This is a list of electoral results for the Electoral district of Subiaco in Western Australian state elections.
Member | Party | Term | |
---|---|---|---|
Henry Daglish | Labour | 1901–1905 | |
Independent Labour | 1905–1908 | ||
Ministerial | 1908–1911 | ||
Bartholomew Stubbs | Labor | 1911–1917 | |
Samuel Brown | Nationalist | 1917–1921 | |
Walter Richardson | National Labor | 1921–1925 | |
Nationalist | 1925–1933 | ||
John Moloney | Labor | 1933–1936 | |
Florence Cardell-Oliver | Nationalist | 1936–1945 | |
Liberal | 1945–1949 | ||
Liberal Country League | 1949–1956 | ||
Percival Potter | Labor | 1956–1959 | |
Hugh Guthrie | Liberal Country League | 1959–1968 | |
Liberal | 1968–1971 | ||
Dr Tom Dadour | Liberal | 1971–1984 | |
Independent | 1984–1986 | ||
Dr Carmen Lawrence | Labor | 1986–1989 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor | Carmen Lawrence | 7,949 | 50.2 | +1.8 | |
Liberal | Ross McLean | 7,403 | 46.7 | -1.7 | |
Independent | Geoff Stuart | 488 | 3.1 | +3.1 | |
Total formal votes | 15,840 | 97.5 | -0.2 | ||
Informal votes | 400 | 2.5 | +0.2 | ||
Turnout | 16,240 | 89.7 | +4.3 | ||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Labor | Carmen Lawrence | 8,189 | 51.7 | +3.3 | |
Liberal | Ross McLean | 7,651 | 48.3 | -3.3 | |
Labor gain from Liberal | Swing | +3.3 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Tom Dadour | 7,108 | 51.6 | ||
Labor | William Bartholomaeus | 6,666 | 48.4 | ||
Total formal votes | 13,774 | 97.7 | |||
Informal votes | 322 | 2.3 | |||
Turnout | 14,096 | 85.4 | |||
Liberal hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Tom Dadour | 8,175 | 63.9 | -0.2 | |
Labor | Marcelle Anderson | 4,613 | 36.1 | +0.2 | |
Total formal votes | 12,788 | 97.4 | -0.3 | ||
Informal votes | 341 | 2.6 | +0.3 | ||
Turnout | 13,129 | 83.8 | -3.9 | ||
Liberal hold | Swing | -0.2 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Tom Dadour | 8,690 | 64.1 | ||
Labor | Wendy Fatin | 4,868 | 35.9 | ||
Total formal votes | 13,558 | 97.7 | |||
Informal votes | 315 | 2.3 | |||
Turnout | 13,873 | 87.7 | |||
Liberal hold | Swing | +7.6 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Tom Dadour | 6,339 | 49.9 | ||
Labor | Phillip Hall | 5,241 | 41.3 | ||
National Alliance | Francis Dwyer | 752 | 5.9 | ||
Australia | Ronald Hislop | 373 | 2.9 | ||
Total formal votes | 12,705 | 95.7 | |||
Informal votes | 567 | 4.3 | |||
Turnout | 13,272 | 87.4 | |||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Liberal | Tom Dadour | 7,169 | 56.4 | ||
Labor | Phillip Hall | 5,536 | 43.6 | ||
Liberal hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Tom Dadour | 5,338 | 46.8 | -1.1 | |
Labor | Dennis Kemp | 4,595 | 40.3 | -6.1 | |
Democratic Labor | Francis Dwyer | 1,191 | 10.5 | +10.5 | |
Def. of Govt Schools | Patrick Holland | 272 | 2.4 | +2.4 | |
Total formal votes | 11,396 | 97.0 | -0.6 | ||
Informal votes | 355 | 3.0 | +0.6 | ||
Turnout | 11,751 | 87.8 | -2.6 | ||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Liberal | Tom Dadour | 6,254 | 54.9 | +4.5 | |
Labor | Dennis Kemp | 5,142 | 45.1 | -4.5 | |
Liberal hold | Swing | +4.5 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal and Country | Hugh Guthrie | 5,316 | 47.9 | ||
Labor | Ronnay Foster | 5,153 | 46.4 | ||
Independent | Jacqueline Lander | 639 | 5.7 | ||
Total formal votes | 11,108 | 97.6 | |||
Informal votes | 276 | 2.4 | |||
Turnout | 11,384 | 90.4 | |||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Liberal and Country | Hugh Guthrie | 5,603 | 50.4 | ||
