Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

Last updated
The painting Madonna of the Catholic Monarchs (La Virgen de los Reyes Catolicos) by Pedro Berruguete includes the portraits of Ferdinand, Isabella and their children. The model for Baby Jesus was their grandson Miguel de Paz, who was briefly Crown Prince to Castile, Aragon and Portugal at the same time. The saints are Thomas Aquinas and Saint Dominic. La Virgen de los Reyes Catolicos.jpg
The painting Madonna of the Catholic Monarchs (La Virgen de los Reyes Católicos) by Pedro Berruguete includes the portraits of Ferdinand, Isabella and their children. The model for Baby Jesus was their grandson Miguel de Paz, who was briefly Crown Prince to Castile, Aragon and Portugal at the same time. The saints are Thomas Aquinas and Saint Dominic.
This family tree shows some of Ferdinand and Isabella's descendants (mainly the Spanish Habsburgs, some Austrian Habsburg and Louis XIII and XIV of France are also present). Dinasty Gabsburg (Spain) family tree by shakko (EN).jpg
This family tree shows some of Ferdinand and Isabella's descendants (mainly the Spanish Habsburgs, some Austrian Habsburg and Louis XIII and XIV of France are also present).

Ferdinand II of Aragon's marriage to Isabella I of Castile produced seven children, five of whom survived birth and lived to adulthood. They arranged strategic political marriages for all of these children to powerful monarchs and well-connected women. Although several bloodlines were cut short and the rest initially intermarried to form a close-knit group centered around the House of Habsburg, this group became the most powerful family in Europe. Within only six generations of the Catholic Monarchs their offspring ruled in the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Portugal (before, during and after the Iberian Union), the Archduchy of Austria with the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Kingdom of Hungary in personal union, the Kingdom of Poland with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in personal union, Electorate of Brandenburg with the Duchy of Prussia in personal union, the Electorate of Saxony, the Duchy of Mantua, the Duchy of Montferrat, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Lorraine and others.

Contents

Among the living descendants of Isabella I and Ferdinand II are all of the current European monarchs from hereditary monarchies (i.e. not Andorra and Vatican City). Felipe VI of Spain and Henri of Luxembourg are both descended in the male line from Philip V of Spain, whose grandmother Maria Theresa of Spain was a male-line descendant of Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter Joanna the Mad. Many other paths are possible to find due to interbreeding. Philippe of Belgium is also a descent multiple time over. One such path goes through Leopold III of Belgium, Miguel I of Portugal and Charles IV of Spain back to Philip V again. Although the Protestant Reformation divided Europe in half in terms of royal intermarriage, through the children of Maria of Austria, Duchess Consort of Jülich-Cleves-Berg the bloodline also entered the Protestant noble houses and can therefore be traced to Britain, the Scandinavia and the Netherlands. The most common line passes through Maria's great-great-granddaughter Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg.

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558), a grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella. Ruler over both the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire. Emperor charles v.png
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558), a grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella. Ruler over both the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire.
Louis XIV "the Sun King" of France (1638-1715), a great-great-great-great-grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella. Considered the foremost example of an absolute monarch. Rigaud Hyacinthe - Louis XIV, roi de France.jpg
Louis XIV "the Sun King" of France (1638–1715), a great-great-great-great-grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella. Considered the foremost example of an absolute monarch.

Some British lines descend from Henrietta Maria of France, granddaughter of Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Although her legitimate descendants in Britain were banished during the Glorious Revolution, many remain descending from the bastard children of Charles II and James VII. Princess Diana was and her sons and grandchildren are among this group by virtue of descent from Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton and Henrietta FitzJames. Queen Camilla is also in this group by descent from Anne Lennox, Countess Consort of Albemarle.

