Crowsnest Formation

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Crowsnest Formation
Stratigraphic range: Mid to Upper Albian
Crowsnest Fm 0215.JPG
The west end of the type section of the Crowsnest Formation, on the Crowsnest Highway west of Coleman, Alberta.
Type Geological formation
Unit of Blairmore Group [1]
Underlies Blackstone Formation
Overlies Ma Butte Formation
ThicknessUp to 488 metres (1,600 ft) [2]
Lithology
Primary Volcanic rocks, pyroclastic breccia
Other Sandstone
Location
Coordinates 49°38′51″N114°31′48″W / 49.64750°N 114.53000°W / 49.64750; -114.53000 (Crowsnest Formation)
RegionFlag of Alberta.svg  Alberta
CountryFlag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Extent Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
Type section
Named for Crowsnest Pass
Named by G.M. Dawson [3]
Canada relief map 2.svg
Green pog.svg
Crowsnest Formation (Canada)

The Crowsnest Formation, also called the Crowsnest Volcanics, is a geological formation in southwestern Alberta, Canada, on the southwestern margin of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. [4] It was named for the Crowsnest Pass near Coleman, Alberta. The formation consists mostly of pyroclastic rocks that were laid down in a series of explosive eruptions about 100 million years ago during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous epoch. It contains unusual minerals such as melanite (a variety of andradite garnet) and analcime (a variety of zeolite). [2]

Contents

Lithology and mineralogy

Blairmorite from the Crowsnest Formation. The amber mineral is analcime, the pale mineral is sanidine, and the small black minerals are melanite garnet. The specimen is about 17 cm (6.7 in) in length. Photo by P. Glombick, courtesy of Alberta Geological Survey. Blairmorite from the Crowsnest Formation.jpg
Blairmorite from the Crowsnest Formation. The amber mineral is analcime, the pale mineral is sanidine, and the small black minerals are melanite garnet. The specimen is about 17 cm (6.7 in) in length. Photo by P. Glombick, courtesy of Alberta Geological Survey.
Crystals of melanite, a variety of andradite garnet. Melanite-Mali.jpg
Crystals of melanite, a variety of andradite garnet.
Pyroclastic rocks of the Crowsnest Formation. Photo by C.W. Langenberg, courtesy of Alberta Geological Survey. Crowsnest Volcanics 1371.JPG
Pyroclastic rocks of the Crowsnest Formation. Photo by C.W. Langenberg, courtesy of Alberta Geological Survey.

The formation contains pyroclastic flows, lahars, agglomerates, tuffs and ash-fall deposits, as well as volcanic-rich sandstones and other sediments. [2] The whole-rock chemistry of the volcanics is relatively normal, ranging from trachyandesite (latite) to phonolite and trachyte, [5] but the mineralogy is unusual. [6] In addition to analcime and melanite, common minerals include sanidine, aegerine-augite and chlorite. [5] [6] Blairmorite, a rare analcime-rich rock-type named for the town of Blairmore, Alberta, is known only from the Crowsnest Formation and a locality in Mozambique. [6]

Stratigraphy

The Crowsnest Formation is the uppermost unit of the Blairmore Group. Exposures along the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) and the railroad west of Coleman are the type locality. [2] It is underlain by the Ma Butte Formation (also known as the Mill Creek Formation). The contact is gradational, with volcanic fragments becoming progressively more common toward the top of the Ma Butte Formation. The lower part of the formation is trachytic with abundant sanidine phenocrysts, melanite and pyroxene. The upper part contains sanidine, analcime, melanite and rock fragments. It is unconformably overlain by the shales of the Blackstone Formation that were deposited during a marine transgression in the Late Cretaceous. [2] [5]

Deposition

The volcanics were laid down on an inland floodplain that is represented by the underlying Ma Butte Formation. The eruptions probably occurred to the west near what is now Cranbrook, British Columbia, and the material was subsequently moved eastward by thrust faulting during the Laramide orogeny. It's estimated that the volcanics originally covered an area of about 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi), and their volume is estimated at 209 km3 (50 cu mi). [2]

Thickness and distribution

The Crowsnest Volcanics are exposed along a series of folded, west-dipping fault plates in the Front Ranges and foothills of the southern Canadian Rockies. They reach maximum thicknesses of 426 to 488 metres (1,400 to 1,600 ft) along a trend that extends northward from Coleman along McGillivray Ridge to Ma Butte. [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fernie Formation</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edmonton Group</span> Stratigraphic unit in central Alberta, Canada

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The Beaver Mines Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Early Cretaceous (Albian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin that is present in southwestern Alberta and southeastern British Columbia, Canada. It was established by G.B. Mellon in 1967 who named it for the hamlet of Beaver Mines, Alberta. It contains a variety of plant fossils.

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References

  1. Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1423 p. on CD-ROM. ISBN   0-920230-23-7.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Leckie, D. and Burden, E.T. 2001. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and palynology of the Cretaceous (Albian) Beaver Mines, Mill Creek, and Crowsnest Formations (Blairmore Group) of southwestern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 563, 103 p.
  3. Dawson, G.M. 1886a. Preliminary report on the physical and geological features of that portion of the Rocky Mountains, between latitudes 49 and 51 30'. Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, Annual Report, v. 1, p. 1B-169B.
  4. Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I. (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Geological Survey (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 19: Cretaceous Mannville Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-06-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 3 Bowerman, M., Christianson, A., Creaser, R.A. and Luth, R.W. (2006). "A petrographical and geochemical study of the volcanic rocks of the Crowsnest Formation, southwestern Alberta, and of the Howell Creek suite, British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43: 1621–1637. 43 (11): 1621–1637. doi:10.1139/e06-037 . Retrieved 2013-11-03.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. 1 2 3 Pearce, T.H. "Analcime phenocrysts in igneous rocks: Primary or secondary? – Discussion" (PDF). American Mineralogist 78: 225–229, 1993. Retrieved 2013-10-31.