Cophinforma tumefaciens

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Cophinforma tumefaciens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Order:
Botryosphaeriales
Family:
Botryosphaeriaceae
Genus:
Cophinforma
Species:
C. tumefaciens
Binomial name
Cophinforma tumefaciens (Hedges) F. Liu, Crous & L. Cai, 2021 [1]
Hedges, (1911)
Synonyms

Sphaeropsis tumefaciensHedges, Phytopathology 1: 64 (1911)Sphaeropsis tumefaciens var. citriN.D. Sharma, Curr. Sci. 43(12): 382 (1974)

Contents

Cophinforma tumefaciens is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen infecting citruses, [2] and other shrubs and trees.

History

It was published in 1911, as Sphaeropsis tumefaciens with the holotype found on Citrus limon in Jamaica. But it was transferred to Cophinforma tumefaciens in 2021. Due to the generic circumscriptions of the macroconidia and spermatia/microconidia of this species matching that of Botryosphaeria , Cophinforma , or Neofusicoccum genera, rather than genus Sphaeropsis . [1]

Description

It can form galls (rounded swellings beneath undisturbed bark) on Edison's St. John's-Wort ( Hypericum edisonianum (Small) Adams & Robson) in Florida. [3] 'Sphaeropsis gall' also affects holly bushes as well. [4] Many other plant genera in Florida and other places are also known to be affected by this disease, including citrus, [5] [6] [7] lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ), [8] oleander, holly ( Ilex spp.), [9] bottlebrush ( Callistemon spp), [10] Carissa , crape myrtle, Ligustrum and the Brazilian Peppertree ( Schinus terebinthifolius ). [11] as well as rose bay ( Nerium oleander ) and avocado ( Persea americana Mill). [12] [13] Other host plantsinclude; Bauhinia spp., Cinnamomum camphora , Citrofortunella mitis , Eucalyptus sp., (including Eucalyptus cinerea and Eucalyptus urophylla ), Eugenia sp., Jatropha sp., Lagerstroemia indica , Mangifera indica , Morus alba , Myrica cerifera , Pittosporum tobira , Poncirus trifoliate , Portlandia grandiflora , Pyracantha coccinea , Vigna angularis and Wisteria sinensis . [14]

The mycelium have conidiomata which are pycnidial, superficial or semi-immersed and measureing 135–400 μm in diam. They are solitary or confluent, dark brown to black (in colour), complex, effuse, (sub-)globose, densely covered with dark brown hyphae. The condia wall is composed of three layers, an outer layer of wall (textura angularis), thick-walled and dark to light brown in shade, the middle layer of cells are thin-walled and light brown. The inner layer of cells are also thin-walled and hyaline (glass-like). The conidiophores are also hyaline, branched, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. The conidiogenous cells are hyaline, holoblastic (divided into planes), smooth, discrete and cylindrical in form. They measure about 11-20(-24) × 2.5 -4 μm. The conidia are hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, granular, ellipsoid to obovoid (in form), 18-31.5 × 7.5-10 μm. The spermatophores are hyaline, smooth, branched, or reduced to solitary spermatogenous cells. They occur randomly among the conidiophores in the same conidioma. The spermatogenous cells are ampulliform (flask-shaped) or sub-cylindrical in form. They measure about 8–21 × 2.5–4.5 μm. The spermatia are hyaline, smooth, cylindrical (in form), straight or slightly curved. The apex is obtuse and the base is truncate, measuring 3.5–7.5 × 1.5–2.5 μm. [1]

Disease symptoms range from inconspicuous swellings on young twigs to irregular sized galls on older wood. [11] They are usually rounded (1–7 cm (0.4–2.8 in) in diam.) but sometimes elongated. These swellings start covered with normal bark which then mutates into a whitish, rough, cork-like tissue, this begins to grow in size, becoming fissured, with much enlarged woody tissue. The knots are firmly attached to the stem or branch, and may occur in large numbers over considerable lengths of stem which may be girdled. The surface of the knot later may become soft and crumbling, but the centre is hard, where the presence of black streaking indicates the presence of mycelium. [8] Multiple shoots can appear from the galled areas, causing a witches broom type of growth. [11] Galls can form up to 40 shoots, [12] some over 1 m long. [8] Horizontal branches can also tip up to grow nearly vertically and dieback of infected branches eventually occurs. [11] The knots can occur in large numbers and a severe infection can lead to death of the tree or shrub. [12] The disease is related to water stress, causing more dieback and can cause the plant to eventually die. This often occurs when warm, wet weather follows periods of drought. [15]

Geographic distribution

The disease has been reported as being found in the USA (within Florida), [3] Cameroon, Ceylon, Cuba, [16] Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, [5] [6] and Venezuela. [12] Also by 2021, it was also found in Japan, Pakistan, West Indies and in Europe (within Austria and Greece). [14]

Related Research Articles

Galls or cecidia are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. Plant galls are often highly organized structures so that the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology.