Labor | Ronnay Foster | 5,505 | 49.6 | ||
Liberal and Country hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal and Country | Hugh Guthrie | 5,274 | 53.3 | +5.7 | |
Labor | Frank Baden-Powell | 4,040 | 40.9 | -2.5 | |
Democratic Labor | John Martyr | 573 | 5.8 | -3.1 | |
Total formal votes | 9,887 | 97.5 | -1.1 | ||
Informal votes | 258 | 2.5 | +1.1 | ||
Turnout | 10,145 | 91.7 | -0.7 | ||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Liberal and Country | Hugh Guthrie | 5,761 | 58.3 | +3.2 | |
Labor | Frank Baden-Powell | 4,126 | 41.7 | -3.2 | |
Liberal and Country hold | Swing | +3.2 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal and Country | Hugh Guthrie | 4,994 | 47.6 | ||
Labor | Percival Potter | 4,552 | 43.4 | ||
Democratic Labor | Francis Dwyer | 936 | 7.2 | ||
Total formal votes | 8,438 | 98.1 | |||
Informal votes | 165 | 1.9 | |||
Turnout | 8,603 | 92.5 | |||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Liberal and Country | Hugh Guthrie | 4,442 | 52.6 | ||
Labor | Percival Potter | 3,996 | 47.4 | ||
Liberal and Country hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal and Country | Hugh Guthrie | 3,943 | 46.7 | +18.3 | |
Labor | Percival Potter | 3,891 | 46.1 | -1.2 | |
Democratic Labor | Ronald Bulbeck | 604 | 7.2 | +7.2 | |
Total formal votes | 8,438 | 98.1 | +0.8 | ||
Informal votes | 165 | 1.9 | -0.8 | ||
Turnout | 8,603 | 92.5 | +0.3 | ||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Liberal and Country | Hugh Guthrie | 4,442 | 52.6 | +4.3 | |
Labor | Percival Potter | 3,996 | 47.4 | -4.3 | |
Liberal and Country gain from Labor | Swing | +4.3 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor | Percival Potter | 4,134 | 47.3 | ||
Liberal and Country | Edgar Paddick | 2,486 | 28.4 | ||
Independent Liberal | Joseph Abrahams | 1,791 | 20.5 | ||
Independent Liberal | Walter Richardson | 336 | 3.8 | ||
Total formal votes | 8,747 | 97.3 | |||
Informal votes | 242 | 2.7 | |||
Turnout | 8,989 | 92.2 | |||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Labor | Percival Potter | 4,520 | 51.7 | ||
Liberal and Country | Edgar Paddick | 4,227 | 48.3 | ||
Labor gain from Liberal and Country | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal and Country | Florence Cardell-Oliver | 4,310 | 56.7 | -5.5 | |
Labor | Thomas Henley | 3,293 | 43.3 | +5.5 | |
Total formal votes | 7,603 | 98.4 | -0.3 | ||
Informal votes | 124 | 1.6 | +0.3 | ||
Turnout | 7,727 | 93.7 | +2.1 | ||
Liberal and Country hold | Swing | -5.5 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal and Country | Florence Cardell-Oliver | 5,072 | 62.2 | ||
Labor | Thomas Henley | 3,081 | 37.8 | ||
Total formal votes | 8,153 | 98.7 | |||
Informal votes | 107 | 1.3 | |||
Turnout | 8,260 | 91.6 | |||
Liberal and Country hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Florence Cardell-Oliver | 4,450 | 62.7 | +4.0 | |
Labor | Percival Potter | 2,651 | 37.3 | -4.0 | |
Total formal votes | 7,101 | 98.2 | +0.7 | ||
Informal votes | 129 | 1.8 | -0.7 | ||
Turnout | 7,230 | 90.6 | -3.2 | ||
Liberal hold | Swing | +4.0 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationalist | Florence Cardell-Oliver | 4,132 | 58.7 | +18.5 | |
Labor | William Lonnie | 2,909 | 41.3 | +4.4 | |
Total formal votes | 7,041 | 97.5 | -1.5 | ||
Informal votes | 183 | 2.5 | +1.5 | ||
Turnout | 7,224 | 93.8 | -1.3 | ||
Nationalist hold | Swing | +0.7 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationalist | Florence Cardell-Oliver | 2,963 | 40.2 | +16.3 | |
