Jatropha

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Jatropha
Redflowers8.jpg
Spicy Jatropha ( Jatropha integerrima )
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Crotonoideae
Tribe: Jatropheae
Genus: Jatropha
L. [1]
Species

Approximately 170, see Section Species.

Jatropha plant Jatropha 1z .jpg
Jatropha plant
Jatropha plant Jatropha 2z .jpg
Jatropha plant
Jatropha plant Jatropha 3z .jpg
Jatropha plant

Jatropha is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from the Greek words ἰατρός (iatros), meaning "physician", and τροφή (trophe), meaning "nutrition", hence the common name physic nut. Another common name is nettlespurge. [2] It contains approximately 170 species of succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas ). Most of these are native to the Americas, with 66 species found in the Old World. [3] Plants produce separate male and female flowers. As with many members of the family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic. Jatropha species have traditionally been used in basketmaking, tanning and dye production. In the 2000s, one species, Jatropha curcas , generated interest as an oil crop for biodiesel production and also medicinal importance when used as lamp oil; native Mexicans in the Veracruz area developed by selective breeding a Jatropha curcas variant lacking the toxic compounds, yielding a better income when used as source for biodiesel, because of its edible byproduct. Toxicity may return if edible Jatropha is pollinated by toxic types.

Contents

Uses

Jatropha pandurifolia in China Jatropha pandurifolia 02.jpg
Jatropha pandurifolia in China

The stems of haat ( Jatropha cuneata ) are used for basketmaking by the Seri people in Sonora, Mexico. The stems are roasted, split and soaked through an elaborate process. The reddish dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species, Krameria grayi . Spicy jatropha ( J. integerrima ) is cultivated as an ornamental in the tropics for its continuously blooming crimson flowers. Buddha belly plant ( J. podagrica ) was used to tan leather and produce a red dye in Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is also used as a house plant.

The oil from Jatropha curcas is mainly converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines. [4] It is also used for thermal energy storage or as heat transfer fluid at medium and high temperature. [5] [6] [7] The cake resulting from oil extraction, a protein-rich product, can be used for fish or animal feed (if detoxified). It is also a biomass feedstock to power electricity plants or to produce biogas, and a high-quality organic fertilizer. [8]

In 2007, Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production. [9] It is resistant to drought and pests, and produces seeds containing 27-40% oil, [10] averaging 34.4%. [11] The remaining press cake of jatropha seeds after oil extraction could also be considered for energy production. [12] However, despite their abundance and use as oil and reclamation plants, none of the Jatropha species have been properly domesticated and, as a result, their productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of their large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown. [13] 2009 research found that Jatropha biodiesel production requires significantly more water than other common biofuel crops, and that initial yield estimates were high. [14] Earlier, higher estimates from Worldwatch Institute had suggested that 1 acre of cultivation could yield 202 gallons (4.8 barrels) of biodiesel. [15]

Jatropha curcas is also being studied for use as a carbon sequestration plant in arid regions. [16]

Toxicity

Much like other members of the family Euphorbiaceae, members of the genus Jatropha contain several toxic compounds. The seeds of Jatropha curcas contain toxic lectin dimers and carcinogenic phorbol esters. [17] Despite this, the seeds are occasionally eaten after roasting, which reduces some of the toxicity. Its sap is a skin irritant, and ingesting as few as three untreated seeds can be fatal to humans. In 2005, Western Australia banned Jatropha gossypiifolia as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals. [18] It continues to be used as a medicine in certain geographic regions; however one study found the dried leaf to have no anti-fungal activity. [19]

Selected species

Jatropha gossypiifolia in Hyderabad, India. Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossipifolia) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9219.jpg
Jatropha gossypiifolia in Hyderabad, India.
Jatropha multifida Jatropha4.jpg
Jatropha multifida
Jatropha podagrica in Hyderabad, India. Jatropha podagrica (Buddha Belly plant) in Hyderabad W IMG 8812.jpg
Jatropha podagrica in Hyderabad, India.

Formerly placed here

Synonyms

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biofuel</span> Type of biological fuel

Biofuel is a fuel that is produced over a short time span from biomass, rather than by the very slow natural processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels such as oil. Biofuel can be produced from plants or from agricultural, domestic or industrial biowaste. Biofuels are mostly used for transportation, but can also be used for heating and electricity. Biofuels are regarded as a renewable energy source. The use of biofuel has been subject to criticism regarding the "food vs fuel" debate, varied assessments of their sustainability, and ongoing deforestation and biodiversity loss as a result of biofuel production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biodiesel</span> Fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats

Biodiesel is a renewable biofuel, a form of diesel fuel, derived from biological sources like vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled greases, and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made from fats.

