Euonymus americanus

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Euonymus americanus
Euonymus americanus.jpg
Euonymus americanus fruit capsule and fruit
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Celastrales
Family: Celastraceae
Genus: Euonymus
Species:
E. americanus
Binomial name
Euonymus americanus
L.

Euonymus americanus is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae. Common names include strawberry bush, American strawberry bush, bursting-heart, hearts-a-bustin, and hearts-bustin'-with-love. [2] It is native to the eastern United States, its distribution extending as far west as Texas. [3] It has also been recorded in Ontario. [4]

Contents

This is a deciduous shrub growing up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall. The oppositely arranged leaves are leathery or papery in texture and measure up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long. Flowers are borne in the leaf axils on peduncles up to 2.2 cm (0.87 in) long. The yellow-green sepals are 1 or 2 cm (0.39 or 0.79 in) long and the greenish or reddish petals above are smaller. The fruit capsule is about 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide with a red warty or spiny covering. The capsule splits into five sections, revealing seeds covered in bright red arils. [4]

The seeds are dispersed by animals. [4] Deer have been known to graze on this plant and seem to love the tender leaves and stems. Humans should take the red color of the seeds as a warning; they are known to be a strong laxative and cause severe diarrhea. In fact, this genus of plants in general is considered poisonous to humans. [5]

Description

Euonymus americanus is a deciduous shrub that grows low to the ground only reaching up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) high. [6] Euonymus americanus grows white and green flowers that produce orange and red colored fruits. [7] The white flowers on Euonymus americanus start to form unique pink fruit capsules that look somewhat like the common strawberry will start to open in the fall months revealing large orange seeds. [8]

Pressed Euonymus americanus from Catawba College's herbarium Euonymus americanus herbarium image.jpg
Pressed Euonymus americanus from Catawba College's herbarium

Taxonomy

Euonymus americanus is one out of 1,300 species of the plants within the Celastraceae family [9] which is also known as the bittersweet family. [10] Euonymus americanus L. was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. [11] Some common names of Euonymus americanus include hearts-bustin'-with-love, bursting-heart, and the american strawberry bush. [2] Euonymus americanus has three subspecies including Euonymus americanus var. angustifolius, Euonymus americanus var. obvatus and Euonymus americanus var. sarmentosus. [12] The American Strawberry Bush also has eight different synonyms including Euonymus alternifolius and Euonymus angustifolius. [12]

Distribution and habitat

Although Euonymus americanus L. is one of the 1,300 species members in the Celastraceae family, it is the only bittersweet family shrub that is found exclusively in the United States. [13] The American strawberry bush is found in wetland areas such as margins of swamps, shaded stream banks, and sloped wetlands. [11] However, though it resides in moist areas it is not a flood tolerant species; therefore, only being able to grow in moderately saturated soils. The shrub can grow in shaded conditions. [11]

Traditional uses

Native Americans used the roots of the Euonymus americanus to make a tea that would aid in uterine prolapse, vomiting of blood, stomach aches, malaria, liver congestion, constipation, and urinary tract infections. [14] The bark of the shrub was also used in aiding dandruff control when the bark was turned into a powder like substance. [14] Additionally, the seed of the American strawberry bush can be used as a strong laxative. [14]

Conservation

The American strawberry bush is common in most of its range. However, Euonymus americanus is listed as endangered in the state of New York. [7]

Wildlife uses

Euonymus americanus has vibrant fruits and foliage during the early autumn season which can attract white-tailed deer and rabbit herbivores [15] The white-tailed deer also eats the twigs of the American strawberry bush. [16] The bright orange-red aril that covers the seed provides a source of fat and sugar to songbirds, small mammals, and wild turkeys. [17] The seeds of Euonymus americanus are dispersed by animals like birds and deer. [18] It has been marked as a pollinator plant, supporting and attracting bees, beetles, flies, and ants. [19]