Labor | William Lonnie | 2,714 | 36.9 | -1.6 | |
Ind. Nationalist | Walter Richardson | 1,686 | 22.9 | -0.2 | |
Total formal votes | 7,363 | 98.9 | -0.3 | ||
Informal votes | 80 | 1.1 | +0.3 | ||
Turnout | 7,443 | 95.1 | +14.5 | ||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Nationalist | Florence Cardell-Oliver | 4,272 | 58.0 | +2.2 | |
Labor | William Lonnie | 3,091 | 42.0 | -2.2 | |
Nationalist hold | Swing | +2.2 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor | John Moloney | 2,320 | 38.5 | -5.1 | |
Nationalist | Florence Cardell-Oliver | 1,442 | 23.9 | -13.3 | |
Nationalist | Walter Richardson | 1,392 | 23.1 | +23.1 | |
Nationalist | Harry Downe | 877 | 14.5 | +14.5 | |
Total formal votes | 6,031 | 99.2 | +1.6 | ||
Informal votes | 47 | 0.8 | -1.6 | ||
Turnout | 6,078 | 80.6 | -12.3 | ||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Nationalist | Florence Cardell-Oliver | 3,364 | 55.8 | +8.3 | |
Labor | John Moloney | 2,667 | 44.2 | -8.3 | |
Nationalist gain from Labor | Swing | +8.3 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor | John Moloney | 2,873 | 43.6 | +2.1 | |
Nationalist | Walter Richardson | 2,453 | 37.2 | -21.3 | |
Independent | John Bathgate | 1,269 | 19.2 | +19.2 | |
Total formal votes | 6,595 | 97.6 | -1.4 | ||
Informal votes | 164 | 2.4 | +1.4 | ||
Turnout | 6,759 | 92.9 | +14.4 | ||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Labor | John Moloney | 3,463 | 52.5 | +11.0 | |
Nationalist | Walter Richardson | 3,132 | 47.5 | -11.0 | |
Labor gain from Nationalist | Swing | +11.0 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationalist | Walter Richardson | 3,233 | 58.5 | ||
Labor | Richard Nash | 2,290 | 41.5 | ||
Total formal votes | 5,469 | 99.0 | |||
Informal votes | 54 | 1.0 | |||
Turnout | 5,577 | 78.5 | |||
Nationalist hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationalist | Walter Richardson | 4,489 | 55.1 | +11.6 | |
Labor | John Leonard | 3,653 | 44.9 | +11.9 | |
Total formal votes | 8,142 | 99.0 | +0.3 | ||
Informal votes | 83 | 1.0 | -0.3 | ||
Turnout | 8,225 | 77.5 | +13.7 | ||
Nationalist hold | Swing | -8.3 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationalist | Walter Richardson | 2,584 | 43.5 | +18.8 | |
Labor | Ephraim Freedman | 1,963 | 33.0 | -1.2 | |
Nationalist | Clifford Sadlier | 1,395 | 23.5 | +23.5 | |
Total formal votes | 5,942 | 98.7 | +0.2 | ||
Informal votes | 77 | 1.3 | -0.2 | ||
Turnout | 6,019 | 63.8 | 0.0 | ||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
Nationalist | Walter Richardson | 3,768 | 63.4 | +63.4 | |
Labor | Ephraim Freedman | 2,174 | 36.6 | -2.8 | |
Nationalist gain from National Labor | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Labor | Walter Richardson | 2,020 | 41.0 | +41.0 | |
Labor | Arthur Ramsbottom | 1,686 | 34.2 | -65.8 | |
Nationalist | Samuel Brown | 1,218 | 24.7 | +24.7 | |
Total formal votes | 4,924 | 98.5 | |||
Informal votes | 73 | 1.5 | |||
Turnout | 4,997 | 63.8 | |||
Two-party-preferred result | |||||
National Labor | Walter Richardson | 2,985 | 60.6 | +60.6 | |
Labor | Arthur Ramsbottom | 1,939 | 39.4 | -60.6 | |
National Labor gain from Labor | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor | Edwin Corboy | 1,873 | 40.4 | –59.6 | |
Nationalist | Charles Heppingstone | 770 | 16.6 | +16.6 | |
Nationalist | Samuel Brown | 696 | 15.0 | +15.0 | |
Nationalist | James Guy | 588 | 12.7 | +12.7 | |
Nationalist | Edwin Whittaker | 448 | 9.7 | +9.7 | |
