Erysiphe cruciferarum

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Erysiphe cruciferarum
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Erysiphe communis[ sic ], illustration from M. Cilenšek: Naše škodljive rastline (1892)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Erysiphales
Family: Erysiphaceae
Genus: Erysiphe
Species:
E. cruciferarum
Binomial name
Erysiphe cruciferarum
Opiz ex L. Junell, (1967) [1]
Synonyms [2]
  • Albigo communis(Wallr.) Reum, Oekon. Botan.: 69 (1833)
  • Alphitomorpha communisWallr., Verh. Ges. nat. Freunde Berlin 1(1): 31 (1819)
  • Erysibe communis(Wallr.) Link, Sp. pl., Edn 4 6(1): 105 (1824)
  • Erysiphe communis(Wallr.) Schltdl., Fl. berol. (Berlin) 2: 168 (1824)
  • Erysiphe cruciferarum var. longisporaG.J.M. Gorter, Ann. Univ. Stellenbosch 3(1): 21 (1988)
  • Erysiphe pisi var. cruciferarum(Opiz ex L. Junell) Ialongo, Mycotaxon 44(1): 255 (1992)
  • Erysiphe radulescuiDocea, Lucr. ştiinţ., Inst. agron. Buc.: 402 (1968)
  • Tigria leveilleiTrevis., Spighe Paglie: 22 (1853)

Erysiphe cruciferarum is a plant pathogen of the family Erysiphaceae, which causes the main powdery mildew of crucifers, including on Brassica crops, such as cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. [3] E. cruciferarum is distributed worldwide, and is of particular concentration in continental Europe and the Indian subcontinent. [4] E. cruciferarum is an ascomycete fungus that has both sexual and asexual stages. It is also an obligate parasite that appears to have host specificity; for example, isolates from turnip will not infect Brussels sprout, and vice versa. [5] While being a part of the family Erysiphaceae, it belongs to those members in which the conidia are formed singly and whose haustoria are multilobed. [6]

Contents

This species is also being evaluated as a potential biological control for the invasive plant garlic mustard.

Signs and symptoms

Erysiphe cruciferarum exhibits typical powdery mildew characteristics, appearing as small radiating, diffuse colonies of superficial white mycelium on the surface of the leaf; usually both sides of the leaf show white, powdery fungal growth. [5] [7] Additional signs of the pathogen would be that its conidia are singly produced (not in chains) and are ovoid to cylindrical in shape, ranging from 42.5–57 μm × 14.5–20.5 μm in size. Also, E. cruciferarum has rather variable appressoria, differing from lobed to simple, and haustoria that are multilobed. [8] Severe, advanced infections produce a dense white powdery covering of leaves, stems, and seed crop pods. On cauliflower and cabbage, heavily diseased plants show chlorosis, early defoliation, and necrosis of the tips of young leaves. [5] Colonies may be gray and restricted in size on resistant cultivars as the host reaction produces black speckling beneath the colony. On Brussels sprout, gray or purple symptoms occur on the stems, while on the sprouts there may be white colonies or fine black speckling in radiating lines. [5]

Disease diagnosis is determined on the basis of anamorph morphology and host.

Disease cycle

Erysiphe cruciferarum is an obligate parasite. They overwinter as resting spores on plant tissues or in the soil. These resting spores are called Chasmothecia. [9] Chasmothecium are signature of all powdery mildews and can be identified by their appendages. When the environment is favorable—60 to 80 °F (15 to 25 °C)—the chasmothecia will release asci which contain ascospores. Ascospores are the sexual spore of the powdery mildew. They are dispersed primarily by wind and germinate on the surface of plant tissue. They infect and feed on the plant via haustoria. Secondary infection is caused by the production and dispersal of conidia (asexual spores). Chasmothecium are then produced on vegetative surface of host in late summer. [10]

Environment

Erysiphe cruciferarum produces well when it is in moderate to high humidity with moderate temperatures. Temperatures between 70–80 °F (22–27 °C) with low relative humidity during the day and high relative humidity at night are favorable ranges. [11] This pathogen has a wide host range. It can infect many wild plants along with cash crops. It has the ability to jump from field weeds to cultivated crops within a single season if the conditions are right. It will reduce photosynthesis and affect yields on cultivated crops. With that, this pathogen can be very troublesome in a greenhouse and protected environment, as these spaces provide ideal growing conditions. Protected growing environments tend to have temperatures and humidity within the pathogen's desired range to reproduce. Wind and rain can also spread the spores of E. cruciferarum. Adding vegetative wind barriers can impede the spores' travel into the cultivated field and possibly lower the chance of infection. High planting densities will decrease the distance and time needed to travel to a new healthy host. Lowering the planting density or adding space between rows can aid in slowing the spores' spread. [12]