Charles III of the United Kingdom as well as every monarch of Britain since George III are descendants. George III's mother was Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, a great-granddaughter of Elisabeth Sophie. Margrethe II of Denmark and Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden share as their grandmother Princess Margaret of Connaught, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, herself granddaughter to George III. Harald V of Norway's grandmother was Maud of Wales, another granddaughter of Victoria. A different line from Maria of Austria passes through Duchess Sophie of Prussia and her great-great-grandson William IV, Prince of Orange, whose grandson was elevated in rank to become William I of the Netherlands. Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands is his descendant, although not in the male line, but through a series of three queens-regnant of the Netherlands.

The two princes Albert II of Monaco and Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein also have this blood. Albert's was introduced to the Grimaldi family by Lady Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton, granddaughter of Charles, Grand Duke of Baden. Charles was, among other ways this descent can be traced, a double great-grandson of Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, a great-grandson of Elisabeth Sophie. Hans-Adam has the bloodline from his grandmother Archduchess Elisabeth Amalie of Austria, who was both a Habsburg with near male-line descent (excluding Maria Theresa and Joanna the Mad) and a granddaughter of Miguel I of Portugal mentioned above as an ancestor of Philippe of Belgium.

Children

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Infanta Isabel de Trastamara.jpg Infanta Isabella of Aragon [1] 2 Oct 147023 Aug 1498Married 1490, Afonso, Prince of Portugal, no issue.

Married 1497, Manuel I, King of Portugal, had issue.

Avila. Real Monasterio de Santo Tomas. 4 (cropped).JPG John, Prince of Asturias [1] 30 Jun 14784 Oct 1497Married 1497, Margaret of Austria, no issue.
Juan de Flandes 003.jpg Joanna I, Queen of Castile and Aragon [2] 6 Nov 147912 Apr 1555Married 1496, Philip IV, Duke of Burgundy, had issue.
Maria of Aragon.jpg Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal [1] 29 Jun 14827 Mar 1517 Manuel I, King of Portugal, had issue.
Catalina de Aragon, por un artista anonimo.jpg Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England [3] 16 Dec 14857 Jan 15361. Arthur, Prince of Wales, no issue.

2. Henry VIII, King of England, had issue.

Grandchildren

Children of Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal

Isabella of Aragon first married in 1940 Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal, who died the next year following a fall from his horse. [4] She married his cousin Manuel I of Portugal, known as 'the fortunate' in 1497. Together, they had one son. She died within an hour after her son's birth.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Miguel de la Paza (La Virgen de los Reyes Catolicos).jpg
Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal [5] 23 August 1498 [6] 19 July 1500 [7] Died in infancy.

Children of Joanna I of Castille

Joanna I of Castille, later known as Joanna the Mad, married Philip the Handsome in 1496. [8] At the time of the marriage, she was third in line to the throne behind her brother and older sister Isabella. Following the death of both, Joanna became heir.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Joos van Cleve, , Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Gemaldegalerie - Konigin Eleonore von Frankreich (1498-1558) - GG 6079 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg
Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal 15 November 149825 February 1558Married 1518, Manuel I of Portugal, had two children.

Married 1530, Francis I of France, no issue. [9]

Titian - Portrait of Charles V Seated (cropped) 2.jpg
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 24 February 150021 September 1558Married 1526, Isabella of Portugal, had issue.

Charles also had several illegitimate children including;

Jan Gossaert - Portrait of an unknown woman (between 1508 and 1532).jpg
Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden 18 July 150119 January 1526Married 1514, Christian II of Denmark, had issue.
Kaiser Fernando.jpg
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 10 March 150325 July 1564Married 1521, Anne of Bohemia and Hungary and had issue.
Marie de hongrie 1520.jpg
Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary 15 September 150518 October 1558Married 1515, Louis II of Hungary, had no issue.
Infanta Caterina of Spain.jpg
Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal 14 January 150712 February 1578Married 1529, John III of Portugal and had issue.

Children of Maria of Aragon, Queen consort of Portugal

Maria of Aragon married Manuel I of Portugal in 1500, the widower of her older sister Isabella.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
D. Joao III - Cristovao Lopes (attrib).png
John III of Portugal [10] 6 June 150211 June 1557Married 1525, Catherine of Austria (Daughter of Joanna I and Philip the Handsome) and had issue.