Nationalist | Thomas Treweek | 150 | 3.2 | +3.2 | |
Nationalist | James Chesters | 110 | 2.4 | +2.4 | |
Total formal votes | 4,635 | 97.7 | n/a | ||
Informal votes | 107 | 2.3 | n/a | ||
Turnout | 4,742 | 69.6 | n/a | ||
Two-candidate-preferred result | |||||
Nationalist | Samuel Brown | 2,376 | 51.3 | n/a | |
Labor | Edwin Corboy | 2,259 | 48.7 | n/a | |
Nationalist gain from Labor | Swing | n/a |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor | Bartholomew Stubbs | unopposed | |||
Labor hold | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor | Bartholomew Stubbs | 2,763 | 50.4 | -0.4 | |
Liberal | Henry Daglish | 2,717 | 49.6 | +0.4 | |
Total formal votes | 5,480 | 99.5 | +7.5 | ||
Informal votes | 29 | 0.5 | -7.5 | ||
Turnout | 5,509 | 63.6 | -14.8 | ||
Labor hold | Swing | -0.4 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labor | Bartholomew Stubbs | 1,846 | 50.8 | ||
Ministerial | Henry Daglish | 1,786 | 49.2 | ||
Total formal votes | 3,632 | 92.0 | |||
Informal votes | 314 | 8.0 | |||
Turnout | 3,946 | 78.4 | |||
Labor gain from Ministerial | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ministerial | Henry Daglish | 2,527 | 61.1 | +13.0 | |
Labour | Walter Richardson | 1,606 | 38.9 | +38.9 | |
Total formal votes | 4,133 | 99.0 | +0.2 | ||
Informal votes | 41 | 1.0 | -0.2 | ||
Turnout | 4,174 | 80.4 | +18.7 | ||
Ministerial gain from Independent Labour | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Labour | Henry Daglish | 1,086 | 51.9 | –28.1 | |
Ministerial | Samuel Brown | 1,006 | 48.1 | +48.1 | |
Total formal votes | 2,092 | 99.2 | –0.2 | ||
Informal votes | 17 | 0.8 | +0.2 | ||
Turnout | 2,109 | 61.7 | –10.2 | ||
Independent Labour hold | Swing | N/A | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Henry Daglish | 1,890 | 80.0 | +30.4 | |
Independent | William Thomas | 473 | 20.0 | +20.0 | |
Total formal votes | 2,363 | 99.4 | +2.0 | ||
Informal votes | 14 | 0.6 | –2.0 | ||
Turnout | 2,377 | 71.9 | +15.4 | ||
Labour hold | Swing | +30.4 | |||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Henry Daglish | 828 | 49.6 | +49.6 | |
Independent | Samuel Brown | 535 | 32.1 | +32.1 | |
Independent | John Brickhill | 180 | 10.8 | +10.8 | |
Independent | Richard Sparrow | 126 | 7.5 | +7.5 | |
Total formal votes | 1,669 | 97.4 | n/a | ||
Informal votes | 44 | 2.6 | n/a | ||
Turnout | 1,713 | 56.5 | n/a | ||
Labour win | (new seat) | ||||
Henry Daglish was an Australian politician who was the sixth premier of Western Australia and the first from the Australian Labor Party, serving from 10 August 1904 to 25 August 1905. Born in Ballarat, Victoria, Daglish studied at the University of Melbourne. In 1882, he worked as a mechanical engineer, but soon switched to working in the Victorian public service. He first stood for election in 1896, but was unsuccessful in winning the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Melbourne South. He then moved to Subiaco, Western Australia, gaining work as a chief clerk in the WA Police Department. In 1900, Daglish was elected to the Subiaco Municipal Council. On 24 April 1901, Daglish was elected as the member for the newly created seat of Subiaco, becoming one of six Labor members in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. He was elected by the party as its whip, and he tendered his resignation from the Subiaco council on 1 May 1901. On 1 December 1902, he was sworn in as mayor of Subiaco, having been elected the previous month.
