Digitalis mariana | |
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Digitalis mariana in situ in late May in the Sierra Madrona, Ciudad Real, Spain. | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Plantaginaceae |
Genus: | Digitalis |
Species: | D. mariana |
Binomial name | |
Digitalis mariana | |
Synonyms [2] | |
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Digitalis mariana is a flowering plant species in the family Plantaginaceae. It is a perennial foxglove with evergreen foliage and rose-red coloured flowers produced in summer. [3] It is native to Portugal and Spain. [4] [5] [6]
Digitalis mariana was first described as a new species by the Swiss botanist Pierre Edmond Boissier in 1841. [1] [7] Although the Flora Ibérica (2009) and the Plants of the World Online website (2017) consider it to be a valid, independent species, [4] [6] the Flora Europaea (1976) [8] and the Euro+Med Plantbase (2011) considered it to be two subspecies of Digitalis purpurea : subspecies mariana, [5] and subspecies heywoodii. [9]
Two infraspecific taxa are accepted: [4] [6] [10]
The two subspecies can be distinguished by their flower colour and the indumentum on their inflorescence. The nominate form has purple-pink flowers and short glandular hairs of only 0.3-0.4mm in length, heywoodii has flowers which are white, very rarely yellowish, sometimes with a pinkish line of various shades along the margin of the corolla, and the inflorescence is covered in longish, non-glandular hairs of 2-4mm. [6]
The nominate taxon is locally known in Spanish as campanitas or dedalera. [2] [5] The Spanish name verdolobo has been recorded for the subspecies heywoodii. [2]
Its native range it closely resembles Digitalis thapsi , which was also remarked upon by the first botanist to distinguish it as a new species, Boissier. [7] In the dichotomous key in the Flora Iberica, it is keyed out to D. minor, D. purpurea and D. thapsi. [6]
Digitalis thapsi is clearly distinguished by having a very sticky indumentum formed exclusively of yellowish, glandular hairs which are up to 0.6mm in length, and having leaves in the middle of the rosette which are clearly decurrent. [6]
Digitalis minor, an endemic of the Balearic Islands, is not sympatric to D. mariana. It is distinguished by having the capsule (fruit) clearly shorter than the calyx, a lower lip of the corolla with highly developed lateral lobes which are auricular (ear-like) in shape, clearly split down to the mouth of the tube. [6]
Digitalis purpurea is the most similar species, according to the Flora Iberica key, being separated from D. mariana by having a calyx with the sepals ordinarily more-or-less recurved towards the corolla, sometimes arranged patently, and the corolla tube gradually tightening towards its base. [6]
In D. mariana the calyx has sepals which are patent or subpatent and the corolla tube abruptly tightens towards its base, distinguishing it from D. purpurea. The capsule is equal or larger in length than the calyx, and the lower lip of the corolla has lateral lobes which are little developed, rounded, not auricular, nor split to the mouth of the tube, which distinguishes both these species from D. minor. All three species are distinguished from D. thapsi by the indumentum lacking the long, yellowish, glandular hairs, being less sticky, and instead having silvery or greyish hairs, not all hairs being glandular -or when they are, these are all subsessile. [6]
Both subspecies are primarily found in the Sierra Morena mountain ranges of the southern Iberian Peninsula, which extend from Portugal to Spain. The nominate subspecies is more predominant in the east, the other to the west. [6]
The subspecies heywoodii has been recorded in Alto Alentejo in Portugal, and in Spain in the provinces of Badajoz, Cáceres, Córdoba and Ciudad Real. [6] In Andalucía it is found in the northeast of the region, on the southern flanks of the Sierra Morena, where it is uncommon. [11]
The nominate taxon has been found in Badajoz, Córdoba, Ciudad Real, Jaén and Sevilla, and perhaps also Huelva. [6] In Andalucía it is found in the northeast, on the southern flanks of the Sierra Morena, where it is uncommon. [11]
Both subspecies grow in cracks in the stone in rocky areas. The subspecies heywoodii is most often found in fissures in granite [6] [11] and slate. [11] The nominate subspecies is usually found in more acidic soils, and often in rock falls, loose scree or among boulders. [6] [11]
The specific phytosociological suballiance and alliance wherein both subspecies occur is called 'Rumici indurati-Dianthion lusitani', which is in the order 'Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetalia indurati', in the class 'Phagnalo saxatilis-Rumicetea indurati'. It is a characteristic species of this phytocoenosis. In this habitat it occurs together with these following characteristic species: Antirrhinum graniticum subsp. graniticum, Antirrhinum rupestris , Arrhenatherum fernandesii , Biscutella bilbilitana , Centaurea monticola subsp. citricolor, Centaurea pinnata , Coincya leptocarpa , Coincya longirostra , Coincya pseudoerucastrum subsp. pseudoerucastrum, Coincya rupestris , Conopodium bunioides subsp. aranii, Conopodium majus subsp. marizianum, Crepis oporinoides , Dianthus crassipes subsp. crassipes, Dianthus crassipes subsp. sereneanus, Dianthus lusitanus , Digitalis thapsi , Digitalis purpurea subsp. toletana, Erodium mouretti , Erysimum linifolium subsp. lagascae, Festuca duriotagana , Jasione sessiliflora subsp. tomentosa, Scrophularia oxyrhincha , Scrophularia sublyrata , Sedum hirsutum subsp. baeticum, Silene marizii , Silene × montistellensis and Verbascum rotundifolium subsp. castellanum. [12]
Both forms are legally protected in Extremadura, where they have the status of a 'taxon of special interest'. Digitalis heywoodii was listed as 'not threatened' in a 1984 national list of rare or endemic plants of Spain, but in 2000 it was listed as 'vulnerable' in the Lista roja de la flora vascular Española. [2] Both subspecies were included as 'vulnerable' in the Regional Red List of Andalucía of 2005. [2] [11] The reason for this was that the different collection localities and populations in this region were small. [11]
Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennial plants, shrubs, and biennials, commonly called foxgloves.