<i>Croton</i> (plant) Genus of flowering plants

Croton is an extensive plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The plants of this genus were described and introduced to Europeans by Georg Eberhard Rumphius. The common names for this genus are rushfoil and croton, but the latter also refers to Codiaeum variegatum. The generic name comes from the Greek κρότος, which means "tick" and refers to the shape of the seeds of certain species.

<i>Sebastiania</i> Genus of flowering plants

Sebastiania is a genus of flowering plants in the family Euphorbiaceae first described in 1821. It is native to North and South America from Arizona and the West Indies south to Uruguay.

<i>Macaranga</i> Genus of tropic trees

Macaranga is a large genus of Old World tropical trees of the family Euphorbiaceae and the only genus in the subtribe Macaranginae. Native to Africa, Australasia, Asia and various islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the genus comprises over 300 different species. It was first described as a genus in 1806, based on specimens collected on the Island of Mauritius.

<i>Claoxylon</i> Genus of flowering plants

Claoxylon is a flowering plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, comprising dioecious subshrubs to small trees. It was first described as a genus in 1824. The genus is distributed in paleotropical areas: Madagascar through South and Southeast Asia, Malesia to Melanesia, Hawaiʻi, and Australia. Half of the species are in Malesia.

<i>Manihot</i> Genus of trees

Manihot is a genus in the diverse milkspurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It was described as a genus in 1754.

<i>Baccaurea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Baccaurea is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. The genus comprises 51 species, distributed from India to Indochina, southern China, Malesia, New Guinea, and the West Pacific. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. Many species contain edible fruits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biodiesel by region</span>

This article describes the use and availability of biodiesel in various countries around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jatropha biodiesel in India</span>

Biofuel development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of Jatropha plant seeds, which are very rich in oil, ranging from 27 to 40%, and averaging 34.4%. The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political.

Pongamia oil is derived from the seeds of the Millettia pinnata tree, which is native to tropical and temperate Asia. Millettia pinnata, also known as Pongamia pinnata or Pongamia glabra, is common throughout Asia and thus has many different names in different languages, many of which have come to be used in English to describe the seed oil derived from M. pinnata; Pongamia is often used as the generic name for the tree and is derived from the genus the tree was originally placed in. Other names for this oil include honge oil, kanuga oil, karanja oil, and pungai oil.

<i>Jatropha curcas</i> Species of plant

Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America. It is originally native to the tropical areas of the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, and has been spread throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, becoming naturalized or invasive in many areas. The specific epithet, "curcas", was first used by Portuguese doc Garcia de Orta more than 400 years ago. Common names in English include physic nut, Barbados nut, poison nut, bubble bush or purging nut. In parts of Africa and areas in Asia such as India it is often known as "castor oil plant" or "hedge castor oil plant", but it is not the same as the usual castor oil plant, Ricinus communis.

Indian cassava mosaic virus(ICMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Geminiviridae. It affects cassava (Manihot esculenta) in India and certain other countries. It is considered to be an invasive species.

<i>Jatropha podagrica</i> Plant in the family Euphorbiaceae

Jatropha podagrica is a species of flowering, caudiciform succulent plant in the spurge family,Euphorbiaceae, aligning it closely with related genera such as Croton, Euphorbia and Ricinus, among others. It is native to the neotropics of Central America and southern Mexico, but is grown as an ornamental plant in many parts of the world due to its unusual appearance and mature caudex development. Common names for the species include gout-plant, gout-stalk, Guatemalan rhubarb, coral-plant, Buddha-belly plant, purging-nut, physic-nut, goutystalk nettlespurge, Australian bottleplant and tartogo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable biofuel</span> Non-fossil-based sustainable production

Sustainable biofuel is biofuel produced in a sustainable manner. It is not based on petroleum or other fossil fuels. It includes not using plants that are used for food stuff to produce the fuel thus disrupting the world's food supply.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SG Biofuels</span>

SG Biofuels is a privately held bioenergy crop company, which grows and researches Jatropha curcas for the production of biodiesel, bio jet fuel, and specialty chemicals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global Clean Energy Holdings</span>

Global Clean Energy Holdings (OTC:GCEH) is a Southern California-based renewable energy company with interests in the production and commercialization of non-food-based feedstocks used for the production of biofuels, biomass, and renewable chemicals. It was founded in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bart Muys</span> Belgian ecologist and professor in forest ecology

Bart Muys is a Belgian professor of forest ecology and forest management at the KU Leuven. His research focuses on the ecosystem functioning of tree diversity, the ecology of forest restoration and the evaluation of sustainability in forests and bioenergy systems. He is one of the most cited scientists internationally in the field of silviculture and forest management.