John III also had an illegitimate child;

  • Duarte, Archbishop of Braga (1529 - 11 November 1543)
Isabella of Portugal by Titian.jpg
Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress 24 October 15031 May 1539Married 1526, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, had issue.
Princess Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy.jpg
Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy [11] 31 December 15048 January 1538Married 1504 Charles III, Duke of Savoy, had issue.
Portrait of Infante Luis, Duke of Beja, Belem Collection.JPG
Luís of Portugal, Duke of Beja [12] 3 March 150627 November 1555Never married, but had an illegitimate son António, Prior of Crato, who was claimant to the Portuguese throne. [13]
Ambito Fiammingo, Palazzo della Pilotta - Principe portoghese (Don Manuel I %3F).png
Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Guarda [14] 5 June 15077 November 1534Married Guiomar Coutinho, 5th Countess of Marialva and 3rd Countess of Loulé. They had two children. Luisa (1531 - October 1534) and a son (born 1 August 1533) who died shortly after birth.
Cardeal Infante D. Afonso - (cropped).jpg
Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal [15] 23 April 150921 April 1540
Infanta Maria15111513Died young.
Ritratto di Enrico I del Portogallo (1587) - Cristofano dell'Altissimo (Galleria degli Uffizi).png
Henry, Cardinal-King of Portugal [16] 31 January 151231 January 1580Upon inheriting the Kingdom of Portugal, Henry sought to be released from his vows so that he might marry and continue the House of Aviz. Pope Gregory XIII did not allow this, not wanting to antagonise Philip II of Spain, his successor.
Duarte, Duque de Guimaraes.jpg
Duarte, Duke of Guimarães [17] 7 October 1515 [18] 20 September 1540Married 1537 Isabel of Braganza and had issue. [19]
Infante António8 September 15161 November 1516Died in infancy.

Children of Catherine of Aragon, Queen consort of England

Catherine of Aragon first married Arthur, Prince of Wales in 1501, though he died the following year. She married his brother Henry VIII of England in 1509 and had issue. Due to her perceived inability to give the King a surviving son, the marriage was annulled in 1533.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Henry, Duke of Cornwall [20] 1 January 151122 February 1511Died suddenly, with no recorded cause of death.
Anthonis Mor 001 (cropped).jpg
Mary I of England [21] 18 February 151617 November 1558Married her cousin Philip II of Spain in 1554, but had no issue.

Great-Grandchildren

Children of Eleanor of Austria, Queen consort of Portugal and France

Eleanor of Austria married first Manuel I of Portugal in 1518, the widower of two of her aunts, Isabella and Maria of Aragon. They had two children. Following the death of her husband, Eleanor remarried in 1530 to Francis I of France, he often ignored her and as such, the marriage remained childless.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Infante Charles18 February 152015 April 1521Died in infancy.
Maria von Portugal, Anthonis Mor (cropped).jpg
Maria, Duchess of Viseu 18 June 152110 October 1577Never married and had no issue.

Children of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Isabella of Portugal

Charles V married his first cousin Isabella of Portugal, daughter of Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon, in 1526. The marriage is regarded as a happy one, [22] the couple had five surviving children.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg
Philip II of Spain 21 May 152713 September 1598Married Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal, his double first cousin, in 1543. They had one son.

Married Mary I of England in 1554. She was his first cousin once removed, as daughter of Catherine of Aragon (see above). They had no issue.

Married 1559 Elisabeth of Valois, and had issue.

Married 1570 his niece, Anna of Austria, and had issue.

Infanta Maria of Spain (cropped).jpg
Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress 21 June 152826 February 1603Married 1548 her first cousin Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and had issue.
Infante Ferdinand22 November 152913 July 1530Died in infancy.
Alonso Sanchez Coello - Portrait of Juana of Austria, Princess of Portugal - Google Art Project.jpg
Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal 26 June 15357 September 1573Married her first cousin João Manuel, Prince of Portugal in 1552, had issue.
Infante Juan19 October 153720 March 1538Died in infancy.

