| Coptis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Coptis occidentalis flowers | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Subfamily: | Coptidoideae |
| Genus: | Coptis Salisb. |
| Type species | |
| Coptis trifolia | |
| Species | |
See text | |
Coptis (goldthread or canker root) is a genus of between 10 and 15 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Asia and North America.
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Coptis aspleniifolia Salisb. | fernleaf goldthread, spleenwort-leaf goldthread | British Columbia, in Alaska, and along the Cascades into Washington |
| Coptis chinensis Franch. | Chinese goldthread | China. | |
| Coptis deltoidea C.Y.Cheng & P.K.Hsiao | China (W. Sichuan) | ||
| Coptis huanjiangensis L.Q.Huang, Q.J.Yuan & Y.H.Wang | China (Guangxi) | ||
 | Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Makino | Japanese goldthread | Japan |
| Coptis kitayamensis Kadota | Japan (Honshu) | ||
 | Coptis laciniata A.Gray | Oregon goldthread | California, Oregon, Washington State |
 | Coptis lutescens Tamura | Japan (C. Honshu) | |
| Coptis minamitaniana Kadota | Japan (Kyushu) | ||
 | Coptis occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray | Idaho goldthread | Idaho, Montana, Washington |
| Coptis omeiensis (F.H.Chen) C.Y.Cheng | China (W. Sichuan, Henan) | ||
 | Coptis quinquefolia Miq. | Taiwan, Japan | |
| Coptis quinquesecta W.T.Wang | Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam. | ||
 | Coptis ramosa (Makino) Tamura | Japan | |
| Coptis teeta Wall. | Yunnan goldthread | Arunachal Pradesh to China (NW. Yunnan) | |
 | Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. | threeleaf goldthread, savoyane, canker-root | Eastern Eurasia, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Canada, USA |
 | Coptis trifoliolata (Makino) Makino | Japan (N. & Central Honshu) | |
Coptis teeta is used as a medicinal herb in China and the Eastern Himalayan regions of India particularly in Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh where it is used as a bitter tonic for treating malarial fever [1] [2] and dyspepsia. [3] It is also believed to help insomnia in Chinese herbology.[ citation needed ] The roots contain the bitter alkaloid berberine. [4] Studies have shown that the species has become endangered both due to overexploitation as well as intrinsic genetic bottlenecks such as high cytoplasmic male sterility induced by genetic mutations. [5] [6] As a result of the synaptic mutation and ensuing male sterility the sexual reproduction in the species is significantly depressed. [6] The dried roots (goldthread) were commercially marketed in Canada until the 1950s or early 60s, to be steeped into a "tea" and swabbed onto areas affected by thrush (candidiasis) infection.[ citation needed ]
The species inhabits warm and cold temperate forests of oak-rhododendron association. [2] It is occasionally seen growing under bamboo thickets around Mayodia region of Dibang Valley district in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It flowers during early spring March–April and sets fruit/seed in July–August. The seedlings are rare and are often found germinating on moss laden dead wood on the forest floor or even on moss laden branches of Rhododendron. A new subspecies was recognised in C. teeta by Pandit & Babu and was named as subsp. lohitensis, which is morphologically very different from subsp. teeta and it is geographically distinct and inhabits broad leaf forests in Delai Valley of Lohit district in Arunachal Pradesh, India. [1]
Arunachal Pradesh is a state in northeast India. It was formed from the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and India declared it as a state on 20 February 1987. Itanagar is its capital and largest town. It borders the Indian states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed 1,129 km border with China's Tibet Autonomous Region in the north at the McMahon Line.
Goldenseal, also called orangeroot or yellow puccoon, is a perennial herb in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to North America. It may be distinguished by its thick, yellow knotted rootstock. The stem is purplish and hairy above ground and yellow below ground where it connects to the yellow rhizome. Goldenseal reproduces both clonally through the rhizome and sexually, with clonal division more frequent than asexual reproduction. It takes between 4 and 5 years for a plant to reach sexual maturity, i.e. the point at which it produces flowers. Plants in the first stage, when the seed erupts and cotyledons emerge, can remain in this state one or more years. The second vegetative stage occurs during years two and three and is characterized by the development of a single leaf and absence of a well developed stem. Finally, the third stage is reproductive, at which point flowering and fruiting occurs. This last stage takes between 4 and 5 years to develop.
The wreathed hornbill is an Old World tropical bird of the hornbill family Bucerotidae, also called bar-pouched wreathed hornbill due to its distinctive blue-black band on its lower throat sac. It is named after its characteristic long, curved bill that develops ridges, or wreaths, on the casque of the upper mandible in adults. Males are black with a rufous crown, a white upper breast and face, and a yellow featherless throat. Females are uniformly black with a blue throat and are slightly smaller than males.
The Lohit River, which name came from the Assamese word Lohit meaning blood, also known as the Zayul Chu by the Tibetans and Tellu by the Mishmis, is a river in China and India, which joins the Brahmaputra River in the state of Assam. It is formed in the Zayul County of the Tibet Autonomous Region, through a merger of two rivers: the Kangri Karpo Chu, which originates in the Kangri Karpo range, and Zayul Chu, which originates to its northeast. The two rivers merge below the town of Rima. The combined river descends through this mountainous region and surges through Arunachal Pradesh in India for 200 kilometres (120 mi) before entering the plains of Assam where it is known as the Lohit River. Tempestuous and turbulent, and known as the river of blood partly attributable to the lateritic soil, it flows through the Mishmi Hills, to meet the Siang (Brahmaputra) at the head of the Brahmaputra valley.
In Northeastern India, the Miju Mishmi, also known as Kaman or Kammaan, are one of the three tribes of the Mishmi people of Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh. Members of this tribe are located in Anjaw and Lohit district. The Miju clans claim to have come from the Kachin country of Burma. They speak languages of the Midzu branch of Tibeto-Burman.
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The Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests is a temperate broadleaf forest ecoregion found in the middle elevations of the eastern Himalayas, including parts of Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar and China. These forests have an outstanding richness of wildlife.
Coptis teeta is a rare species of flowering plant in the buttercup family.
Pakke Tiger Reserve, is a Project Tiger reserve in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. The 862 km2 (333 sq mi) reserve is protected by the Department of Environment and Forest of Arunachal Pradesh. It was known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve, but renamed in April 2001 by the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh. It has won India Biodiversity Award 2016 in the category of 'Conservation of threatened species' for its Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme.
Dilijan National Park is one of the four national parks of Armenia. Occupying an area of 240 km², it is located in the north-eastern Tavush Province of Armenia. It is known for its forest landscapes, rich biodiversity, medicinal mineral water springs, natural and cultural monuments, and extensive network of hiking trails.
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The Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests is a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the middle and upper elevations of the western Middle Himalayas of Nepal, India, and Pakistan.
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