Digitalis purpurea, the foxglove or common foxglove, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, native to and widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It has also naturalised in parts of North America and some other temperate regions. The plant is a popular garden subject, with many cultivars available. It is the original source of the heart medicine digoxin. This biennial plant grows as a rosette of leaves in the first year after sowing, before flowering and then dying in the second year. It generally produces enough seeds, however, so that new plants will continue to grow in a garden setting.
Ballota nigra, the black horehound, is a perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and to central Asia and it can be found throughout Europe. It is also naturalized in Argentina, New Zealand, and the Eastern United States. It blooms in the Northern Hemisphere from May to August.
Dianthus superbus, the fringed pink or large pink, is a species of Dianthus native to Europe and northern Asia, from northernmost Spain and France north to arctic Norway, and east to Japan; in the south of its range, it occurs at high altitudes, up to 2,400 m.
Vinca major, with the common names bigleaf periwinkle, large periwinkle, greater periwinkle and blue periwinkle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, native to the western Mediterranean. Growing to 25 cm (10 in) tall and spreading indefinitely, it is an evergreen perennial, frequently used in cultivation as groundcover.
Erysimum nevadense is a perennial short-lived herb endemic to the Sierra Nevada of Spain, although there are some citations in the nearby Sierra de Gádor (Almería). This wallflower occurs between 1,700 and 2,700 m above sea level in subalpine scrublands and alpine meadows. It may be treated as a narrowly circumscribed single species, one of a group or complex of six separate species, or as a more broadly circumscribed species with six subspecies.
Echinops sphaerocephalus, known by the common names glandular globe-thistle, great globe-thistle or pale globe-thistle, is a Eurasian species of globe-thistle belonging to the thistle tribe within the sunflower family.
Silene campanulata is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names Red Mountain catchfly and bell catchfly. It may be a synonym of Silene greenei.
Adenanthos glabrescens is a species of small shrub endemic to the Ravensthorpe area in southwest Western Australia. First published in 1978, there are two subspecies.
Digitalis thapsi, which has been called mullein foxglove in the US, is a flowering plant in the genus Digitalis that is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, where it occurs in eastern Portugal and central and western Spain. It is of commercial importance as an ornamental plant. Hybrids with D. purpurea have proved successful and are fertile.
Hakea laevipes is a shrub in the family Proteaceae. A widespread species found growing on coastal and tableland locations mainly in eastern New South Wales, with scattered populations in south-eastern Queensland.
Agalinis paupercula, commonly known as the smallflower false foxglove, is a hemiparasitic annual plant native to the eastern parts of the United States and Canada. Found in open, moist areas, its purple flowers are borne on a 30-to-70-centimeter stem, and bloom in August and September. The species has often been treated as a variety of Agalinis purpurea, the purple false foxglove, and preliminary genetic evidence suggests that the two are, in fact, a single species.
Allium curtum is species of flowering plant in the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. It is native to Cyprus, Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine, the Sinai Peninsula, Syria and Turkey. It is a bulb-forming perennial producing a tight, head-like umbel of green or purple flowers.
Centaurea alba is a species of Centaurea found in the Iberian Peninsula in southern and central Spain and in a small neighbouring area in the interior of Portugal. There are three recognised subspecies, and of one subspecies, the nominate, there are furthermore three varieties.
Fritillaria crassifolia is a Middle Eastern species of bulb-forming flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, native to Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon.
Microcnemum is a genus in the plant family Amaranthaceae, containing a single species, Microcnemum coralloides. It is a dwarf annual halophyte with fleshy, apparently jointed stems and reduced leaves and flowers. The two subspecies show a disjunct distribution in Spain and Western Asia.
Scaevola basedowii is an erect multi-stemmed shrub in the family Goodeniaceae, endemic to Western Australia, the Northern Territory and South Australia.
Digitalis transiens is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae which is endemic to Morocco. It was recently also classified as a synonym of D. subalpina. It has yellow flowers with woolly hairs on its lip and throat, the corolla length is 11 to 13mm.
Digitalis minor is a species of flowering plant in family Plantaginaceae, which has been called dwarf Spanish foxglove. It is a biennial or short-lived perennial species of foxglove which is endemic to the Balearic islands with large, pendulous, pink or purple flowers. Closely related to the common purple foxglove, it is best distinguished by its small fruits. It is one of the only foxgloves to grow in calciferous, alkaline soils.
Digitalis cariensis is a species of flowering plant in family Plantaginaceae. It is a type of foxglove. It is native from southwestern to southern Turkey.