Children of Isabella of Austria, Queen consort of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

Isabella married Christian II of Denmark in 1514 and had five children.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Prince Hans of Denmark.jpg
John of Denmark [23] 21 February 151811 August 1532Died young.
Philip Ferdinand4 July 15191519Died in infancy.
Maximilian4 July 15191519Died in infancy.
ChristinavonDaenemarkCoxcie.jpg
Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine [24] 10 November 152031 May 1580Married 1535 Frederick II, Elector Palatine, but had no issue.
Francois Clouet Christina of Denmark Duchess of Milan and of Lorraine 1558.jpg
Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine [25] November 152110 December 1590Married 1534 Francesco II Sforza without issue.

Married 1541 Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, and had issue.

Children of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I married 1521 Anne of Bohemia and Hungary and had issue.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Diptych with Portraits of the Wives of King Sigismund II Augustus (1520-1572) Elizabeth of Austria (1526-1545) and Barbara Radziwill (1520 or 1523-1551).jpg
Elizabeth of Austria 9 July 152615 June 1545Married 1543 Sigismund II Augustus, without issue.
Nicolas Neufchatel 002.jpg
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 31 July 152712 October 1576Married 1548 his first cousin Maria of Austria and had issue (see above).
Jakob Seisenegger 002.jpg
Archduchess Anna of Austria 7 July 152816/17 October 1590Married 1546 Albert V, Duke of Bavaria and had issue.
Archduke Ferdinand II of Further Austria.jpg
Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria 14 June 152924 January 1595Married 1557 Philippine Welser morganatically and had issue.
  • Margrave Andrew of Burgau (15 June 1558 – 12 November 1600), had illegitimate issue.
  • Charles, Margrave of Burgau (22 November 1560 – 30 October 1618), married with illegitimate issue. [27]
  • Philip of Austria (7 August 1562 – 9 January 1563)
  • Maria of Austria (7 August 1562 – 25 January 1563)

Married 1582 Anna Juliana Gonzaga and had issue.

Hans Besser 001.jpg
Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 15 May 153111 December 1581Married 1546 William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and had issue.
Giuseppe Arcimboldo - Bust of a Daughter of Ferdinand I - WGA0799.jpg
Archduchess Magdalena of Austria 14 August 153210 September 1590A nun. Never married and had no issue.
Cranach the Younger Catherine of Austria.jpg
Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland 15 September 153328 February 1572Married 1549 Francesco III Gonzaga without issue.

Married 1553 Sigismund II Augustus without issue.

Anonym Erzherzogin Eleonore.jpg
Archduchess Eleanor of Austria 2 November 15345 August 1594Married 1561 Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua with issue.
Margaret of Austria 2.jpg
Archduchess Margaret of Austria 16 February 153612 March 1567A nun. Never married and had no issue.
Archduke John of Austria10 April 153820 March 1539Died in childhood.
Giuseppe Arcimboldo - Bust of a Daughter of Ferdinand I - WGA0800FXD.jpg
Archduchess Barbara of Austria 30 April 153919 September 1572Married 1565 Alfonso II d'Este without issue.
Gonzalez - Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Styria.jpg
Charles II, Archduke of Austria 3 June 154010 July 1590Married 1571 Maria Anna of Bavaria with issue.
Archduchess Ursula24 July 154130 April 1543Died in childhood.
Giuseppe Arcimboldo - Bust of a Daughter of Ferdinand I - WGA0801.jpg
Archduchess Helena of Austria 7 January 15435 March 1574A nun, never married. [31] [32]
Anonymous - Erzherzogin Johanna (1547-1578), Grossherzogin von Toskana im Alter von etwa 9 - 10 Jahren, Brustbild - GG 4513 - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg
Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 24 January 154710 April 1578Married 1565 Francesco I de' Medici and had issue.
  • Eleanor de' Medici (28 February 1567 – 9 September 1611), married with issue.
  • Romola de' Medici (20 November 1568 – 2 December 1568), died in infancy.
  • Anna de' Medici (31 December 1569 – 19 February 1584), died unmarried.
  • Isabella de' Medici (30 September 1571 – 8 August 1572), died in infancy.
  • Lucrezia de' Medici (7 November 1572 – 14 August 1574), died in infancy.
  • Maria de' Medici, Queen of France (26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642), married with issue.
  • Filippo de' Medici (20 May 1577 – 29 March 1582), died in childhood.