<i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> Bacterium, genetic engineering tool

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the causal agent of crown gall disease in over 140 species of eudicots. It is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative soil bacterium. Symptoms are caused by the insertion of a small segment of DNA, from a plasmid into the plant cell, which is incorporated at a semi-random location into the plant genome. Plant genomes can be engineered by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Root-knot nematode</span> Genus of parasitic worms

Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne. They exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters. About 2000 plants worldwide are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause approximately 5% of global crop loss. Root-knot nematode larvae infect plant roots, causing the development of root-knot galls that drain the plant's photosynthate and nutrients. Infection of young plants may be lethal, while infection of mature plants causes decreased yield.

<i>Wisteria frutescens</i> Species of legume

Wisteria frutescens, commonly known as American wisteria, is a woody, deciduous, perennial climbing vine, one of various wisterias of the family Fabaceae. It is native to the wet forests and stream banks of the southeastern United States, with a range stretching from the states of Virginia to Texas and extending southeast through Florida, also north to Iowa, Michigan, and New York.

<i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> Nematode worm, plant disease, many hosts

Meloidogyne incognita, also known as the southern root-nematode or cotton root-knot nematode is a plant-parasitic roundworm in the family Heteroderidae. This nematode is one of the four most common species worldwide and has numerous hosts. It typically incites large, usually irregular galls on roots as a result of parasitism.

<i>Pyrenophora graminea</i> Species of fungus

Pyrenophora graminea is the causal agent of barley stripe. Barley stripe is disease of barley that once caused significant crop yield losses in many areas of the world. Its associated anamorph is Drechslera graminea(Rabenhorst ex Schlechtendal) S. Ito 1930.

This is a glossary of some of the terms used in phytopathology.

<i>Botryosphaeria ribis</i> Species of fungus

Botryosphaeria ribis is a fungal plant pathogen that infects many trees causing cankers, dieback and death.

<i>Meloidogyne arenaria</i> Species of roundworm

Meloidogyne arenaria is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes. This nematode is also known as the peanut root knot nematode. The word "Meloidogyne" is derived from two Greek words that mean "apple-shaped" and "female". The peanut root knot nematode, M. arenaria is one of the "major" Meloidogyne species because of its worldwide economic importance. M. arenaria is a predominant nematode species in the United States attacking peanut in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Texas. The most damaging nematode species for peanut in the USA is M. arenaria race 1 and losses can exceed 50% in severely infested fields. Among the several Meloidogyne species that have been characterized, M. arenaria is the most variable both morphologically and cytologically. In 1949, two races of this nematode had been identified, race 1 which reproduces on peanut and race 2 which cannot do so. However, in a recent study, three races were described. López-Pérez et al (2011) had also studied populations of M. arenaria race 2, which reproduces on tomato plants carrying the Mi gene and race 3, which reproduces on both resistant pepper and tomato.

<i>Anguina agrostis</i> Species of roundworm

Anguina agrostis is a plant pathogenic nematode.

Aquamarina is a fungal genus in the class Dothideomycetes. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single marine species Aquamarina speciosa, originally found in North Carolina, and distributed in the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The bluish-green species fruits exclusively in the lower parts of dying culms of the saltmarsh plant Juncus roemerianus.

Keissleriella rara is a rare species of fungus in the family Lophiostomataceae. The species fruits exclusively on dead or dying standing culms of the saltmarsh plant Juncus roemerianus. It is known only from the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.

<i>Paraphaeosphaeria pilleata</i> Species of fungus

Paraphaeosphaeria pilleata is a species of fungus in the Lophiostomataceae family. The species fruits exclusively in the lower parts of the culms of the black needlerush. It is found on the Atlantic Coast of North Carolina.

<i>Tuber microspiculatum</i> Species of fungus

Tuber microspiculatum is a species of truffle in the family Tuberaceae. Found in China, it was described as new to science in 2012. The edible species has fruit bodies up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in) wide that range in color from light yellow to reddish brown depending on their age. It is distinguished microscopically from other similar truffles by the honeycomb-like ornamentation on the surface of its spores.

