Edestin

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Edestin, (also known as Edistin [1] ) is a highly-digestible, hexameric legumin protein with six subunits, [2] [3] [4] and a seed storage protein, [5] with a molecular weight of 310 kDa. [6] This protein is primarily found in hemp seeds. [2] Edestin is a globular protein (biologically active) as opposed to fibrous protein (structural).


Globular proteins found in edestin (and in Alpha 1 globulins, Alpha 2 globulins, Beta globulins, and Gamma globulins) are long peptide chains, precursors for biological proteins essential for life. Edestin is similar to serum globulin (blood plasma), and the biologically active protein of edestin is metabolized in the human body and capable of biosynthesizing: [7] [8]

Edestin can also be broken down to edestan. [9]


Hemp seed

A close look at a hemp plant with dried-out seeds and leaves. Hemp bunch-dried out -seeds close up PNrdeg0063.jpg
A close look at a hemp plant with dried-out seeds and leaves.

It has been discovered that there are seven cDNAs encoding edestin in Cannabis sativa L., the sequences are distinguished by globulin characteristic. There is a type 1 and type 2 of edestin that are both used in process of the development of hemp seeds. Edestin has been used to help the nutritional quality of plant consumption. [10]  Hemp seeds are considered to be fruits from hemp plants, [11] and can be used in several different methods: medicine, food, fiber, or psychoactive adjuvants. [12]

Commercial hemp seeds (for human consumption) contain an average 30-35% protein, of which 60-80% is edestin (the remainder being albumin). [13] A particular strain of Korean hemp, Cheungsam, because it contains 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, has been suggested for utilization as "a superior antioxidative nutrient". [7]

Related Research Articles

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The globulins are a family of globular proteins that have higher molecular weights than albumins and are insoluble in pure water but dissolve in dilute salt solutions. Some globulins are produced in the liver, while others are made by the immune system. Globulins, albumins, and fibrinogen are the major blood proteins. The normal concentration of globulins in human blood is about 2.6-3.5 g/dL.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemp</span> Low-THC cannabis plant

Hemp, or industrial hemp, is a plant in the botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial and consumable use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plants on Earth. It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 50,000 years ago. It can be refined into a variety of commercial items, including paper, rope, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paint, insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.

<i>Cannabis sativa</i> Plant species

Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant. The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The specific epithet sativa means 'cultivated'. Indigenous to Eastern Asia, the plant is now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history and used as a source of industrial fiber, seed oil, food, and medicine. It is also used as a recreational drug and for religious and spiritual purposes.

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<i>Cannabis indica</i> Species of plant

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Cruciferin is one of the two most abundant seed storage proteins in mustard and rapeseed. They are classified as 11S globulins based on their sedimentation coefficient, and are salt soluble neutral glycoproteins. Their molecular weights range from 20 to 40 kDa. They comprise up to 50–70% of the total seed protein. Cruciferin is a comparatively larger seed storage protein than napin. It is composed of two polypeptide chains α and β. The α-chain has a mass of 30 kDa and the β-chain weighs in at 20 kDa. They are held together by a disulphide bond.

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Chemical defenses in <i>Cannabis</i> Defense of Cannabis plant from pathogens

Cannabis (/ˈkænəbɪs/) is commonly known as marijuana or hemp and has two known strains: Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, both of which produce chemicals to deter herbivory. The chemical composition includes specialized terpenes and cannabinoids, mainly tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD). These substances play a role in defending the plant from pathogens including insects, fungi, viruses and bacteria. THC and CBD are stored mostly in the trichomes of the plant, and can cause psychological and physical impairment in the user, via the endocannabinoid system and unique receptors. THC increases dopamine levels in the brain, which attributes to the euphoric and relaxed feelings cannabis provides. As THC is a secondary metabolite, it poses no known effects towards plant development, growth, and reproduction. However, some studies show secondary metabolites such as cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes are used as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic environmental stressors.

References

  1. ↑ Möller G, Fernandez C (1978). "Immunological tolerance to the thymus-independent antigen dextran can be abrogated by thymus-dependent dextran conjugates: evidence against clonal deletion as the mechanism of tolerance induction". Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 8 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1978.tb00493.x. PMID   309173. S2CID   40616995.
  2. 1 2 Patel, Samit; Cudney, Robert; McPherson, Alexander (1994-01-07). "Crystallographic characterization and molecular symmetry of edestin, a legumin from hemp". Journal of Molecular Biology. 235 (1): 361–363. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80040-3. ISSN   0022-2836. PMID   8289257. S2CID   30690679.
  3. ↑ Patel S, Cudney R, McPherson A (January 1994). "Crystallographic characterization and molecular symmetry of edestin, a legumin from hemp". J. Mol. Biol. 235 (1): 361–3. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80040-3. PMID   8289257. S2CID   30690679.
  4. ↑ Chuan-He Tang (November 15, 2006). "Physicochemical and functional properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) protein isolate". J Agric Food Chem. 54 (23): 8945–8950. doi:10.1021/jf0619176. PMID   17090145.
  5. ↑ Teresa Docimo (September 24, 2014). "Molecular characterization of edestin gene family in Cannabis sativa L". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 84: 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.011. PMID   25280223.
  6. ↑ "Protein - Proteins of the blood serum | Britannica".
  7. 1 2 Kim, Jum-Ji (2011), "Isolation and Characterization of Edestin from Cheungsam Hempseed", Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry, 54 (2): 84–88, doi: 10.3839/jabc.2011.015
  8. ↑ Tombs MP (1960). "A haemoglobin-binding beta-globulin in human serum". Nature. 186 (4730): 1055–6. Bibcode:1960Natur.186.1055T. doi:10.1038/1861055b0. PMID   13838734. S2CID   4213851.
  9. ↑ Kenneth Bailey (January 29, 1942). "The denaturation of edestin by acid: T. B. Osborne's edestan". Biochemical Journal. 36 (1–2): 140–154. doi:10.1042/bj0360140. PMC   1265671 . PMID   16747476.
  10. ↑ Docimo, Teresa; Caruso, Immacolata; Ponzoni, Elena; Mattana, Monica; Galasso, Incoronata (2014-11-01). "Molecular characterization of edestin gene family in Cannabis sativa L." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 84: 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.011. ISSN   0981-9428. PMID   25280223.
  11. ↑ Bhandwale, Guruprasad; Pujari, Sourabh; Kadam, Pradnya; Mantri, Shivani; Kulkarni, Poorva. "Evolutionary study of Edestin Protein in Cannabis Sativa L" (PDF). www.irjet.net.
  12. ↑ Docimo, Teresa; Caruso, Immacolata; Ponzoni, Elena; Mattana, Monica; Galasso, Incoronata (2014-11-01). "Molecular characterization of edestin gene family in Cannabis sativa L." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 84: 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.011. ISSN   0981-9428. PMID   25280223.
  13. ↑ Galasso, Incoronata (2016), "Variability in Seed Traits in a Collection of Cannabis sativa L. Genotypes", Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 688, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00688 , PMC   4873519 , PMID   27242881


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