Management

Biological
AQ10 is a hyperparasite of powdery mildew. It is a fungus, Ampelomyces quisqualis , and should be applied preventatively.
Cultural
If resistant varieties are available, they should be used. Other "volunteer" host plants in the area should be eliminated and infected debris should be cleared whenever possible. Crops should be rotated with non-crucifer crops.
Chemical
Oils like neem or jojoba can be sprayed on surface of plant to help with mild-moderate mildew infections. Fungicides like azoxystrobin and sulfur can be used to prevent an infection or kill an existing infection. [13]

Importance

Erysiphe cruciferarum is also being studied for its ability to be used as a biological control to curtail garlic mustards whose growth is widely unchecked across the country. E. cruciferarum could provide an effective way to control garlic mustard without human intervention. E. cruciferarum has the ability to reduce the vitality and vigor of host plants by lowering the efficiency of photosynthesis, which in turn will lower the plant's ability to produce seed and survive another generation. This pathogen is somewhat host-specific in that it targets plants in the genus Brassica. This pathogen can also infect Brassica crops so it must be used with caution or must be engineered to only attack garlic mustard. [14]

Pathogenesis

Erysiphe cruciferarum is a fungal pathogen that belongs to the phylum Ascomycota. The pathogen overwinters in survival structures known as ascospores. The powdery mildew initially appears as white, powdery spots formed on leaf surfaces, shoots, and sometimes flowers or fruits. Over time, the spots spread over a larger area of leaves and stems. Eventually, leaves infected with powdery mildew may turn yellow in color and proceed to die or fall off. In some cases, fungal growth causes leaves to twist or distort in shape. Specifically, powdery mildew functions by decreasing the fruit production of plants. The ascospores survive on leaf material and cause it to fall onto the ground. Certain biological fungicides, such as Serenade or sulfur products, can be used on plants to inhibit powdery mildew infection.[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Powdery mildew</span> Fungal plant disease

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of ascomycete fungi in the order Erysiphales. Powdery mildew is one of the easier plant diseases to identify, as the signs of the causal pathogen are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white powdery spots on the leaves and stems. This mycelial layer may quickly spread to cover all of the leaves. The lower leaves are the most affected, but the mildew can appear on any above-ground part of the plant. As the disease progresses, the spots get larger and denser as large numbers of asexual spores are formed, and the mildew may spread up and down the length of the plant.

<i>Uncinula necator</i> Species of fungus

Uncinula necator is a fungus that causes powdery mildew of grape. It is a common pathogen of Vitis species, including the wine grape, Vitis vinifera. The fungus is believed to have originated in North America. European varieties of Vitis vinifera are more or less susceptible to this fungus. Uncinula necator infects all green tissue on the grapevine, including leaves and young berries. It can cause crop loss and poor wine quality if untreated. The sexual stage of this pathogen requires free moisture to release ascospores from its cleistothecia in the spring. However, free moisture is not needed for secondary spread via conidia; high atmospheric humidity is sufficient. Its anamorph is called Oidium tuckeri.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erysiphales</span> Order of fungi

Erysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi. The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae. Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew.

<i>Blumeria graminis</i> Fungal pathogen of grasses

Blumeria graminis is a fungus that causes powdery mildew on grasses, including cereals. It is the only species in the genus Blumeria. It has also been called Erysiphe graminis and Oidium monilioides or Oidium tritici.

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease of barley caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. The disease has a worldwide distribution and is most damaging in cool, wet climates. The host range of the form species hordei is restricted to barley and other Hordeum species.