Diseases and insect pests

Infested leaves EuonymusScale.jpg
Infested leaves

Unaspis euonymi , also known as euonymus scale, is the most common pest found on Euonymus. [20] Scales have no legs that are visible to the naked eye and are small, motionless insects that vary in appearance depending on the sex and age of the scale. [20] Euonymus scales pierce the leaf or stem of the Euonymus plant and feed on the sap. [20] The initial indication of an infestation of euonymus scale on the plant is the development of yellow spots on the leaves. [20] A heavy infestation can be seen as clusters of white on the top and bottom of the leaf as well as the stems. [20] These heavy infestations can cause the branches or even the entire plant to die. [20]

Some common diseases that are developed in Euonymus include powdery mildew, anthracnose, cercospora leaf spot, scab, and crown gall. [21]

Euonymus is host to webworm larvae of the American ermine moth Yponomeuta multipunctella . [22]

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<i>Euonymus hamiltonianus</i> Species of flowering plant

Euonymus hamiltonianus, known by the common names Hamilton's spindletree, Himalayan spindle, and Siebold's spindle is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae. It is native to Asia, where it is distributed in Afghanistan, Russia, China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, Thailand, and Myanmar. This is one of the most common Euonymus species. It is cultivated in gardens and landscapes in other parts of the world.

<i>Euonymus sachalinensis</i> Species of flowering plant

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References

  1. ↑ NatureServe (1 September 2023). "Euonymus americanus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  2. 1 2 USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Euonymus americanus​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  3. ↑ "Euonymus americanus". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 Ma, J. and G. Moore. Euonymus americanus L. International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF). United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service.
  5. ↑ "December Plant of the Month: Euonymus americanus". utgardens.tennessee.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
  6. ↑ Ma, Jinshuang; Moore, Gerry (July 2004). "Euonymus americanus L.". In Francis, John K. (ed.). Wildland shrubs of the United States and its territories: Thamnic descriptions, Volume 1 (Report). San Juan, Puerto Rico: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station (Fort Collins, Colorado). pp. 333–334. doi: 10.2737/iitf-gtr-26 . Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26.
  7. 1 2 "New York City EcoFlora » New York Botanical Garden". New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  8. ↑ "Gardening for a Drought: North Carolina Native Plants to the Rescue - North Carolina Botanical Garden" . Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  9. ↑ "Euonymus americanus | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  10. ↑ "Celastraceae | plant family | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  11. 1 2 3 "Euonymus species Strawberry bush", A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden Plants, Teton NewMedia, pp. 165–166, 2007-01-01, doi:10.1201/b16160-46, ISBN   9780429163104 , retrieved 2021-10-13
  12. 1 2 "Euonymus americanus L. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  13. ↑ Howard, Gary T.; Elliott, Larry P. (January 1988). "Effects of Cellulolytic Ruminal Bacteria and of Cell Extracts on Germination of Euonymus americanus L. Seeds". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 54 (1): 218–224. Bibcode:1988ApEnM..54..218H. doi:10.1128/aem.54.1.218-224.1988. ISSN   0099-2240. PMC   202424 . PMID   16347528.
  14. 1 2 3 "Alaska MCH facts--Women's health: Knowledge of folic acid benefits". PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2002. doi:10.1037/e433642008-001 . Retrieved 2021-10-18.
  15. ↑ "Five Facts: Hearts-a-bustin' in Florida". Florida Museum. 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  16. ↑ "Euonymus americanus (Hearts A'busting, Strawberry Bush) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  17. ↑ "Five Facts: Hearts-a-bustin' in Florida". Florida Museum. 2019-02-13. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  18. ↑ "Euonymus americanus". Jersey-Friendly Yards. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
  19. ↑ "Planting Guides" (PDF). Pollinator.org. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Feb 26, Factsheet | HGIC 2054 | Updated; Download, 2021 | Print |. "Euonymus Diseases & Insect Pests". Home & Garden Information Center | Clemson University, South Carolina. Retrieved 2021-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ "Diseases of the Euonymus Shrub". Garden Guides. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  22. ↑ "Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, 1860 - American Ermine Moth". Moths of North Carolina. North Carolina Biodiversity Project. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
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