. | Chasicoan | Colorado | Cerro Azul | Argentina | Described from Cerro La Bota locality in La Pampa; reported with many mammal fossils by Verzi, Diego H.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Deschamps, Cecilia M. (2008), "Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy", Geobios , 41: 145–155, Bibcode:2008Geobi..41..145V, doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2006.09.005 , retrieved 2017-08-15 | [13] |
indet. | Montehermosan | Claromecó | Monte Hermoso | Argentina | From several localities in Buenos Aires; reported by R. L. Tomassini, C. I. Montalvo, C.M. Deschamps and T. Manera. 2013. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Monte Hermoso Formation (early Pliocene) at its type locality, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 48:31-42 and C. M. Deschamps, G. I. Esteban, and M. S. Bargo. 2001. El registro más antiguo del género Lestodon Gervais, 1855 (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Mylodontidae) (Montehermosense, Plioceno Temprano). Ameghiniana 38(2):151-156 | [14] [15] [16] [17] |
indet. | Colhuehuapian | Golfo San Jorge | Trelew Mb of Sarmiento | Argentina | Described from same Gaiman locality in Chubut; Gaimanophis tenuis , Waincophis sp. , the turtle Chelonoidis gringorum and many mammals by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part I: The Booidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 199(3):417-434 | [18] |
indet. | Santacrucian | Austral | Rio Pinturas | Argentina | From Río Pinturas locality in Santa Cruz; reported by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part II: The Colubroidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 200(3):353-360 | [19] |
indet. | Santacrucian | Austral | Santa Cruz | Argentina | Sole reptile described from Santa Cruz Formation locality in Santa Cruz together with the terror birds Psilopterus bachmanni , P. lemoinei , Phororhacos longissimus , Patagornis marshi , Brontornis burmeisteri , penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus and other birds Eoneornis australis , Eutelornis patagonicus , Anisolornis excavatus , Protibis cnemialis , Opisthodactylus patagonicus , Liptornis hesternus , and many mammals by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part II: The Colubroidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 200(3):353-360 & Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012), Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–370, ISBN 9780521194617 , retrieved 2017-10-21 | [20] [21] |
Colubridae is a family of snakes. With 249 genera, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.
The Caenophidia are a derived clade of alethinophidian snakes, which contains over 80% of all the extant species of snakes. The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least seven other families, at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped us understand their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic.
The Colubrinae are a subfamily of snakes within the family Colubridae. It includes numerous genera, and although taxonomic sources often disagree on the exact number, the Reptile Database lists 717 species in 92 genera as of September 2019. It is the second largest subfamily of colubrids, after Dipsadinae. Many of the most commonly known snakes are members of this subfamily, including rat snakes, king snakes, milk snakes, vine snakes, and indigo snakes.
Xenodontinae is a subfamily of snakes in the family Colubridae.
Erythrolamprus ornatus, also known commonly as the ornate ground snake and the Saint Lucia racer, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to the eastern Caribbean. It is the rarest snake on earth with fewer than 20 left in the wild.
The Sakishima green snake is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to the Yaeyama Islands in the southern Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
The Alethinophidia are an infraorder of snakes that includes all snakes other than blind snakes and thread snakes. Snakes have long been grouped into families within Alethinophidia based on their morphology, especially that of their teeth. More modern phylogenetic hypotheses using genetic data support the recognition of 19 extant families, although the taxonomy of alethinophidian snakes has long been debated, and ultimately the decision whether to assign a particular clade to a particular Linnaean rank is arbitrary.
The Lamprophiidae are a family of snakes found throughout much of Africa, including Seychelles. There are 89 species as of July 2022.
Dipsadinae is a large subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Dipsadidae). Species of the subfamily Dipsadinae are found in most of the Americas, including the West Indies, and are most diverse in South America. There are more than 700 member species.
Pseudoxenodontinae is a small subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Pseudoxenodontidae). They are found in southern and southeastern Asia, from northeast India to southern China and south into Indonesia as far east as Wallace's Line. There are 10 species in 2 genera. Most are very poorly known, such that Pseudoxenodontinae is one of the most poorly known groups of snakes.
Lygophis is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The genus is endemic to Panama and South America.
The Ahaetuliinae are a subfamily of vine snakes within the family Colubridae that was erected in 2016. They are found from South and Southeast Asia through to Australia.
Caaeteboia is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The genus is endemic to Brazil.
Rodriguesophis is a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae. The genus contains three species, all of which are endemic to Brazil.
The Colubroides are a clade in the suborder Serpentes (snakes). It contains over 85% of all the extant species of snakes. The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least six other families, at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped in understanding their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic.
Erythrolamprus albertguentheri, also known commonly as Günther's green liophis, is a species of snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The species is native to central South America.
Erythrolamprus festae, also known commonly as the drab ground snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to northwestern South America.
Erythrolamprus ingeri is a species of snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Venezuela.
Erythrolamprus janaleeae is a species of snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Peru.
Rodriguesophis iglesiasi, also known commonly as Gomes' pampas snake or Gomes's pampas snake, is a species of snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Brazil.