Children of John II of Portugal and Catherine of Austria

John III, son of Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon married Catherine of Austria, daughter of Philip the Handsome and Joanna I in 1525. They were first cousins.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal 24 February 152612 April 1526Died in infancy.
Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal and Asturias - El Prado.jpg
Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal [33] 15 October 152712 July 1545Married 1543 Philip II of Spain with issue (see Children of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).
Infanta Isabel28 April 152922 May 1530Died in infancy.
Infanta Beatriz15 February 153016 March 1530Died in infancy.
Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal 1 November 153114 April 1537Died in childhood.
Philip, Hereditary Prince of Portugal 25 March 153329 April 1539Died in childhood.
Infante Denis6 April 15351 January 1537Died in childhood.
Workshop of Anthonis Mor (1512-16-c. 1576) - John, Prince of Portugal (1537-54) - RCIN 403953 - Royal Collection.jpg
João Manuel, Prince of Portugal 3 June 15372 January 1554Married 1552 Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal, his first cousin. Had issue. (see Children of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
Infante Antonio9 March 153920 January 1540Died in infancy.

Children of Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy

Beatrice of Portugal married Charles III, Duke of Savoy in 1521. Together they had nine children, only one of whom would survive to adulthood.

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Adriano Giordano Amadeo, Prince of Piedmont19 November 152210 January 1523Died in infancy.
Ludovico, Prince of Piedmont4 December 152325 November 1536Died in childhood.
Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy (1580).jpg
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy [34] 8 July 152830 August 1580Married 1559 Margaret of Valois, Duchess of Berry and had issue.
Caterina25 November 1529May 1536Died in childhood.
Maria12 June 15301531Died in infancy.
IsabellaMay 153224 September 1533Died in infancy.
EmanueleMay 1533May 1533Died in infancy.
EmanueleMay 1534May 1534Died in infancy.
Gianmaria3 December 15378 January 1538Died in infancy.

Children of Duarte, Duke of Guimarães

Duarte, Duke of Guimarães married Isabel of Braganza in 1537. [19]