Subiaco is an inner-western suburb of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. It is approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of Perth's central business district, in the City of Subiaco local government area. Historically a working-class suburb containing a mixture of industrial and commercial land uses, since the 1990s the area has been one of Australia's most celebrated urban redevelopment projects. It remains a predominantly low-rise, urban village neighbourhood centred around Subiaco train station and Rokeby Road.
The Division of Curtin is an Australian electoral division in Western Australia.
Shenton Park is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Nedlands and City of Subiaco and 4 km (2.5 mi) west of the central business district. Its postcode is 6008. The suburb is named after the park that it contains, Shenton Park, which was named after George Shenton who originally owned the land that is now the suburb of Shenton Park.
Daglish is a small western suburb of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. It is approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of the Perth central business district, and within the City of Subiaco local government area. It was named after Henry Daglish, who was the Mayor of Subiaco, member for the electoral district of Subiaco and Premier of Western Australia from 1904 to 1905. The Daglish railway station opened in 1924 in response to population growth in the neighbouring suburb of Subiaco. The following year, the Municipality of Subiaco bought the land west of the railway station to sell for housing. Development occurred over the following 20 years. The initial development next to the railway station used the garden suburb principles, with large lots and gardens, curved streets, and lots of green space. Today, the suburb has significant heritage value due to its uniform streetscape, with most original homes still standing. It has a population of 1,419 as of the 2016 Australian census.
Nedlands is a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. Nedlands is named for the inner western Perth suburb of Nedlands which falls within its borders.
The City of Subiaco is a local government area in Western Australia. It covers an area of approximately 7 km² in inner western metropolitan Perth and lies about 3 km west of the Perth CBD. The City includes the historically working-class suburb of Subiaco centred around Rokeby Road. Since the 1990s the area has been extensively redeveloped and gentrified.
The Electoral district of Glendalough was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. The district was named for the inner northern Perth suburb of Glendalough, which fell within its borders. The seat was abolished after two terms at the 1994 redistribution, taking effect from the 1996 election due to the one vote one value legislation. Most parts of the former seat presently fall within the seats of Churchlands and Perth.
The Electoral district of Mount Hawthorn was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. The district was named for the inner northern Perth suburb of Mount Hawthorn, which fell within its borders.
The Electoral district of Subiaco was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Western Australia. The district was named for the inner western Perth suburb of Subiaco, which fell within its borders. It was normally a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors, but was won on several occasions by Labor in landslide elections.
The Metropolitan-Suburban Province was a three-member electoral province of the Western Australian Legislative Council, located in the metropolitan region of Perth. It was created by the Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899, and became effective on 29 August 1900 following a special election to fill all three seats. Historically taking in many coastal and riverside areas in the western suburbs of Perth, it was considered safe for the Nationalist Party for most of its existence.
Hugh Norman Guthrie was an Australian politician who was a Liberal Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1959 to 1971, representing the seat of Subiaco. He served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 1968 to 1971.
Gabriel Thomas Dadour AM was an Australian doctor and politician who was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1971 to 1986, representing the seat of Subiaco. He was a member of the Liberal Party until 1984, when he resigned to sit as an independent. He was remembered as an outspoken member of parliament unafraid of criticising his own party on issues he felt strongly about.
Percival George Charles Potter was an Australian politician who was a Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1956 to 1959, representing the seat of Subiaco.
Samuel McConnell Brown was an Australian politician who was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1917 to 1921, representing the seat of Subiaco.
Walter Richardson was an Australian politician who was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1921 to 1933, representing the seat of Subiaco.
A by-election for the seat of Subiaco in the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia was held on 10 November 1917. It was triggered by the death of the sitting member, Bartholomew Stubbs of the Labor Party, on 26 September 1917. The election was won by Samuel Brown, a member of the Subiaco Municipal Council who was standing for the Nationalist Party. Brown was one of six candidates endorsed by the Nationalists, and won the seat despite only polling 15.02 percent of the first-preference vote.
The Western Australia Party is a regional political party active in Western Australia.
Christine Maelisa Tonkin is an Australian politician, who was elected as a Labor member for Churchlands in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly at the 2021 state election. She defeated Sean L'Estrange, who had held the seat since 2013. Tonkin is the first ever Labor member for Churchlands.