Conclavism

Not to be confused with Conclavist, an assistant to a cardinal during a papal conclave.

Conclavism is the practice that has existed since the second half of the 20th century which consists in the convening of a pseudo-conclave to elect rival popes (antipopes) to the current pope of Rome. This method is used by some schismatic Catholics, often Sedevacantists, who do not accept the legitimacy of their present papacy. Those who hold the position that a conclave can be convened to elect an antipope to contest or rival the current Bishop of Rome are called conclavists. ^[1]

This claim is usually associated with claim known as sedevacantism , which asserts that the present holder of the title Bishop of Rome is not pope , which implies that the Holy See is vacant, or in a state of sede vacante . Not all Sedevacantists are Conclavists. ^[1]

The term "Conclavism" comes from the word "conclave", the term for a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, when that see is vacant.

Conclavism is different from what George Chryssides calls the "mysticalists" phenomenon, i.e. people declaring themselves popes after receiving a personal mystical revelation. This is because in the mysticalists' cases, no human institution is used to appoint a pope; an example of this case is the Apostles of Infinite Love. ^[1]

Description

The description and explanation of conclavism of George Chryssides is: ^[1]

Since most sedevacantists (although not all) object to Pope John XXIII's modernization of the Roman Catholic Church, they argue that he nullified his appointment to the papacy in 1958. It is therefore inferred that the conclave of cardinals who elected him was also invalid. Conclavists, however, hold that the method of electing a pope by a conclave remains the valid process and hence that it is necessary for a conclave to be reconstituted and convened. Since none of the members of that Pope John XXIII conclave remain alive, one must resort to the principle of epikeia ('reasonableness'), and that membership of a conclave should be drawn from the faithful community who are invited.

History

Conclavism originated around the late 1960s and early 1970s, with one of the earliest proponents of the concept of reconvening a conclave being Joaquín Sáenz y Arriaga, a Mexican priest. ^[1]

In the late 1980s, David Bawden promoted the idea of an antipapal election, and ultimately sent out over 200 copies of a book of his to the editors of all the sedevacantist publications he could find, and to all the priests listed in a directory of traditionalists as being sedevacantist. ^[2] He was then elected in 1990 by a group of six people who included himself and his parents, and took the name "Pope Michael". ^{[3] [1]}

List of Papal claimants

Conclavist

• Antipope Michael I (David Allen Bawden): In 1990 six people, including Bawden's parents, elected Bawden, who took the name Pope Michael. ^{[1] [4]} He died on 2 August 2022 and was succeeded by Rogelio Martinez, who took the name of Pope Michael II, in July 2023. ^[5]
• Antipope Linus II (Victor von Pentz): Another conclave, this time held in Assisi, Italy, in 1994, elected South African Victor von Pentz, an ex-seminarian of the Society of St Pius X, as Pope Linus II. Linus took up residence in Hertfordshire, England. ^{[1] [6]} Some sources claim he may have resigned the position around 2007. ^[7]
• Antipope Pius XIII (Lucian Pulvermacher): In October 1998, the U.S.-based True Catholic Church  [ pl ] elected Pulvermacher as Pope Pius XIII. ^[1] He died on 30 November 2009. No successor was named.
• Antipope Leo XIV (Oscar Michaelli): On 24 March 2006, a group of 34 calling themselves the "Catholic Apostolic Remnant Church" elected the Argentine Michaelli as Pope Leo XIV. On his death in 2008, Michaelli was succeeded by Juan Bautista Bonetti, who took the name of Pope Innocent XIV but resigned three months later. He was succeeded by Alejandro Tomas Cardinal Greico, who took the name of Pope Alexander IX. ^{[1] [8]} By coincidence, the name "Leo XIV" would later be taken by American cardinal Robert Prevost upon his own election to the papacy in 2025.

Mysticalist

• Antipope Peter III (Joseph Odermatt): The fourth pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church
• Antipope Gregory XVIII (Michel Lavallée): the third pope of the Apostles of Infinite Love

See also

• Antipope
• Sedevacantism
• Sedeprivationism
• Episcopi vagantes
• Independent Catholic Churches
• Traditionalist Catholic
• Palmarian Christian Church

References

1. Chryssides, George D. (2012). "CONCLAVISM.". Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN   978-0-8108-7967-6.
2. "Pope Michael reply Bateman". catholiccouncil.homestead.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
3. Fox, Robin (2011). The Tribal Imagination: Civilization and the Savage Mind. Harvard University Press. p. 104. ISBN   9780674059016.
4. Staff (6 December 2006). "10 Most Bizarre People on Earth". Oddee. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
5. "Habemus Papam!: Michael II". Magnus Lundberg. 10 August 2023.
6. Claudio Rendina, La santa casta della Chiesa (Newton Compton Editori 2010 ISBN   978-8-85412683-1)
7. "Modern Alternative Popes 17: Linus II". Magnus Lundberg. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
8. "Modern Alternative Popes 20: A Papal Hoax". Magnus Lundberg. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2022.