References

  1. 1 2 "Genus: Jatropha L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
  2. ↑ NRCS. "Jatropha". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  3. ↑ Heller, Joachim (1996). Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops Volume 1: Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas L. Bioversity International. p. 7. ISBN   9789290432784.
  4. ↑ Ajayebi, Atta (2013). "Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha: A case study of India". Bioresource Technology. 150: 429–437. Bibcode:2013BiTec.150..429A. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.118. PMID   24140355.
  5. ↑ Kenda, Eric Serge; N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem; Ouédraogo, Igor W. K.; Coulibaly, Yézouma; Py, Xavier; Ouédraogo, Fabrice Marie Armel W. (2017-10-01). "Jatropha curcas crude oil as heat transfer fluid or thermal energy storage material for concentrating solar power plants". Energy for Sustainable Development. 40: 59–67. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2017.07.003. ISSN   0973-0826.
  6. ↑ Gomna, Aboubakar; N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem; Le Pierrès, Nolwenn; Coulibaly, Yézouma (2020-04-15). "Thermal stability of a vegetable oil-based thermal fluid at high temperature". African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 12 (3): 317–326. doi:10.1080/20421338.2020.1732080. ISSN   2042-1338.
  7. ↑ N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem; Le Pierrès, Nolwenn; Seshie, Yao Manu; Coulibaly, Yézouma (2021-02-23). "Technico-economic comparison of heat transfer fluids or thermal energy storage materials: A case study using Jatropha curcas oil". African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. 13 (2): 193–211. doi:10.1080/20421338.2020.1838082. ISSN   2042-1338.
  8. ↑ Heuzé V., Tran G., Edouard N., Renaudeau D., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2016. Jatropha (Jatropha sp.) kernel meal and other jatropha products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/620 Last updated on April 15, 2016, 10:17
  9. ↑ Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels
  10. ↑ Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2007. Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability?. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 1(4), 283-291. doi : 10.1002/bbb.39 The Jatropha Archives
  11. ↑ Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. (a literature review) Biomass and Bioenergy 32(12), 1063-1084. doi : 10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003 The Jatropha Archives
  12. ↑ Jongschaap REE, Blesgraaf RAR, Boogaard TA, Van Loo EN, Savenije HHG. The water footprint of bioenergy from Jatropha curcas L. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(35)E92. doi : 10.1073/pnas.0907272106
  13. ↑ World Agroforestry Centre (2007) When oil grows on trees [ permanent dead link ] World Agroforestry Centre press release. 26 April 2009.
  14. ↑ Morrison, Chris (9 June 2009). "Miracle Biofuel Plant Jatropha Reveals Its Achilles Heel". CBS. CBS Money Watch. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  15. ↑ Cox, Craig. "After Oil". Vol. 5, no. 6, July/August 2007. Ode Magazine. p. 54.
  16. ↑ K. Becker, V. Wulfmeyer, T. Berger, J. Gebel, and W. Münch: "K. Becker1, V. Wulfmeyer2, T. Berger3, J. Gebel4, and W. Münch", Earth system dynamics, 4, 237-251, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Drugs and Poisons: Toxalbumins - Peas and beans gone bad". Archived from the original on 2010-03-26. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  18. ↑ MacIntyre, Ben (2007-07-08). "Poison plant could help to cure the planet". The Times. London. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  19. ↑ Ilango, S. and David Paul Raj RS. 2015. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Jatropha curcas further its effect on tissue culture and leaf extract for antifungal property. url=http://www.annalsofplantsciences.com/index.php/aps/article/view/189
  20. ↑ Staff, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Jatropha pandurifolia Archived 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
  21. 1 2 "Species Records of Jatropha". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
  22. ↑ "Jatropha". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 2012-07-09.
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