Lasiodiplodia citricola is an endophytic fungus. It was first isolated in northern Iran, and is named after its first known host, citrus plants. It has since been isolated in other plants in other continents, and is considered a plant pathogen. L. citricola is phylogenetically related to L. parva, but conidia of the former are longer and wider.

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Microascus manginii is a filamentous fungal species in the genus Microascus. It produces both sexual (teleomorph) and asexual (anamorph) reproductive stages known as M. manginii and Scopulariopsis candida, respectively. Several synonyms appear in the literature because of taxonomic revisions and re-isolation of the species by different researchers. M. manginii is saprotrophic and commonly inhabits soil, indoor environments and decaying plant material. It is distinguishable from closely related species by its light colored and heart-shaped ascospores used for sexual reproduction. Scopulariopsis candida has been identified as the cause of some invasive infections, often in immunocompromised hosts, but is not considered a common human pathogen. There is concern about amphotericin B resistance in S. candida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossary of mycology</span> List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of fungi

This glossary of mycology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to mycology, the study of fungi. Terms in common with other fields, if repeated here, generally focus on their mycology-specific meaning. Related terms can be found in glossary of biology and glossary of botany, among others. List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names and Botanical Latin may also be relevant, although some prefixes and suffixes very common in mycology are repeated here for clarity.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Zhao, Peng; Crous, P.W.; Hou, Lingwei; Duan, Weijun; Cai, Lei; Ma, Z.Y.; Liu, Fang (31 December 2021). "Fungi of quarantine concern for China I: Dothideomycetes". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 47. doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.02 .
  2. ↑ "Cophinforma tumefaciens (SPHOTU)[Overview]| EPPO Global Database". gd.eppo.int. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  3. 1 2 van de Kerckhove, G.A.; Smither-Kopperl, M.L.; Kistler, H.C. (October 2002). "First Report of Sphaeropsis tumefaciens on an Endangered St. John's-Wort in Florida". Plant Disease. 86 (10): 1177. doi:10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1177B. PMID   30818521.
  4. ↑ Figart, Larry. "Garden Help: Clean pruning tools often to reduce spread of disease". The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  5. 1 2 Rodríguez, Rocío; Meléndez, P. L. (April 1984). "Occurrence of Sphaeropsis knot on citron (Citrus medica L.) in Puerto Rico". The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico. 68 (2). doi:10.46429/jaupr.v68i2.7276.
  6. 1 2 Rodriguez, SD; Rodriguez, R.; Melendez, P.L. (1985). "Suitability of Citrus species as hosts of Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges". Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico. 69: 57–61.
  7. ↑ Burnet, H.C. (1971). "Sphaeropsis knot of Citrus in Florida". Plant Pathology Circular. 106.
  8. 1 2 3 Holliday, P.; Punithalingam, E. (1970). Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria.
  9. ↑ Miller, H.N.; McRitchie, J.J.; Seymour, C.P. (1977). "Sphaeropsis witches' broom of Holly". Plant Pathology Circular. 176.
  10. ↑ Ridings, W.H.; Marlatt, R.B. (1975). "Sphaeropsis gall of bottlebrush". Plant Pathology Circular. 150..
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Palmer's Garden: Holly & Witches Broom Gall". Palmer's Garden. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Baker, Richard; Caffier, David; Choiseul, James William; De Clercq, Patrick; Dormannsné-Simon, Erzsébet; Gerowitt, Bärbel; Karadjova, Olia Evtimova; Lövei, Gábor; Lansink, Alfons Oude; Makowski, David; Manceau, Charles; Manici, Luisa; Perdikis, Dionyssios; Puglia, Angelo Porta; Schans, Jan; Schrader, Gritta; Steffek, Robert; Strömberg, Anita; Tiilikkala, Kari; van Lenteren, Johan Coert; Vloutoglou, Irene (2008). "Pest risk assessment made by France on Phyllosticta musarum[Cooke] van der Aa considered by France as harmful in French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)". EFSA Journal. 683: 1–16. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.683 .
  13. ↑ Fucikovsky, L. (1994). "Tumor caused by Sphaeropsis tumefaciens on avocado". Revista Mexicana de Micología. 10: 181–185.
  14. 1 2 Farr, D.F.; Rossman, A.Y. (2021). "Fungal databases". U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  15. ↑ "ENY-2055/IN1310: Galling Damage to Woody Ornamentals: Diagnosis and Potential Causes". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  16. ↑ De Valle, N.; Grillo, H.; Gonzales, A.; Mas, O.; Rios, A. (1981). "Citrus knots in Cuba". Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture. 1: 362–366.
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