ImageNameBirthDeathFamily
Bottega di Anthonis Mor - Ritratto di Maria di Portogallo.jpg
Maria of Portugal, Hereditary Princess of Parma 12 August 15389 July 1577Married 1565 Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma and had issue.
Catarina duquesa braganza.jpg
Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza 18 January 154015 November 1614Married 1563 João I, Duke of Braganza with issue.
  • Maria (27 January 1565 – 30 April 1592)
  • Serafina (20 May 1566 – 6 January 1604), married with issue.
  • Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza (28 April 1568 – 29 November 1630), married with issue.
  • Duarte (21 September 1569 – 27 May 1627)
  • Alexandre (17 September 1570 – 11 September 1608), Archbishop of Évora
  • Cherubina (11 March 1572 – 11 March 1580)
  • Angélica (8 June 1573 – 9 October 1576)
  • Isabel (13 November 1578 – 12 January 1582)
  • Filipe (17 November 1581 – 27 September 1608)
Infante Duarte, 5th Duke of Guimarães March 154128 November 1576Died unmarried without issue.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (2003). Isabel la Católica. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S.A. ISBN   84-670-1260-9.
  2. "BLKÖ:Habsburg, Johanna von Castilien – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org (in German). Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  3. "Catherine of Aragon | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  4. Rodrigues Oliveira, Ana (2010). Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História (in Portuguese). Lisbon: A esfera dos livros. p. 536. ISBN   978-989-626-261-7.
  5. de Sousa, António Caetano (1737). História Genealógica da Casa Real Portugueza, Volume 3. Lisbon: Occidental, Officina de Joseph Antonio da Sylva, Impressor da Academia Real. ISBN   9781390257083.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  6. Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (2003). Isabel la Católica (in Spanish). Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. p. 387. ISBN   84-670-1260-9.
  7. Downey, Kirstin (2014). Isabella: the warrior queen (1st ed.). New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday. p. 332. ISBN   978-0-385-53411-6.
  8. Bethany Aram, Juana the Mad: Sovereignty and Dynasty in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins UP, 2005), p. 37
  9. Wellman, Kathleen (2013-05-21). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. Yale University Press. doi:10.12987/yale/9780300178852.001.0001. ISBN   978-0-300-17885-2.
  10. "John III | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  11. Buescu, Ana Isabel (2019). Beatriz de Portugal (1504–1538). A Infanta esquecida. Lisbon: Manuscrito. ISBN   9789898871732.
  12. Martins, Afonso Eduardo (1989). Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil. Lisbon: Zairol Lda. p. 382. ISBN   9789729362231.
  13. "António, prior of Crato | Portuguese prior". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  14. Serrão, Joel (1965). Dicionário de História de Portugal, Volume 2. Lisbon: Iniciativas Editoriais. pp. Fernando (1507–1534). ISBN   9726611601.
  15. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of July 1, 1517". cardinals.fiu.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  16. "Henry | king of Portugal [1512–1580]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  17. Martins, Afonso Eduardo (1989). Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil, Volume 1. Lisbon: Zairol Lda. p. 651. ISBN   9789729362231.
  18. McMurdo, Edward (1889). The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. p. 114. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  19. 1 2 Pereira, Esteves; Rodrigues, Guilherme (1904). Portugal : diccionario historico, chorographico, heraldico, biographico, bibliographico, numismatico e artistico (in Portuguese). Vol. 3. Lisboa: J. Romano Torres. p. 94.
  20. Weir, Alison (1999). Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy. London: The Bodley Head. p. 152.
  21. "Mary I | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  22. Kamen, H. (1997). Philip of Spain. Yale University Press. p. 2. ISBN   978-0300070811.
  23. Bricka, Carl Frederik. "566 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / VI. Bind. Gerson – H. Hansen)". runeberg.org (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  24. Bricka, Carl Frederik. "306 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / IV. Bind. Clemens – Eynden)". runeberg.org (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  25. Bricka, Carl Frederik. "573 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / III. Bind. Brandt – Clavus)". runeberg.org (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2021-05-20.
  26. "Charles III (or IV) | duke of Lorraine [1604–1675]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  27. Johann Georg Keyßler, Neueste Reisen durch Deutschland, Böhmen, Ungarn, Band 1, Hannover 1751, p. 22–23
  28. Whaley, Joachim (2013) [2012]. "Managing the Peace, 1555–1618". Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 279. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.003.0006. ISBN   9780198731016.
  29. "Vincenzo I Gonzaga | duke of Mantua". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  30. Niederkorn, Jan Paul (2007). "Die dynastische Politik der Habsburger im 16. und frühen 17. Jahrhundert". Jahrbuch fur Europaische Geschichte 2007 (in German). Vol. VIII. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 47.
  31. Harald Tersch: Österreichische Selbstzeugnisse des Spätmittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit (1400–1650). Böhlau ed, Vienna 1998, p. 261.
  32. Johann Jacob Staffler: Tirol und Vorarlberg: in 2 Theilen. Tirol und Vorarlberg, statistisch : mit geschichtlichen Bemerkungen. vol. 1, Rauch, 1839, p. 512.
  33. McMurdo, Edward (1889). The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. pp. 152–153. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  34. "Emmanuel Philibert | duke of Savoy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  35. "Sebastian | king of Portugal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
  36. "Ranuccio I Farnese | regent of The Netherlands". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-05-13.