<i>Hyaloperonospora parasitica</i> Species of plant pathogen

Hyaloperonospora parasitica is an oomycete from the family Peronosporaceae. It has been considered for a long time to cause downy mildew of a variety of species within the Brassicaceae, on which the disease can cause economically important damage by killing seedlings or affecting the quality of produce intended for freezing. Hyaloperonospora parasitica causes downy mildew on a wide range of many different plants. It belongs to the Kingdom Chromista, the phylum Oomycota, and the family Peronosporaceae. The former name for H. parasitica was Peronospora parasitica until it was reclassified and put in the genus Hyaloperonospora. It is an especially vicious disease on crops of the family Brassicaceae. It is most famous for being a model pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana which is a model organism used for experimental purposes. Accordingly, the former Hyaloperonospora parasitica has been split into a large number of species. For instance, the taxonomically correct name of the parasite of the well-known model organism Arabidopsis thaliana is Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, not H. parasitica, whereas the pathogen of Brassica has to be called Hyaloperonospora brassicae.

<i>Pseudocercosporella capsellae</i> Species of fungus

Pseudocercosporella capsellae is a plant pathogen infecting crucifers. P. capsellae is the causal pathogen of white leaf spot disease, which is an economically significant disease in global agriculture. P. capsellae has a significant affect on crop yields on agricultural products, such as canola seed and rapeseed. Researchers are working hard to find effective methods of controlling this plant pathogen, using cultural control, genetic resistance, and chemical control practices. Due to its rapidly changing genome, P. capsellae is a rapidly emerging plant pathogen that is beginning to spread globally and affect farmers around the world.

<i>Erysiphe betae</i> Species of fungus

Erysiphe betae is a fungal plant pathogen. It is a form of powdery mildew that can affect crops of sugar beet, that could cause up to a 30% yield loss. The fungus occurs worldwide in all regions where sugar beet is grown and it also infects other edible crops, e.g. beetroot.

<i>Mycosphaerella brassicicola</i> Species of fungus

Mycosphaerella brassicicola is a plant pathogen. The pathogen is the teleomorph phase of an ascomycete fungus, which causes the ring spot disease of brassicas. The supplementary anamorph phase Asteromella brassicae produces conidia through its asexual reproduction, however these spores are not confirmed to cause disease in host plants.

<i>Leveillula taurica</i> Species of fungus

Leveillula taurica is an obligate fungal pathogen, from the phylum Ascomycota, which causes powdery mildew on onion. This disease prefers warm, dry environments. It is rare in the United States, and is currently restricted to western states. Globally, it is also a minor problem with limited occurrences in the Middle East, Europe, and South America. L. taurica causes powdery mildew of onions, but is also known to infect other allium, solanaceous, and cucurbit species. The disease has appeared in parts of the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and South and North America. Currently, it is not a cause for major concern in the U.S. and throughout the world, as its geographic extent is sparse. In addition, it is relatively easy to control through basic sanitation and reducing water stress.

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<i>Podosphaera macularis</i> Species of fungus

Podosphaera macularis is a plant pathogen infecting several hosts including chamomile, caneberrie, strawberries, hop, hemp and Cineraria. It causes powdery mildew of hops.

<i>Podosphaera pannosa</i> Species of fungus

Podosphaera pannosa is a plant pathogen. It produces a powdery mildew on members of the rose family.

Erysiphe heraclei is a plant pathogen that causes powdery mildew on several species including dill, carrot and parsley.

<i>Oidium mangiferae</i> Species of fungus

Oidium mangiferae is a plant pathogen that infects mango trees causing powdery mildew. Powdery mildew of mango is an Ascomycete pathogen of the Erysiphales family that was initially described by Berthet in 1914, using samples collected from Brazil. O. mangiferae is found in all areas where mangoes have been raised long term, but is particularly widespread in India where both the host and the pathogen are native. Currently no teleomorph stage has been identified, but due to certain morphological characteristics it has been suggested that O. mangiferae belongs in the Erysiphe polygony group. Mango is the only known host for this pathogen, though O. mangiferae appears to be identical to fungi responsible for powdery mildew diseases on various other plant species, particularly oak, though some differences may be observed. In particular, the number of cells in conidiophores varies from 2 on mango to 3-5 on oak. O. mangiferae has been known to infect oak leaves in the laboratory, however due to the lack of a known teleomorph stage O. mangiferae is still considered to only be a pathogen of mango. Recent analysis of its ribosomal DNA suggests it is conspecific with Erysiphe alphitoides, the causative agent of powdery mildew in European oaks.

<i>Podosphaera fuliginea</i> Species of fungus

Podosphaera fuliginea is a plant pathogen that causes powdery mildew on cucurbits. Podosphaera fuliginea and Erysiphe cichoracearum are the two most commonly recorded fungi causing cucurbit powdery mildew. In the past, Erysiphe cichoracearum was considered to be the primary causal organism throughout most of the world. Today, Podosphaera fuliginea is more commonly reported.

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<i>Alternaria brassicicola</i> Species of fungus

Alternaria brassicicola is a fungal necrotrophic plant pathogen that causes black spot disease on a wide range of hosts, particularly in the genus of Brassica, including a number of economically important crops such as cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, oilseeds, broccoli and canola. Although mainly known as a significant plant pathogen, it also contributes to various respiratory allergic conditions such as asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis. Despite the presence of mating genes, no sexual reproductive stage has been reported for this fungus. In terms of geography, it is most likely to be found in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but also in places with high rain and humidity such as Poland. It has also been found in Taiwan and Israel. Its main mode of propagation is vegetative. The resulting conidia reside in the soil, air and water. These spores are extremely resilient and can overwinter on crop debris and overwintering herbaceous plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alternaria leaf spot</span> Fungal plant disease

Alternaria leaf spot or Alternaria leaf blight are a group of fungal diseases in plants, that have a variety of hosts. The diseases infects common garden plants, such as cabbage, and are caused by several closely related species of fungi. Some of these fungal species target specific plants, while others have been known to target plant families. One commercially relevant plant genus that can be affected by Alternaria Leaf Spot is Brassica, as the cosmetic issues caused by symptomatic lesions can lead to rejection of crops by distributors and buyers. When certain crops such as cauliflower and broccoli are infected, the heads deteriorate and there is a complete loss of marketability. Secondary soft-rotting organisms can infect stored cabbage that has been affected by Alternaria Leaf Spot by entering through symptomatic lesions. Alternaria Leaf Spot diseases that affect Brassica species are caused by the pathogens Alternaria brassicae and Alternaria brassicicola.

<i>Golovinomyces orontii</i> Species of fungus

Golovinomyces orontii is a species of fungus that causes powdery mildew disease and it is in the family Erysiphaceae. It is an obligate biotroph that infects plants in several families including Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Lamiaceae.

References

  1. ↑ Opiz ex L. Junell, Svensk bot. Tidskr. 61(1): 217 (1967)
  2. ↑ "Species Fungorum - GSD Species". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  3. ↑ "MAFF Foliar Pathogen group". Archived from the original on 2005-04-27. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  4. ↑ "powdery mildew of crucifers (Erysiphe cruciferarum)". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Koike, Steven T.; Gladders, Peter; Paulus, Albert O. (2007). Vegetable Diseases: A Color Handbook. 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA: Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 168. ISBN   978-0-12-373675-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  6. ↑ Koch, E.; Slusarenko, A. J. (April 12, 1990). "Fungal pathogens of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn". Botanica Helvetica. 100 (2): 257–268. doi:10.5169/seals-69724.
  7. ↑ McGrath, M. T. (June 2011). "Powdery Mildew of Cucurbits". Vegetable MD Online. Cornell University.
  8. ↑ Glawe, Dean A. (November 8, 2006). "First Report of Powdery Mildew of Eschscholizia californica (California Poppy) caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum in North America". Plant Health Progress.
  9. ↑ "Chasmothecia". Archived from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  10. ↑ "Powdery Mildew on Vegetables Management Guidelines--UC IPM". www.ipm.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  11. ↑ "Powdery Mildew — Plant Diseases". Penn State Extension. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  12. ↑ Ciola, Victoria L. (2009). DISTRIBUTION AND HOST SPECIFICITY OF ERYSIPHE CRUCIFERARUM (POWDERY MILDEW) ATTACKING ALLIARIA PETIOLATA (GARLIC MUSTARD), IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO (MSc). Wright State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
  13. ↑ Schwartz, Howard F.; Gent, David H. (December 31, 2004). "Canola & Mustard- Powdery Mildew" (PDF). Highplains IPM. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
  14. ↑ Enright, Stephanie M.; Cipollini, Don (November 2007). "Infection by powdery mildew Erysiphe cruciferarum (Erysiphaceae) strongly affects growth and fitness of Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 94 (11): 1813–1820. doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.11.1813 . PMID   21636376.
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